Objective: The objective was to explore manager experiences using the RAFAELA system. Background: The RAFAELA system was developed in Finland during the 1990s to create a work situation where patients’ care needs wer...Objective: The objective was to explore manager experiences using the RAFAELA system. Background: The RAFAELA system was developed in Finland during the 1990s to create a work situation where patients’ care needs were balanced with personnel resources. The system is used in almost all hospitals in Finland and is implemented in several European countries. However, the system has never been evaluated outside Finland. This study, focusing on the managers’ perspective, represents the second report from a larger Norwegian evaluation project of the RAFAELA system. Methods: An explorative qualitative design was chosen. Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews at a university hospital in Norway during 2012-2013. A total of 10 informants in various management positions were interviewed. The tape-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were analysed using Kvale’s method for content analysis. Results: Four main themes emerged from the qualitative data: making the invisible visible;a common language;a system for prospective planning;and a resource-demanding tool. Conclusions: The study indicated that the RAFAELA system provided useful information about the patients’ care needs and nursing activities. Also the system provided a common reference frame for discussing nursing, staffing and allocation. Although the managers considered the RAFAELA to be time consuming in the implementation phase, they considered the system to be an important tool.展开更多
Wetlands are important natural resources for humans and play an irreplaceable ecological function in the terrestrial ecosystem.To curb the continued loss of wetlands globally,international organizations and many count...Wetlands are important natural resources for humans and play an irreplaceable ecological function in the terrestrial ecosystem.To curb the continued loss of wetlands globally,international organizations and many countries have taken a series of major conservation and restoration measures.This work reviews these wetland conservation and restoration measures,interprets China’s wetland conservation and restoration management policies,and proposes that future research on wetland resources in China should be conducted from the aspects of international frontiers and national strategic plans,socioeconomics,and smart services.The results show that the 27 International Wetlands Days from 1997 to 2023 provided new goals and tasks for the protection and management of wetlands.The important topics and outcomes of the 14 Conferences of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands from 1980 to 2022 provided new directions and new challenges for wetland development.In the future,we should enhance wetland ecological functions,promote sustainable wetland development,and overcome the technical bottleneck of fragile wetland ecosystem restoration.From 1992 to 2022,China embarked on a new phase of wetland protection and restoration.The overall experience of wetland protection and restoration in China has been formed through national strategic deployment,legal policy establishment,and project planning and implementation.The needs to provide for and plan the long-term protection of wetlands at the national level,to innovate restoration and management techniques and application systems,and to effectively address the complex issues of wetland protection and restoration through collaborative division of labor among multiple departments were emphasized.Research on the future trends of wetlands should be directed towards the exploration and practice of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and several international conventions in support of sustainable wetland development.Wetland protection,restoration,and management services should be promoted for national strategic needs and local,high-quality social and economic development.In addition,research on cross-integration and academic innovation should be enhanced for disciplinary development,global supervision,comprehensive assessment,and smart decision making.展开更多
Managers'characteristics have been identified to have an influence on how they perceive innovation.This study examines the role of top managers'experience and how it influences their propensity to innovate.It ...Managers'characteristics have been identified to have an influence on how they perceive innovation.This study examines the role of top managers'experience and how it influences their propensity to innovate.It employs a logit model to analyze data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys,primarily from small-and medium-sized enterprises in Russia.We justify the positive effect of managers'years of experience as an influential factor of enterprises'innovativeness in developing countries.The results show that top managers'years of experience directly affect innovation.展开更多
文摘Objective: The objective was to explore manager experiences using the RAFAELA system. Background: The RAFAELA system was developed in Finland during the 1990s to create a work situation where patients’ care needs were balanced with personnel resources. The system is used in almost all hospitals in Finland and is implemented in several European countries. However, the system has never been evaluated outside Finland. This study, focusing on the managers’ perspective, represents the second report from a larger Norwegian evaluation project of the RAFAELA system. Methods: An explorative qualitative design was chosen. Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews at a university hospital in Norway during 2012-2013. A total of 10 informants in various management positions were interviewed. The tape-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the transcripts were analysed using Kvale’s method for content analysis. Results: Four main themes emerged from the qualitative data: making the invisible visible;a common language;a system for prospective planning;and a resource-demanding tool. Conclusions: The study indicated that the RAFAELA system provided useful information about the patients’ care needs and nursing activities. Also the system provided a common reference frame for discussing nursing, staffing and allocation. Although the managers considered the RAFAELA to be time consuming in the implementation phase, they considered the system to be an important tool.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U21A2022,No.42071393,No.U1901219,No.42101369。
文摘Wetlands are important natural resources for humans and play an irreplaceable ecological function in the terrestrial ecosystem.To curb the continued loss of wetlands globally,international organizations and many countries have taken a series of major conservation and restoration measures.This work reviews these wetland conservation and restoration measures,interprets China’s wetland conservation and restoration management policies,and proposes that future research on wetland resources in China should be conducted from the aspects of international frontiers and national strategic plans,socioeconomics,and smart services.The results show that the 27 International Wetlands Days from 1997 to 2023 provided new goals and tasks for the protection and management of wetlands.The important topics and outcomes of the 14 Conferences of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands from 1980 to 2022 provided new directions and new challenges for wetland development.In the future,we should enhance wetland ecological functions,promote sustainable wetland development,and overcome the technical bottleneck of fragile wetland ecosystem restoration.From 1992 to 2022,China embarked on a new phase of wetland protection and restoration.The overall experience of wetland protection and restoration in China has been formed through national strategic deployment,legal policy establishment,and project planning and implementation.The needs to provide for and plan the long-term protection of wetlands at the national level,to innovate restoration and management techniques and application systems,and to effectively address the complex issues of wetland protection and restoration through collaborative division of labor among multiple departments were emphasized.Research on the future trends of wetlands should be directed towards the exploration and practice of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and several international conventions in support of sustainable wetland development.Wetland protection,restoration,and management services should be promoted for national strategic needs and local,high-quality social and economic development.In addition,research on cross-integration and academic innovation should be enhanced for disciplinary development,global supervision,comprehensive assessment,and smart decision making.
文摘Managers'characteristics have been identified to have an influence on how they perceive innovation.This study examines the role of top managers'experience and how it influences their propensity to innovate.It employs a logit model to analyze data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys,primarily from small-and medium-sized enterprises in Russia.We justify the positive effect of managers'years of experience as an influential factor of enterprises'innovativeness in developing countries.The results show that top managers'years of experience directly affect innovation.
