Current portable power generators are mainly based on internal combustion engine since they present higher values of efficiency comparing to other engines;the main reason why internal combustion engine is not convenie...Current portable power generators are mainly based on internal combustion engine since they present higher values of efficiency comparing to other engines;the main reason why internal combustion engine is not convenient for micro power generation (5 - 30 kW) is because of their heaviness. Micro and ultra micro gas turbine devices, based on a micro compressor and a micro turbine installed on the same shaft, are more suitable for this scope for several reasons. Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to size and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving parts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. The object of this study is the experimental tests on a stand-alone gas turbine device with a pre-heated combustion chamber (CC), to validate the fuel consumption reduction, compared to an actual and commercial device, used on air models.展开更多
The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model.The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale w...The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model.The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron.The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators,positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines.Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current(BLDC)electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements.The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system:(A)Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator;(B)Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control(IMC)methodology;(C)Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel.The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level,with no airflow,to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning,but also in the wind tunnel,in the presence of airflow,to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.展开更多
As a newly proposed two-terminal mechanical element, there are many realizations of inerter such as ball-screw, rack and pinion,hydraulic, fluid and mechatronic inerter. This paper concerns about a novel mechatronic i...As a newly proposed two-terminal mechanical element, there are many realizations of inerter such as ball-screw, rack and pinion,hydraulic, fluid and mechatronic inerter. This paper concerns about a novel mechatronic inerter, which is consisted of a hydraulic piston inerter and linear motor, called hydraulic electric inerter(HEI). Firstly, the structural components and the working principles of two types HEI device are introduced, and the dynamic model of the HEI is established. Then, three classifications of mechatronic inerter, namely, the single motor type, the linear inerter-motor type and the rotary inerter-motor type are presented,and in the meanwhile, some comparisons among the three types mechatronic inerter are analyzed. Subsequently, a methodology of designing and experimental tests of the HEI device is proposed by considering the rated working conditions of the linear motor and the electric elements. At last, the HEI device is conducted, and the force tests of the non-loaded HEI and loaded HEI are tested in order to validate their properties. The experimental results are analyzed, and the discrepancies are also further discussed.展开更多
Revised September 2013 by T. Damour (IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette, France). Einstein's General Relativity, the current "standard" theory of gravitation, describes gravity as a universal deformation of the Minkowski me...Revised September 2013 by T. Damour (IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette, France). Einstein's General Relativity, the current "standard" theory of gravitation, describes gravity as a universal deformation of the Minkowski metric:展开更多
The present study proposes a new semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwater including a perforated front wall, a solid rear wall, and a horizontal perforated plate connecting the lower tips of the two walls. An a...The present study proposes a new semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwater including a perforated front wall, a solid rear wall, and a horizontal perforated plate connecting the lower tips of the two walls. An analytical solution is developed to estimate the hydrodynamic performance of the new breakwater. The analytical solution is confirmed by solutions for special cases, an independently developed multi-domain boundary element method solution and experimental data. Numerical examples based on the analytical solution indicate that compared with previous semi-immersed breakwaters, the new breakwater may have better wave-absorbing performance and smaller wave forces. Some useful results are presented for practical designs of semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters.展开更多
Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to...Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to complete measurements. To protect the magnetic field sensors from intense erosion and high pressure, suitable high-pressure sealed cabins must be designed to load them. For the consideration of magnetic measurement and marine operation, the sealed pressure cabin should be nonmagnetic and transportable. Among all optional materials, LC4 super.hard aluminum alloy has the highest performance of price/quality ratio to make the sealed pressure cabin. However, it does not mean that the high-pressure sealed cabin made using LC4 will be perfect in performance. In fact, because of its weak magnetism, the pressure cabin made using LC4 has distorting effect on frequency responses of the magnetic field sensors sealed in it. This distorting effect does not affect the use of the magnetic field sensor, but if we want to eliminate its effect, we should study it by experimental measurements. In our experiment tests, frequency sweep magnetic field as excitation signal was used, and then responses of the magnetic field sensor before and after being loaded into the high-pressure sealed cabin were measured. Finally, normalized abnormal curves for the frequency responses were obtained, through which we could show how the high-pressure sealed cabin produces effects on the responses of the magnetic field sensor. Experimental results suggest that the response distortion induced by the sealed pressure cabin appears on mid- and high-frequency areas. Using experimental results as standardization data, the frequency responses collected from seafloor magnetotelluric measurements can be corrected to restore real information about the seafloor field source.展开更多
Sand production in oil wells is closely related to the mechanical behavior and petrographical properties of sandstones reservoir. Grain size is one of the main parameters controlling the phenomenon, which is studied i...Sand production in oil wells is closely related to the mechanical behavior and petrographical properties of sandstones reservoir. Grain size is one of the main parameters controlling the phenomenon, which is studied in this paper. Large-scale hollow cylindrical synthetic samples with the same rock strength but different grain sizes were tested by an experimental setup in the laboratory. Different external stresses and fluid flow rates were applied to the samples and produced sand was measured continuously. Results show two different trends between sanding stress level and grain size. For the samples with finer grain size (D50〈0.3 mm), the required confining stress for different sanding levels decreased with an increase in the grain size and for the samples with the coarser grains (D50〉0.3 mm) the required confining stress for different sanding levels dramatically increased with an increase in the grain size. Those two different trends were discussed and explained. The first one was production of individual grains and the second was bigger chunks in the slab form. In samples with large grains, plastic zones around hole were changed to a completely loose zone including interlocked individual grains or cluster of grains. In these samples after breakage of these interlocked zones sand was produced in the form of individual grains and clusters. Contrary to this, for samples with smaller grain size, shear bands were formed around the plastified hole and sand was produced in the form of big chunks or slabs.展开更多
Mooring system is a significant part of very large offshore floating structures(VLFS).In this paper,a single module pontoon type VLFS model considering four mooring types is studied through physical model tests to det...Mooring system is a significant part of very large offshore floating structures(VLFS).In this paper,a single module pontoon type VLFS model considering four mooring types is studied through physical model tests to determine the effects of mooring conditions on the hydroelastic response,mooring force,incident coefficient,reflection coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient.Eight mooring cables are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the model.The floating body model satisfies the similarity of stiffness and gravity,while the cable satisfies the similarity of elasticity and gravity.The results show that the effect of mooring type on mooring force is greater than that on hydroelastic response.Increasing the initial tension of the mooring cable will reduce the amplitude of the leeward of the VLFS model.The mooring angle of the mooring cable will affect the maximum mooring force and the initial tension of the mooring line will affect the wave period in which the maximum mooring force occurs.The transmission coefficient and wave energy dissipation coefficient will change regularly with different mooring types.These results may provide a reference to facilitate the mooring design of VLFS.展开更多
This article will introduce a new version of the metal deck for building residential flooring with a newly designed cold form U section. This flooring will allow residential structures to be built more quickly while a...This article will introduce a new version of the metal deck for building residential flooring with a newly designed cold form U section. This flooring will allow residential structures to be built more quickly while also reducing the necessary thickness of the floor. The level of strength and deflection of this floor will be determined via analysis of a floor bed comprised of cold-formed inverted U sections (IUS) covered by sheathing that is subjected to different loading scenarios. The necessary computational quantities associated with the experiment have been compared to established laboratory values by performing all related and applicable tests. Then, these quantities are compared to different existing flooring techniques to determine the efficacy of this technique. The results show that this flooring technique can be effective and cost-efficient in residential applications.展开更多
Quantum or torsion gravity models predict unusual properties of space-time at very short distances. In particular, near the Planck length, around 10<sup>-35</sup> m, empty space may behave as a crystal, si...Quantum or torsion gravity models predict unusual properties of space-time at very short distances. In particular, near the Planck length, around 10<sup>-35</sup> m, empty space may behave as a crystal, singly or doubly refractive. This hypothesis, however, remains uncheckable for any direct measurement since the smallest distance accessible in experiment is about 10<sup>-19</sup> m at the LHC. Here we propose a laboratory test to measure space birefringence or refractivity induced by gravity. A sensitivity 10<sup>-31</sup> m for doubly and 10<sup>-28</sup> m for singly refractive vacuum could be reached with PETRA 6 GeV beam exploring UV laser Compton scattering.展开更多
A floating breakwater(FB)has extensive potential applications in the fields of coastal,offshore,and ocean engineering owing to its advantages such as eco-friendliness,low cost,easy and rapid construction,and quick dis...A floating breakwater(FB)has extensive potential applications in the fields of coastal,offshore,and ocean engineering owing to its advantages such as eco-friendliness,low cost,easy and rapid construction,and quick dismantling and reinstallation.An FB composed of twin pontoons and multi-porous vertical plates is proposed to improve the wave attenuation performance.The wave attenuation performance is investigated for different FB structures and vertical plate types under different incident wave heights and periods using 2D wave physical model tests in a wave flume.The results demonstrate that the proposed FB has a better performance than that of the conventional single pontoon-type FB.It reduces the wave transmission due to its enhanced wave reflection and energy loss.The wave transmission coefficient of the proposed FB decreases with an increase in the number of layers and relative draft depth of the vertical plates.However,a further decrease in the wave transmission coefficient is not observed when the number of porous vertical plates is increased from 4 to 5 layers.An equation has been derived to predict the wave transmission of the proposed FB based on the experimental results.展开更多
Experimental data analysis and simulation calculations were performed in order to evaluate the cross-talk rejection performance of a typical neutron detection array. For very closely packed scintillation bars, the CT ...Experimental data analysis and simulation calculations were performed in order to evaluate the cross-talk rejection performance of a typical neutron detection array. For very closely packed scintillation bars, the CT rejection may rely on the position relation between the two signals. The criteria |△x|≤ 15 cm and |△y|≤12 cm are currently proposed for a rejection rate higher than 90%. For signals coming from distanced bars, the energy conservation relationship can be applied to reject the CT events with a similar performance. In both cases the results of simulation agree very well with the experimental data, assuring their applicability to other detection systems and physics problems.展开更多
Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown wa...Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.展开更多
The fluid motion in partially filled tanks with internal baffles has wide engineering applications. The installation of baffles is expected to reduce the effect of sloshing as well as the consequent environmental dama...The fluid motion in partially filled tanks with internal baffles has wide engineering applications. The installation of baffles is expected to reduce the effect of sloshing as well as the consequent environmental damages. In the present study, a series of experimental tests are performed to investigate the sloshing phenomenon in a baffled rectangular storage tank. In addition, the sloshing phenomenon is also modeled by using Open Foam. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, optimization of the geometric parameters of the tank is performed based on some criteria such as tank area, entropy generation, and the horizontal force exerted on the tank area due to the sloshing phenomenon.The optimization is also carried out based on the entropy generation minimization analysis. It is noted that the optimum baffle height is in the range of h_b/h_w=0.5-0.75 in the present study(where h_b and h_w are the baffle height and water depth, respectively). Based on the results, the optimal design of the tank is achieved with R_A= 0.9-1.0(where R_A=L/W, L and W are the length and width of the tank, respectively). The results also show that the increase of h_b can lead to a decrease of the maximum pressure and horizontal force exerted on the tank. It is also noted that the horizontal force exerted on the tank firstly continues to increase as the sway motion amplitude increases.However, as the normalized motion amplitude parameter, a/L(The parameter a is the motion amplitude), exceeds0.067, the effect of motion amplitude on the force is not obvious. The same optimization is also performed in the multiple-variable-baffled tank and prismatic storage tank.展开更多
Compression and flexure members such as columns and beams are critical in a structure as its failure could lead to the collapse of the structure.In the present work,numerical analysis of square and circle short column...Compression and flexure members such as columns and beams are critical in a structure as its failure could lead to the collapse of the structure.In the present work,numerical analysis of square and circle short columns,and reinforced concrete(RC)beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer composites are carried out.This work is divided into two parts.In the first part,numerical study of axial behavior of square and circular concrete columns reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(GFRP)and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer(BFRP)bars and spiral,and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)wraps is conducted.The results of the first part showed that the axial capacity of the circular RC columns reinforced with GFRP increases with the increase of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio.In addition,the results of the numerical analysis showed good correlation with the experimental ones.An interaction diagram for BFRP RC columns is also developed with considering various eccentricities.The results of numerical modeling of RC columns strengthened with CFRP wraps revealed that the number and the spacing between the CFRP wraps provide different levels of ductility enhancement to the column.For the cases considered in this study,column with two middle closely spaced CFRP wraps demonstrated the best performance.In the second part of this research,flexural behavior of RC beams reinforced with BFRP,GFRP and CFRP bars is investigated along with validation of the numerical model with the experimental tests.The results resembled the experimental observations that indicate significant effect of the FRP bar diameter and type ont he flexural capacity of the RC beams.It was also shown that Increasing the number of bars while keeping the same reinforcement ratio enhanced the stiffness of the RC beam.展开更多
In this paper, reflection and transmission coefficients of regular waves from/through perforated thin walls are investigated. Small scale laboratory tests have been performed in a wave flume firstly with single perfor...In this paper, reflection and transmission coefficients of regular waves from/through perforated thin walls are investigated. Small scale laboratory tests have been performed in a wave flume firstly with single perforated thin Plexiglas plates of various porosities. The plate is placed perpendicular to the flume with the height from the flume bottom to the position above water surface. With this thin wall in the flume wave overtopping is prohibited and incident waves are able to transmit. The porosities of the walls are achieved by perforating the plates with circular holes. Model settings with double perforated walls parallel to each other forming so called chamber system, have been also examined. Several parameters have been used for correlating the laboratory tests’ results. Experimental data are also compared with results from the numerical model by applying the multi-domain boundary element method (MDBEM) with linear wave theory. Wave energy dissipation due to the perforations of the thin wall has been represented by a simple yet effective porosity parameter in the model. The numerical model with the MDBEM has been further validated against the previously published data.展开更多
Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instru...Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.展开更多
A numerical study adopting the 2Dδ-SPH model is performed to compare the hydrodynamic characteristics of a single pontoon floating breakwater and a double pontoon floating breakwater.Numerical simulations are perform...A numerical study adopting the 2Dδ-SPH model is performed to compare the hydrodynamic characteristics of a single pontoon floating breakwater and a double pontoon floating breakwater.Numerical simulations are performed using theδ-SPH model and experimental tests are conducted to validate the numerical model.The numerical results of both the free surface elevations and motions of the floating breakwater are in good agreement with the experimental results.Numerical results show that when the pontoon drafts are larger,the double pontoon floating breakwater performs better in wave attenuations compared with the single pontoon floating breakwater,and for all the drafts,the amplitudes of motions including sway,heave and roll of the double pontoon floating breakwater is always smaller.In addition,increasing the spacing between the two pontoons can further reduce the amplitudes of pontoon motions and improve the wave attenuation ability of the double pontoon floating breakwater.展开更多
Wood and wood-based composite materials have gained increasing attention in the sustainable building industry because of their renewability and environmental friendliness.Oriented oblique strand lumber(Eucalyptus Stra...Wood and wood-based composite materials have gained increasing attention in the sustainable building industry because of their renewability and environmental friendliness.Oriented oblique strand lumber(Eucalyptus Strand Wood,ESWood),which is manufactured from fast-growing small diameter eucalyptus wood(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis),is introduced in this paper.Small clear specimen tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of ESWood material while full-scale component tests were performed to observe the structural performance of ESWood beams.A comparison of mechanical properties of ESWood with other wood/bamboo-based materials is then reported.From the results presented herein,it appears that the strength and stiffness properties of ESWood are affected by grain directionality and glued layers.However,it still has preferable mechanical properties as a building material,which is comparable or superior to those of other engineered wood/bamboo-based products(e.g.,Sitka spruce,LVL,OSL,Glulam,and Glubam).Furthermore,results from full-scale component tests show the stable mechanical performance of beams made by ESWood.This study makes a significant contribution to a potential utilization of fast-growing eucalyptus for general use in construction,and the presented mechanical tests results can serve as a fundamental data for more applications of ESWood in practical engineering.展开更多
This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includ...This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includes 19 skeletons, 18 joints and 118 main muscles. Secondly, to validate the feasibility of the model, an experiment test is designed to reflect the real cycling status. Finally, aiming at enhancing the performance of the rider vibration comfort, the scale parameters of rear suspension are optimized with computer simulation and uniform design. The mathematical model in the vibration performance and the design variables is constructed with regression analysis. The result shows that when the length of side link is 90 mm, the length of connected rod is 336.115 1 mm and the included angle between absorber and side link is 60°, the mountain bike has better vibration comfort. This study and relevant conclusions are of practical importance to the design of the mountain bike's rear suspension system.展开更多
文摘Current portable power generators are mainly based on internal combustion engine since they present higher values of efficiency comparing to other engines;the main reason why internal combustion engine is not convenient for micro power generation (5 - 30 kW) is because of their heaviness. Micro and ultra micro gas turbine devices, based on a micro compressor and a micro turbine installed on the same shaft, are more suitable for this scope for several reasons. Micro turbine systems have many advantages over reciprocating engine generators, such as higher power density (with respect to size and weight), extremely low emissions and few, or just one, moving part. Those designed with foil bearings and air-cooling operate without oil, coolants or other hazardous materials. Micro turbines also have the advantage of having the majority of their waste heat contained in their relatively high temperature exhaust. Micro turbines offer several potential advantages compared to other technologies for small-scale power generation, including: a small number of moving parts, compact size, lightweight, greater efficiency, lower emissions, lower electricity costs, and opportunities to utilize waste fuels. The object of this study is the experimental tests on a stand-alone gas turbine device with a pre-heated combustion chamber (CC), to validate the fuel consumption reduction, compared to an actual and commercial device, used on air models.
基金Bombardier AerospaceThales+1 种基金the Consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Quebec(CRIAQ)the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)for the funding received in connection with the CRIAQ MDO 505 project。
文摘The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model.The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron.The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators,positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines.Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current(BLDC)electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements.The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system:(A)Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator;(B)Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control(IMC)methodology;(C)Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel.The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level,with no airflow,to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning,but also in the wind tunnel,in the presence of airflow,to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M651723)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51705209)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20160533)the Foundation for Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security(Grant No.TTS2018-01)
文摘As a newly proposed two-terminal mechanical element, there are many realizations of inerter such as ball-screw, rack and pinion,hydraulic, fluid and mechatronic inerter. This paper concerns about a novel mechatronic inerter, which is consisted of a hydraulic piston inerter and linear motor, called hydraulic electric inerter(HEI). Firstly, the structural components and the working principles of two types HEI device are introduced, and the dynamic model of the HEI is established. Then, three classifications of mechatronic inerter, namely, the single motor type, the linear inerter-motor type and the rotary inerter-motor type are presented,and in the meanwhile, some comparisons among the three types mechatronic inerter are analyzed. Subsequently, a methodology of designing and experimental tests of the HEI device is proposed by considering the rated working conditions of the linear motor and the electric elements. At last, the HEI device is conducted, and the force tests of the non-loaded HEI and loaded HEI are tested in order to validate their properties. The experimental results are analyzed, and the discrepancies are also further discussed.
文摘Revised September 2013 by T. Damour (IHES, Bures-sur-Yvette, France). Einstein's General Relativity, the current "standard" theory of gravitation, describes gravity as a universal deformation of the Minkowski metric:
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51322903 and 51279224)Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.NCET-13-0528)
文摘The present study proposes a new semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwater including a perforated front wall, a solid rear wall, and a horizontal perforated plate connecting the lower tips of the two walls. An analytical solution is developed to estimate the hydrodynamic performance of the new breakwater. The analytical solution is confirmed by solutions for special cases, an independently developed multi-domain boundary element method solution and experimental data. Numerical examples based on the analytical solution indicate that compared with previous semi-immersed breakwaters, the new breakwater may have better wave-absorbing performance and smaller wave forces. Some useful results are presented for practical designs of semi-immersed Jarlan-type perforated breakwaters.
基金This paper is supported by the National "863" Program in the Tenth Five-Year-Plan (No. 2002AA615020)Eleventh Five-Year-Plan (No. 2006AA09A201)the Focused Subject Program of Beijing (No. XK104910598).
文摘Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to complete measurements. To protect the magnetic field sensors from intense erosion and high pressure, suitable high-pressure sealed cabins must be designed to load them. For the consideration of magnetic measurement and marine operation, the sealed pressure cabin should be nonmagnetic and transportable. Among all optional materials, LC4 super.hard aluminum alloy has the highest performance of price/quality ratio to make the sealed pressure cabin. However, it does not mean that the high-pressure sealed cabin made using LC4 will be perfect in performance. In fact, because of its weak magnetism, the pressure cabin made using LC4 has distorting effect on frequency responses of the magnetic field sensors sealed in it. This distorting effect does not affect the use of the magnetic field sensor, but if we want to eliminate its effect, we should study it by experimental measurements. In our experiment tests, frequency sweep magnetic field as excitation signal was used, and then responses of the magnetic field sensor before and after being loaded into the high-pressure sealed cabin were measured. Finally, normalized abnormal curves for the frequency responses were obtained, through which we could show how the high-pressure sealed cabin produces effects on the responses of the magnetic field sensor. Experimental results suggest that the response distortion induced by the sealed pressure cabin appears on mid- and high-frequency areas. Using experimental results as standardization data, the frequency responses collected from seafloor magnetotelluric measurements can be corrected to restore real information about the seafloor field source.
文摘Sand production in oil wells is closely related to the mechanical behavior and petrographical properties of sandstones reservoir. Grain size is one of the main parameters controlling the phenomenon, which is studied in this paper. Large-scale hollow cylindrical synthetic samples with the same rock strength but different grain sizes were tested by an experimental setup in the laboratory. Different external stresses and fluid flow rates were applied to the samples and produced sand was measured continuously. Results show two different trends between sanding stress level and grain size. For the samples with finer grain size (D50〈0.3 mm), the required confining stress for different sanding levels decreased with an increase in the grain size and for the samples with the coarser grains (D50〉0.3 mm) the required confining stress for different sanding levels dramatically increased with an increase in the grain size. Those two different trends were discussed and explained. The first one was production of individual grains and the second was bigger chunks in the slab form. In samples with large grains, plastic zones around hole were changed to a completely loose zone including interlocked individual grains or cluster of grains. In these samples after breakage of these interlocked zones sand was produced in the form of individual grains and clusters. Contrary to this, for samples with smaller grain size, shear bands were formed around the plastified hole and sand was produced in the form of big chunks or slabs.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFC1407702 and 2019YFC1407705)
文摘Mooring system is a significant part of very large offshore floating structures(VLFS).In this paper,a single module pontoon type VLFS model considering four mooring types is studied through physical model tests to determine the effects of mooring conditions on the hydroelastic response,mooring force,incident coefficient,reflection coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient.Eight mooring cables are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the model.The floating body model satisfies the similarity of stiffness and gravity,while the cable satisfies the similarity of elasticity and gravity.The results show that the effect of mooring type on mooring force is greater than that on hydroelastic response.Increasing the initial tension of the mooring cable will reduce the amplitude of the leeward of the VLFS model.The mooring angle of the mooring cable will affect the maximum mooring force and the initial tension of the mooring line will affect the wave period in which the maximum mooring force occurs.The transmission coefficient and wave energy dissipation coefficient will change regularly with different mooring types.These results may provide a reference to facilitate the mooring design of VLFS.
文摘This article will introduce a new version of the metal deck for building residential flooring with a newly designed cold form U section. This flooring will allow residential structures to be built more quickly while also reducing the necessary thickness of the floor. The level of strength and deflection of this floor will be determined via analysis of a floor bed comprised of cold-formed inverted U sections (IUS) covered by sheathing that is subjected to different loading scenarios. The necessary computational quantities associated with the experiment have been compared to established laboratory values by performing all related and applicable tests. Then, these quantities are compared to different existing flooring techniques to determine the efficacy of this technique. The results show that this flooring technique can be effective and cost-efficient in residential applications.
文摘Quantum or torsion gravity models predict unusual properties of space-time at very short distances. In particular, near the Planck length, around 10<sup>-35</sup> m, empty space may behave as a crystal, singly or doubly refractive. This hypothesis, however, remains uncheckable for any direct measurement since the smallest distance accessible in experiment is about 10<sup>-19</sup> m at the LHC. Here we propose a laboratory test to measure space birefringence or refractivity induced by gravity. A sensitivity 10<sup>-31</sup> m for doubly and 10<sup>-28</sup> m for singly refractive vacuum could be reached with PETRA 6 GeV beam exploring UV laser Compton scattering.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1404200).
文摘A floating breakwater(FB)has extensive potential applications in the fields of coastal,offshore,and ocean engineering owing to its advantages such as eco-friendliness,low cost,easy and rapid construction,and quick dismantling and reinstallation.An FB composed of twin pontoons and multi-porous vertical plates is proposed to improve the wave attenuation performance.The wave attenuation performance is investigated for different FB structures and vertical plate types under different incident wave heights and periods using 2D wave physical model tests in a wave flume.The results demonstrate that the proposed FB has a better performance than that of the conventional single pontoon-type FB.It reduces the wave transmission due to its enhanced wave reflection and energy loss.The wave transmission coefficient of the proposed FB decreases with an increase in the number of layers and relative draft depth of the vertical plates.However,a further decrease in the wave transmission coefficient is not observed when the number of porous vertical plates is increased from 4 to 5 layers.An equation has been derived to predict the wave transmission of the proposed FB based on the experimental results.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB815002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (HEUCF101501)Harbin Engineering University of China (002150260713)
文摘Experimental data analysis and simulation calculations were performed in order to evaluate the cross-talk rejection performance of a typical neutron detection array. For very closely packed scintillation bars, the CT rejection may rely on the position relation between the two signals. The criteria |△x|≤ 15 cm and |△y|≤12 cm are currently proposed for a rejection rate higher than 90%. For signals coming from distanced bars, the energy conservation relationship can be applied to reject the CT events with a similar performance. In both cases the results of simulation agree very well with the experimental data, assuring their applicability to other detection systems and physics problems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China–Shandong Joint Fund(No.U1706226)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171284).
文摘Rubble mound breakwaters with a crown wall are a common coastal engineering structure.The wave force on crown walls is an important parameter for the practice engineering design.Particularly,the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depths has been studied through physical model tests and numerical simulations.In this study,a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was developed to investigate monochromatic wave interactions in a rubble mound breakwater with a crown wall.Armor blocks were modeled in detail.The Navier-Stokes equations for two-phase incompressible flows,combined with shear stress transport k-ωturbulence model and volume of fluid method for tracking the free surface,were solved.A set of laboratory experiments were performed to validate the adopted model.Subsequently,a series of numerical simulations were implemented to examine the impacts of different hydrodynamic parameters(including wave height,incident wave period,and water depth)and the berm width on the wave force of the crown wall.Finally,a comparison of the experimental results and Martin method shows that the latter method is not suitable for this experimental scope.New empirical formulas are proposed to predict the wave force on crown walls under intermediate depth.The results can provide a basis for the design of crown wall of rubble mound breakwaters at intermediate depths.
基金inancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51761135011)Joint supported by NSFC and Royal Society (Grant No. 52011530183)。
文摘The fluid motion in partially filled tanks with internal baffles has wide engineering applications. The installation of baffles is expected to reduce the effect of sloshing as well as the consequent environmental damages. In the present study, a series of experimental tests are performed to investigate the sloshing phenomenon in a baffled rectangular storage tank. In addition, the sloshing phenomenon is also modeled by using Open Foam. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, optimization of the geometric parameters of the tank is performed based on some criteria such as tank area, entropy generation, and the horizontal force exerted on the tank area due to the sloshing phenomenon.The optimization is also carried out based on the entropy generation minimization analysis. It is noted that the optimum baffle height is in the range of h_b/h_w=0.5-0.75 in the present study(where h_b and h_w are the baffle height and water depth, respectively). Based on the results, the optimal design of the tank is achieved with R_A= 0.9-1.0(where R_A=L/W, L and W are the length and width of the tank, respectively). The results also show that the increase of h_b can lead to a decrease of the maximum pressure and horizontal force exerted on the tank. It is also noted that the horizontal force exerted on the tank firstly continues to increase as the sway motion amplitude increases.However, as the normalized motion amplitude parameter, a/L(The parameter a is the motion amplitude), exceeds0.067, the effect of motion amplitude on the force is not obvious. The same optimization is also performed in the multiple-variable-baffled tank and prismatic storage tank.
文摘Compression and flexure members such as columns and beams are critical in a structure as its failure could lead to the collapse of the structure.In the present work,numerical analysis of square and circle short columns,and reinforced concrete(RC)beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer composites are carried out.This work is divided into two parts.In the first part,numerical study of axial behavior of square and circular concrete columns reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(GFRP)and Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer(BFRP)bars and spiral,and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)wraps is conducted.The results of the first part showed that the axial capacity of the circular RC columns reinforced with GFRP increases with the increase of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio.In addition,the results of the numerical analysis showed good correlation with the experimental ones.An interaction diagram for BFRP RC columns is also developed with considering various eccentricities.The results of numerical modeling of RC columns strengthened with CFRP wraps revealed that the number and the spacing between the CFRP wraps provide different levels of ductility enhancement to the column.For the cases considered in this study,column with two middle closely spaced CFRP wraps demonstrated the best performance.In the second part of this research,flexural behavior of RC beams reinforced with BFRP,GFRP and CFRP bars is investigated along with validation of the numerical model with the experimental tests.The results resembled the experimental observations that indicate significant effect of the FRP bar diameter and type ont he flexural capacity of the RC beams.It was also shown that Increasing the number of bars while keeping the same reinforcement ratio enhanced the stiffness of the RC beam.
基金the Yildiz Technical University Research Fund for financially supporting this work
文摘In this paper, reflection and transmission coefficients of regular waves from/through perforated thin walls are investigated. Small scale laboratory tests have been performed in a wave flume firstly with single perforated thin Plexiglas plates of various porosities. The plate is placed perpendicular to the flume with the height from the flume bottom to the position above water surface. With this thin wall in the flume wave overtopping is prohibited and incident waves are able to transmit. The porosities of the walls are achieved by perforating the plates with circular holes. Model settings with double perforated walls parallel to each other forming so called chamber system, have been also examined. Several parameters have been used for correlating the laboratory tests’ results. Experimental data are also compared with results from the numerical model by applying the multi-domain boundary element method (MDBEM) with linear wave theory. Wave energy dissipation due to the perforations of the thin wall has been represented by a simple yet effective porosity parameter in the model. The numerical model with the MDBEM has been further validated against the previously published data.
文摘Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51725903 and 52088102).
文摘A numerical study adopting the 2Dδ-SPH model is performed to compare the hydrodynamic characteristics of a single pontoon floating breakwater and a double pontoon floating breakwater.Numerical simulations are performed using theδ-SPH model and experimental tests are conducted to validate the numerical model.The numerical results of both the free surface elevations and motions of the floating breakwater are in good agreement with the experimental results.Numerical results show that when the pontoon drafts are larger,the double pontoon floating breakwater performs better in wave attenuations compared with the single pontoon floating breakwater,and for all the drafts,the amplitudes of motions including sway,heave and roll of the double pontoon floating breakwater is always smaller.In addition,increasing the spacing between the two pontoons can further reduce the amplitudes of pontoon motions and improve the wave attenuation ability of the double pontoon floating breakwater.
基金by the Application for Collaborative Research Project under International Joint Research Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering(TMGFXK-2015-002-2)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(22120180315,22120170521).
文摘Wood and wood-based composite materials have gained increasing attention in the sustainable building industry because of their renewability and environmental friendliness.Oriented oblique strand lumber(Eucalyptus Strand Wood,ESWood),which is manufactured from fast-growing small diameter eucalyptus wood(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis),is introduced in this paper.Small clear specimen tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of ESWood material while full-scale component tests were performed to observe the structural performance of ESWood beams.A comparison of mechanical properties of ESWood with other wood/bamboo-based materials is then reported.From the results presented herein,it appears that the strength and stiffness properties of ESWood are affected by grain directionality and glued layers.However,it still has preferable mechanical properties as a building material,which is comparable or superior to those of other engineered wood/bamboo-based products(e.g.,Sitka spruce,LVL,OSL,Glulam,and Glubam).Furthermore,results from full-scale component tests show the stable mechanical performance of beams made by ESWood.This study makes a significant contribution to a potential utilization of fast-growing eucalyptus for general use in construction,and the presented mechanical tests results can serve as a fundamental data for more applications of ESWood in practical engineering.
基金supported by Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Development Project of China (Grant No. 043186211)Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Equipment of Tianjin University of China
文摘This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includes 19 skeletons, 18 joints and 118 main muscles. Secondly, to validate the feasibility of the model, an experiment test is designed to reflect the real cycling status. Finally, aiming at enhancing the performance of the rider vibration comfort, the scale parameters of rear suspension are optimized with computer simulation and uniform design. The mathematical model in the vibration performance and the design variables is constructed with regression analysis. The result shows that when the length of side link is 90 mm, the length of connected rod is 336.115 1 mm and the included angle between absorber and side link is 60°, the mountain bike has better vibration comfort. This study and relevant conclusions are of practical importance to the design of the mountain bike's rear suspension system.