Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.Howeve...Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.展开更多
Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive y...Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive years were selected,and the data were modeled to study the effect of R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises by using financial indicators as tools and statistical methods of multiple linear regression.Results and Conclusion Under the premise that the weak related factors such as enterprise scale,life cycle and asset-liability ratio are set as unrelated variables,the R&D investment intensity of biomedical enterprises is negatively correlated with the current performance,which also shows that the R&D of biomedical enterprises has the characteristics of high risk.Besides,the influence of early R&D investment is delayed.However,the sales expense of leading biomedical enterprises with large scales have higher proportion.Meanwhile the greater sales expense of the same enterprise in different periods,the better the enterprise performance is.Biomedical enterprises should consider their own development stage to develop more patented drugs.Besides,they must formulate plans for allocating reasonable sales personnel and cost expense to ensure that enterprises can obtain better benefits.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the economic burden of patients with acute kidney injury(AKI)by analyzing the distribution of hospitalization expenses and its influencing factors in the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Universit...Objective:To investigate the economic burden of patients with acute kidney injury(AKI)by analyzing the distribution of hospitalization expenses and its influencing factors in the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University.Methods:The hospitalization information of patients with AKI from January 2020 to January 2023 was collected and sorted through the hospital charging system and the factors affecting the total hospitalization cost were analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results:Univariate analysis showed that age,occupation,marriage,length of hospitalization,recovery of renal function,and stage of AKI had significant effects on hospitalization cost(P<0.05).The result of the multiple linear regression analysis model showed that age(t=4.11,P<0.0001),length of hospitalization(t=16.10,P<0.0001),recovery of renal function(t=3.26,P<0.0001),AKI stage(t=5.23,P=0.002)are factors affecting the economic burden of patients with AKI.Conclusion:AKI patients should be managed according to age stratification to effectively control the progression of the disease and improve the quality of the medical services provided.This will reduce the economic burden of patients.展开更多
Information monopoly of bureaucrats helps them maximize discretionary budget. Public disclosure of budget can alleviate information asymmetry between government and the public and empower public supervision on governm...Information monopoly of bureaucrats helps them maximize discretionary budget. Public disclosure of budget can alleviate information asymmetry between government and the public and empower public supervision on government budget. With information intermediary function and reputational governance function, the media exert a budget intervention effect in the public disclosure of government budget, which further increases the effect of government budget disclosure. This paper investigates how media reports influence "three public expenses"(TPE) budget planning of central government departments by examining media reports on the disclosure of budget and final accounts and using TPE budget as a proxy variable for discretionary budget of bureaucrats. We have reached the following findings:(1) The higher the TPE budget implementation rate, the greater budget growth will be. But this correlation can be restrained by media attention;(2) Different stance of the media may exert different governance effects on TPE budget. Good news about TPE may motivate bureaucrats to restrain the positive impact of TPE budget implementation on budget growth. However, bad news about TPE will exert its budget intervention effect only when administrative governance mechanism intervenes. This study has broadened research on the media's governance effect from the perspective of government budget transparency and verified that under China's unique institutional background, the media may still play a positive role in public sector governance.展开更多
The reduction of health care expenses continues to be a major challenge for the economy and society of the United States and other nations. This study focused on a major source of health care expenses, inpatient hospi...The reduction of health care expenses continues to be a major challenge for the economy and society of the United States and other nations. This study focused on a major source of health care expenses, inpatient hospitals, at the community level. It was based on the assumption that fewer inpatient hospital admissions per population contribute to lower health care costs. The study demonstrated that the hospitals of Syracuse, New York have generated fewer inpatient admissions and discharges than those of other New York State metropolitan areas per population. It suggested that the application of utilization rates for inpatient hospitalization in Syracuse to some other New York State areas could result in substantial savings. Between 2016 and 2017, the hospital discharge rates in Syracuse were 1.6 - 3.1 percentage points lower than those of Albany, 2.2 - 5.0 percentage points lower than those of Rochester, 4.1 - 4.9 lower than those of New York City, 5.4 - 8.2 percentage points lower than those of Buffalo, and 17.2 - 18.3 percentage points lower than those of Utica. The study suggested that the conservative hospitalization rates in Syracuse were developed and sustained over long periods of time through the use of ambulatory surgery, reduction of admissions through hospital emergency departments, and limitation of the inpatient bed supply. This was a lengthy process that resulted in a conservative hospital admission pattern. The study demonstrated, more recently, that specific programs such as the reduction of inpatient hospital readmissions and hospital lengths of stay have supported additional reductions of hospital and related utilization in Syracuse.展开更多
The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free t...The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free themselves from male domination.This concept means in one of the local Ivorian languages,notably the Gouro1:female boy.These women of Gouro ethnicity show a deep passion for the marketing of food products in Abidjan.However,behind this passion for food is their commitment to funeral expenses;a cultural activity customary lying with agnatic parentage.The transgression of custom by the latter under the prism of their social repositioning is the symbolic manifestation of the destandardization of the traditional relationship between man and woman in the organization of funerals in Gouro country,in the central West Ivorian.Understanding this relational reconfiguration has fuelled our passion as a researcher.In fact,ethnography has been mobilized as a method of observing the funeral practices of these women.In this regard,the study traces the strategies for negotiating access to the land as well as those used to negotiate access to information.展开更多
For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see w...For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see why,when many foreigners are here living decadent lifestyles,partying on weekends(and weekdays),travelling all over the country and mincing around town with Macbooks,iPods and Ray Bans.But then there are the secret 'squirrelers',who scrimp together just enough cash to展开更多
目的评价药品集中带量采购对糖尿病患者住院总费用及各类构成费用的影响。方法基于研究医院的9852份糖尿病患者病案首页数据,整理患者基本信息、医疗服务利用信息及各项医疗费用信息,综合运用普通最小二乘法(ordinary least square,OLS...目的评价药品集中带量采购对糖尿病患者住院总费用及各类构成费用的影响。方法基于研究医院的9852份糖尿病患者病案首页数据,整理患者基本信息、医疗服务利用信息及各项医疗费用信息,综合运用普通最小二乘法(ordinary least square,OLS)和倾向性得分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)进行数据分析。结果集中带量采购政策确实能够降低糖尿病住院患者的药品费用(t=-2.27,P<0.05),但是对住院总费用、医疗服务性费用影响不显著。OLS回归低估了药品集中带量采购对患者检查化验耗材费用的增费效应(t=2.26,P<0.05)。结论在进一步加强宣传教育的同时,要有序扩大药品集中带量采购,系统推动医药领域集约式改革,持续放大改革红利,实现患者总体医疗负担减轻,让政策福利遍及更多患者。展开更多
We have shown that classic works of Modigliani and Miller, Black and Scholes, Merton, Black and Cox, and Leland making the foundation of the modern asset pricing theory, are wrong due to misinterpretation of no arbitr...We have shown that classic works of Modigliani and Miller, Black and Scholes, Merton, Black and Cox, and Leland making the foundation of the modern asset pricing theory, are wrong due to misinterpretation of no arbitrage as the martingale no-arbitrage principle. This error explains appearance of the geometric Brownian model (GBM) for description of the firm value and other long-term assets considering the firm and its assets as self-financing portfolios with symmetric return distributions. It contradicts the empirical observations that returns on firms, stocks, and bonds are skewed. On the other side, the settings of the asset valuation problems, taking into account the default line and business securing expenses, BSEs, generate skewed return distributions for the firm and its securities. The Extended Merton model (EMM), taking into account BSEs and the default line, shows that the no-arbitrage principle should be understood as the non-martingale no arbitrage, when for sufficiently long periods both the predictable part of returns and the mean of the stochastic part of returns occur negative, and the value of the return deficit depends on time and the states of the firm and market. The EMM findings explain the problems with the S&P 500 VIX, the strange behavior of variance and skewness of stock returns before and after the crisis of 1987, etc.展开更多
The most crucial notion in built environment studies,space,is forced to undergo a reinterpretation due to the influence of numerous social phenomena and cultural movements,such as postmodernism,the information age,and...The most crucial notion in built environment studies,space,is forced to undergo a reinterpretation due to the influence of numerous social phenomena and cultural movements,such as postmodernism,the information age,and globalization.The traditional concept of time subverts time division and space restriction,along with the changes brought on by contemporary urbanization and postmodernist cultural norms.As a result,the urban plaza area,which is a unique cultural space,begins to take shape.It brings together previously different places,such as“public and private,”“political and daily,”“working and leisure,”as well as“physical and virtual.”The urban plaza is a useful research subject since it is a public area where the majority of cultural traits associated with urbanization are found.The spatial politics of the urban plaza experience a historic shift from macro politics to micro politics under the influence of postmodernism.Premised on this notion,the purpose of this study is to investigate the specific space of today’s cities,which is the urban plaza,as well as the politics of space and the in-depth interpretation of space culture.This study uses techniques from many other fields that are related to spatial ideas,including philosophy,political science,cultural studies,and geography.This study expands the cultural space of post-modernist interpretation of cultural depth of character based on the theoretical paradigm in multidisciplinary cross-application in order to enhance individuals’awareness of urban plaza cultural forms and further their understanding of its political and cultural space power traits as well as underlying meaning.This paper examines the role and culture of urban plaza from the perspectives of numerous well-known spatial culture theories in the context of the analysis.In addition to identifying the nature of the cultural politics,this paper addresses the significance of spatial politics of urban plazas.展开更多
沿革为了刺激技术创新,美国很早就制定颁布了相应的税收优惠制度。1954年美国《国内税收法典》就确立了研发费用扣除制度(174节)。但是令人遗憾的是,研发费用扣除制度没有带来预想的效果。数据显示,研发投资与国民生产总值的比例从1968...沿革为了刺激技术创新,美国很早就制定颁布了相应的税收优惠制度。1954年美国《国内税收法典》就确立了研发费用扣除制度(174节)。但是令人遗憾的是,研发费用扣除制度没有带来预想的效果。数据显示,研发投资与国民生产总值的比例从1968年的2.01%下降到1975年的1.58%。更重要的是,美国将其大部分研发投资都用于国防工业。与其他发达国家相比,它的非国防研发支出(civilian research expense)是比较少的。1970-1980年间,美国的研发投入与GDP的比例始终在1.5%到2%之间徘徊。而在同时段的德国和日本,这一比例从来没有低过1.9%。展开更多
英汉语均广泛使用比较级,但英语用比较级更广泛些,花样也多些。因此,相对说来,英译汉困难多些。其实汉译英也不易,只是一般采用平铺直叙的译法,不常采用英语丰富多采的表达方式来翻译。例如下面提到的“绝不坏”,一般就译为“not bat at...英汉语均广泛使用比较级,但英语用比较级更广泛些,花样也多些。因此,相对说来,英译汉困难多些。其实汉译英也不易,只是一般采用平铺直叙的译法,不常采用英语丰富多采的表达方式来翻译。例如下面提到的“绝不坏”,一般就译为“not bat at all”,“not absolutely bad”或“quite good”,很少译为“no less good”。又如“这种布由于很漂亮,也就不算贵了”,一般直译为“This展开更多
有报道称,中国财富性别差距日益扩大,女性不仅被"剩下",而且被"无视"。
Shang Wen,a single 32-year-old,a three-year-old’s mother,is a rarity1in China,mainly because her parents helped her purchase her own house in 20...有报道称,中国财富性别差距日益扩大,女性不仅被"剩下",而且被"无视"。
Shang Wen,a single 32-year-old,a three-year-old’s mother,is a rarity1in China,mainly because her parents helped her purchase her own house in 2004."Property was not too expensive then,and my parents had no idea that the market would take off2,"says Shang.Little did she know that this investment could end up paying off years later,展开更多
For the manufacture of Al-based metalmatrix composites, the foundry productionroute can provide less expensive products witha greater flexibility in meeting designer’s needsamong a vaviety of fablication routes. Rece...For the manufacture of Al-based metalmatrix composites, the foundry productionroute can provide less expensive products witha greater flexibility in meeting designer’s needsamong a vaviety of fablication routes. Recent-ly, a commercially produced foundry ingot,the Duralcan composite of A356 Al alloy展开更多
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72303086)the Leading Scientist Project of Qinghai Province, China (2023-NK-147)+1 种基金the Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering (2023-XY-28,2022-XY-139)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (lzujbky-2022-sp13)
文摘Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.
文摘Objective To explore the influence of new drug R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises.Methods The financial statements of 76 listed biomedical enterprises for 5 consecutive years were selected,and the data were modeled to study the effect of R&D investment and sales expense on the performance of biomedical enterprises by using financial indicators as tools and statistical methods of multiple linear regression.Results and Conclusion Under the premise that the weak related factors such as enterprise scale,life cycle and asset-liability ratio are set as unrelated variables,the R&D investment intensity of biomedical enterprises is negatively correlated with the current performance,which also shows that the R&D of biomedical enterprises has the characteristics of high risk.Besides,the influence of early R&D investment is delayed.However,the sales expense of leading biomedical enterprises with large scales have higher proportion.Meanwhile the greater sales expense of the same enterprise in different periods,the better the enterprise performance is.Biomedical enterprises should consider their own development stage to develop more patented drugs.Besides,they must formulate plans for allocating reasonable sales personnel and cost expense to ensure that enterprises can obtain better benefits.
文摘Objective:To investigate the economic burden of patients with acute kidney injury(AKI)by analyzing the distribution of hospitalization expenses and its influencing factors in the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University.Methods:The hospitalization information of patients with AKI from January 2020 to January 2023 was collected and sorted through the hospital charging system and the factors affecting the total hospitalization cost were analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results:Univariate analysis showed that age,occupation,marriage,length of hospitalization,recovery of renal function,and stage of AKI had significant effects on hospitalization cost(P<0.05).The result of the multiple linear regression analysis model showed that age(t=4.11,P<0.0001),length of hospitalization(t=16.10,P<0.0001),recovery of renal function(t=3.26,P<0.0001),AKI stage(t=5.23,P=0.002)are factors affecting the economic burden of patients with AKI.Conclusion:AKI patients should be managed according to age stratification to effectively control the progression of the disease and improve the quality of the medical services provided.This will reduce the economic burden of patients.
基金sponsored by National Natural Sciences Foundation Programs (Grant No.71172222) and (Grant No.71572194)the Overseas and Hong Kong and Macao Scholars Collaborative Research Program (Grant No.71428008) of the National Natural Sciences Foundation
文摘Information monopoly of bureaucrats helps them maximize discretionary budget. Public disclosure of budget can alleviate information asymmetry between government and the public and empower public supervision on government budget. With information intermediary function and reputational governance function, the media exert a budget intervention effect in the public disclosure of government budget, which further increases the effect of government budget disclosure. This paper investigates how media reports influence "three public expenses"(TPE) budget planning of central government departments by examining media reports on the disclosure of budget and final accounts and using TPE budget as a proxy variable for discretionary budget of bureaucrats. We have reached the following findings:(1) The higher the TPE budget implementation rate, the greater budget growth will be. But this correlation can be restrained by media attention;(2) Different stance of the media may exert different governance effects on TPE budget. Good news about TPE may motivate bureaucrats to restrain the positive impact of TPE budget implementation on budget growth. However, bad news about TPE will exert its budget intervention effect only when administrative governance mechanism intervenes. This study has broadened research on the media's governance effect from the perspective of government budget transparency and verified that under China's unique institutional background, the media may still play a positive role in public sector governance.
文摘The reduction of health care expenses continues to be a major challenge for the economy and society of the United States and other nations. This study focused on a major source of health care expenses, inpatient hospitals, at the community level. It was based on the assumption that fewer inpatient hospital admissions per population contribute to lower health care costs. The study demonstrated that the hospitals of Syracuse, New York have generated fewer inpatient admissions and discharges than those of other New York State metropolitan areas per population. It suggested that the application of utilization rates for inpatient hospitalization in Syracuse to some other New York State areas could result in substantial savings. Between 2016 and 2017, the hospital discharge rates in Syracuse were 1.6 - 3.1 percentage points lower than those of Albany, 2.2 - 5.0 percentage points lower than those of Rochester, 4.1 - 4.9 lower than those of New York City, 5.4 - 8.2 percentage points lower than those of Buffalo, and 17.2 - 18.3 percentage points lower than those of Utica. The study suggested that the conservative hospitalization rates in Syracuse were developed and sustained over long periods of time through the use of ambulatory surgery, reduction of admissions through hospital emergency departments, and limitation of the inpatient bed supply. This was a lengthy process that resulted in a conservative hospital admission pattern. The study demonstrated, more recently, that specific programs such as the reduction of inpatient hospital readmissions and hospital lengths of stay have supported additional reductions of hospital and related utilization in Syracuse.
文摘The“Letagonins”:a concept socially constructed to designate the“beating”women of Ivorian society,evokes those who have as their leitmotif,a self-realization through work.The purpose lies in their ability to free themselves from male domination.This concept means in one of the local Ivorian languages,notably the Gouro1:female boy.These women of Gouro ethnicity show a deep passion for the marketing of food products in Abidjan.However,behind this passion for food is their commitment to funeral expenses;a cultural activity customary lying with agnatic parentage.The transgression of custom by the latter under the prism of their social repositioning is the symbolic manifestation of the destandardization of the traditional relationship between man and woman in the organization of funerals in Gouro country,in the central West Ivorian.Understanding this relational reconfiguration has fuelled our passion as a researcher.In fact,ethnography has been mobilized as a method of observing the funeral practices of these women.In this regard,the study traces the strategies for negotiating access to the land as well as those used to negotiate access to information.
文摘For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see why,when many foreigners are here living decadent lifestyles,partying on weekends(and weekdays),travelling all over the country and mincing around town with Macbooks,iPods and Ray Bans.But then there are the secret 'squirrelers',who scrimp together just enough cash to
文摘目的基于上海市近年结核病诊疗费用减免政策,探索耐多药结核病(multidrug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)患者疾病经济负担及其影响因素,为优化MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策和综合管理模式提供依据。方法收集上海市2017—2019年确诊MDR-TB患者情况和诊疗费用减免情况数据,开展针对疾病经济负担的问卷调查,建立涵盖患者人口和社会经济情况、临床特征、疾病经济负担和诊疗费用减免情况数据库,明确患者疾病经济负担和灾难性卫生支出(catastrophic health expenditure)发生情况。以多元线性回归法分析可能影响患者疾病经济负担的因素,以多因素logistic回归法分析不同比例下灾难性卫生支出发生的影响因素。结果196例纳入研究分析的MDR-TB患者平均年龄为(44±16)岁,男性139例(占70.9%),上海户籍占46.4%,49%的患者为家庭主要劳动力。治疗期间,患者自付诊疗费用中位数为4.0(四分位数区间2.0~6.5)万元。113例患者获得减免诊疗,减免费用中位数为2.6(四分位数区间1.3~4.9)万元。若自付费用占家庭年收入的40%及以上,有47.8%的患者会发生灾难性支出;若不考虑减免政策,有59.8%的患者发生灾难性卫生支出。上海户籍(OR=0.3,95%CI为0.1~1.0)、更低家庭收入水平(P_(trend)=0.002)、医疗保险类型[(农村合作医疗保险/外来人口综合保险(OR=13.3,95%CI为1.0~171.2),无医疗保险(OR=17.5,95%CI为2.7~113.0)]和既往结核病治疗史(OR=3.3,95%CI为1.1~10.0)可能影响灾难性卫生支出的发生。结论上海市MDR-TB患者的自付诊疗费用较高。医疗保障力度较小和家庭经济情况不佳的患者更易发生高额自付费用,导致灾难性卫生支出。上海市MDR-TB诊疗费用减免政策有效降低了患者的经济负担。
文摘目的评价药品集中带量采购对糖尿病患者住院总费用及各类构成费用的影响。方法基于研究医院的9852份糖尿病患者病案首页数据,整理患者基本信息、医疗服务利用信息及各项医疗费用信息,综合运用普通最小二乘法(ordinary least square,OLS)和倾向性得分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)进行数据分析。结果集中带量采购政策确实能够降低糖尿病住院患者的药品费用(t=-2.27,P<0.05),但是对住院总费用、医疗服务性费用影响不显著。OLS回归低估了药品集中带量采购对患者检查化验耗材费用的增费效应(t=2.26,P<0.05)。结论在进一步加强宣传教育的同时,要有序扩大药品集中带量采购,系统推动医药领域集约式改革,持续放大改革红利,实现患者总体医疗负担减轻,让政策福利遍及更多患者。
文摘We have shown that classic works of Modigliani and Miller, Black and Scholes, Merton, Black and Cox, and Leland making the foundation of the modern asset pricing theory, are wrong due to misinterpretation of no arbitrage as the martingale no-arbitrage principle. This error explains appearance of the geometric Brownian model (GBM) for description of the firm value and other long-term assets considering the firm and its assets as self-financing portfolios with symmetric return distributions. It contradicts the empirical observations that returns on firms, stocks, and bonds are skewed. On the other side, the settings of the asset valuation problems, taking into account the default line and business securing expenses, BSEs, generate skewed return distributions for the firm and its securities. The Extended Merton model (EMM), taking into account BSEs and the default line, shows that the no-arbitrage principle should be understood as the non-martingale no arbitrage, when for sufficiently long periods both the predictable part of returns and the mean of the stochastic part of returns occur negative, and the value of the return deficit depends on time and the states of the firm and market. The EMM findings explain the problems with the S&P 500 VIX, the strange behavior of variance and skewness of stock returns before and after the crisis of 1987, etc.
文摘The most crucial notion in built environment studies,space,is forced to undergo a reinterpretation due to the influence of numerous social phenomena and cultural movements,such as postmodernism,the information age,and globalization.The traditional concept of time subverts time division and space restriction,along with the changes brought on by contemporary urbanization and postmodernist cultural norms.As a result,the urban plaza area,which is a unique cultural space,begins to take shape.It brings together previously different places,such as“public and private,”“political and daily,”“working and leisure,”as well as“physical and virtual.”The urban plaza is a useful research subject since it is a public area where the majority of cultural traits associated with urbanization are found.The spatial politics of the urban plaza experience a historic shift from macro politics to micro politics under the influence of postmodernism.Premised on this notion,the purpose of this study is to investigate the specific space of today’s cities,which is the urban plaza,as well as the politics of space and the in-depth interpretation of space culture.This study uses techniques from many other fields that are related to spatial ideas,including philosophy,political science,cultural studies,and geography.This study expands the cultural space of post-modernist interpretation of cultural depth of character based on the theoretical paradigm in multidisciplinary cross-application in order to enhance individuals’awareness of urban plaza cultural forms and further their understanding of its political and cultural space power traits as well as underlying meaning.This paper examines the role and culture of urban plaza from the perspectives of numerous well-known spatial culture theories in the context of the analysis.In addition to identifying the nature of the cultural politics,this paper addresses the significance of spatial politics of urban plazas.
文摘沿革为了刺激技术创新,美国很早就制定颁布了相应的税收优惠制度。1954年美国《国内税收法典》就确立了研发费用扣除制度(174节)。但是令人遗憾的是,研发费用扣除制度没有带来预想的效果。数据显示,研发投资与国民生产总值的比例从1968年的2.01%下降到1975年的1.58%。更重要的是,美国将其大部分研发投资都用于国防工业。与其他发达国家相比,它的非国防研发支出(civilian research expense)是比较少的。1970-1980年间,美国的研发投入与GDP的比例始终在1.5%到2%之间徘徊。而在同时段的德国和日本,这一比例从来没有低过1.9%。
文摘英汉语均广泛使用比较级,但英语用比较级更广泛些,花样也多些。因此,相对说来,英译汉困难多些。其实汉译英也不易,只是一般采用平铺直叙的译法,不常采用英语丰富多采的表达方式来翻译。例如下面提到的“绝不坏”,一般就译为“not bat at all”,“not absolutely bad”或“quite good”,很少译为“no less good”。又如“这种布由于很漂亮,也就不算贵了”,一般直译为“This
文摘有报道称,中国财富性别差距日益扩大,女性不仅被"剩下",而且被"无视"。
Shang Wen,a single 32-year-old,a three-year-old’s mother,is a rarity1in China,mainly because her parents helped her purchase her own house in 2004."Property was not too expensive then,and my parents had no idea that the market would take off2,"says Shang.Little did she know that this investment could end up paying off years later,
文摘For the manufacture of Al-based metalmatrix composites, the foundry productionroute can provide less expensive products witha greater flexibility in meeting designer’s needsamong a vaviety of fablication routes. Recent-ly, a commercially produced foundry ingot,the Duralcan composite of A356 Al alloy