Impact of BRICS Trade Facilitation on China's Exports Using Cross-Border E-Commerce

With the rapid growth of the global digital economy, cross-border e-commerce, as an emerging form of trade, has gradually become a powerful engine to promote the development of global trade. BRICS is an important force in the global economy, and the progress of the BRICS countries' trade facilitation level has an important impact on the global trade environment. This paper conducts an in-depth study of the dynamic changes in BRICS trade facilitation from 2013 to 2022, and uses an extended gravity model to analyze the specific impact of this change on China's exports using cross-border e-commerce. The results show that although the BRICS countries have made some progress in trade facilitation, the overall level still needs to be improved, and there are obvious differences among member countries. However, the improvement of trade facilitation among BRICS countries has undoubtedly brought significant positive effects to China's exports using cross-border e-commerce.

China:In the fourth quarter of 2023,exports of yarn and fabric to ASEAN ceased declining and rebounded

On January 8th,the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Textiles released data showing that in the fourth quarter,China’s textile and clothing exports gradually stabilised.The proportion of intermediate exports in textile and clothing exports continued to rise,providing a new impetus for the substantial expansion of exports to traditional markets and international supply chain cooperation.

Competitive Potential in Clothing Exports for Hong Kong and the Interior of China

Hong Kong and the Interior of China are leading clothing exporters in the world. Together they accounted for nearly 29 percent of the global clothing exports in 1999.The paper is basically divided into two parts. Firstly, it discusses that high world market share is an indicator of competitiveness for the product. From United Nations statistics, it was identified that Hong Kong and the Interior of China were competitive in certain discrete clothing items and a trend was apparent in the production shift of labour intensive clothing items from Hong Kong to the Mainland as witnessed from 1987-1993. With the revised statistical classification system in clothing items released by United Nations, second part of the paper further investigates the broad clothing categories of knitted and woven garments from 1987-1998. It was discovered that Hong Kong was traditionally more competitive in knitted garments while the Interior of China possessed advantages in the manufacture of woven items. Taking the labour cost advantage of the Interior of China and the marketing strengths of Hong Kong, their co-operation for clothing production is considered complementary to each other and able to foster synergistic effects.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural exports

The COVID-19 outbreak has shocked the world’s economies in the year of 2020.As this pandemic spreads around the globe,many experts feared that the global food supplies might start running short,especially if supply chains were disrupted.COVID-19 also added to the uncertainty of the business operation.Therefore,it is critical to understand how COVID-19 pandemic affected global food supply and market.In this study,we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export companies in China using a unique firm-level survey data.We found that although on average agricultural businesses experienced declines in the exports,exports of some agricultural products especially grain and oil held strong and even increased,implying the essential demand for staple food during the pandemic.Not surprisingly,exports of medicinal herb also increased significantly during the pandemic.However,exports of goods such as edible fungus and horticultural products sharply decreased.Our results also showed that in general,impact of COVID-19 on smaller firms was more severe than that on larger firms.The results of this study can provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural businesses and policy makers on their COVID-19 mitigation efforts to navigate this global pandemic.

Empirically Analysis of the CO_2 Emissions Embodied in Exports of China

In this paper,using the input-output model,the author first calculated the CO 2 emissions embodied in exports of China in 2002 and 2007.Then,the author empirically analyzed problems existing in the composition of exported products and analyzed its possible reasons.The research results of this paper are as follows:Since China's entry into WTO,the CO 2 emissions embodied in exports of China have been increasing rapidly;the value of exported products of high-carbon emissions industries accounts for a relatively higher proportion to China's total exports value because China's carbon intensive products have a certain competitive advantage.Additionally,this paper has put forward relevant suggestions based on these results.

How do green product exports affect carbon emissions?Evidence from China

Green development has become an increasingly important global initiative.Therefore,this study focuses on the impact of green product exports on carbon emissions in China.Firm-level datasets are used to estimate provincial green product exports between 2001-2016.This study estimates the impact of green exports on carbon emissions using the system generalized method of moments methodology.In addition,heterogeneity and asymmetry of the nexus are explored.The following findings are highlighted:(1)China’s green product exports show a significant upward trend during the study period;(2)increased green product exports,especially those of high-technology manufacturers,can effectively mitigate CO_(2) emissions;(3)the influence of green product exports on carbon emissions is regional heterogeneous but consistent across quantiles;and(4)technique and scale effects are significant mediators,whereas the composition effect is not.These findings provide new evidence supporting methods to mitigate China’s CO_(2) emissions by adjusting green product export structures.

Relationship between the Environment and Economic Growth in China via Exports: A Perspective of Ecological Impact (2000-2014)

China’s swift and substantial economic growth over the past 20 years has made the country one of the top industrial powers in the world, second only the United States. From the perspective of ecology and the impact on the environment produced by economic and industrial growth, the exports that have driven rapid growth have also resulted in an alarming level of environmental pollution in major Chinese cities. Research has shown that the Chinese government’s investment in bringing down pollution levels has been insufficient and ineffective. The monetary amount allocated for pollution reduction has barely reached 0.15% of the country’s GDP and has failed to meaningfully reverse the effects of industrialization, including increased exports and economic growth rates affecting China’s ecology. The present study investigated China’s ecological situation in terms of the industrial production that has generated its level of exports, with special focus on problems related to water, air, and solid waste. An econometric analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between the main variables. The exports and GDP (dependent variable), air pollution, water pollution, and industrial solid waste (independent variables) were provided by the Institute of Statistics and the Environment Institute of China for this study. The data was managed in Econometric Eviews 7.0 software and yielded an adjusted R2 of 96.09% (high correlation) with an interesting correlation between the exports and three independent variables;after subsequent variable analysis, we found that investments in water and industrial solid waste were not significant (i.e., that said investments have failed to solve the pollution problem). It is necessary to review the Chinese investment policy with special attention to these variables to appropriately respond to China’s ecological crisis.

Prospect Analysis of the United States' Crude Oil Exports to the Asia-Pacific Region

At the end of 2015, the United States lifted a 40-year ban on crude oil exports, which has far-reaching implications for the global crude oil market and crude oil trade patterns. Since the release of crude oil exports, with the recovery of crude oil production and improved export infrastructure in the United States, U.S. crude oil exports have been growing rapidly, with an average of about one million barrels/day in 2017, making the U.S one of the major global crude oil exporters. Currently, the AsiaPacific region has replaced North America as the first major destination for U.S. crude oil exports. In light of future trends in the oil refining industry of the Asia-Pacific region, it will usher in a new wave of refinery operations around 2020 and crude oil imports will continue to grow rapidly. The American region, represented by the United States, will replace West Africa as the second largest source of crude oil imports to the Asia-Pacific region, and that energy trade cooperation between the Asia-Pacific region and the United States will continue to grow. In particular, for China, the United States will become an important source of crude oil imports for our country in the future, and the two countries will shift from the past of energy competition to energy cooperation. Sino-US energy trade will play a more active role in economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

Competitiveness of Egyptian cotton exports in the international market

Cotton plays a vital role in the Egyptian economy by meeting domestic and export demands,contributing significantly to agriculture,industry,export earnings,and providing a cash income to roughly one million small farmers.This paper examines the competitiveness of Egyptian cotton exports(ECE) in the international market during the period 1990-2006.It mainly aims at investigating the trends in cotton exports over the studied period,analyzing the competitive position of Egyptian cotton by employing several economic and trade indices,and identifying the key factors that influence Egypt's cotton exports to the world.The results revealed that the total quantity of ECE has fallen from 196.8 thousand tons in 2003 to 87.2 thousand tons in 2006.It also shows a high degree of geographic concentration of ECE,into India,Italy,the Republic of Korea,and Japan.Together,these markets imported about 50%of ECE during 1990-2006.The competitive advantage of Egyptian cotton would appear dependent on quality not price.Japan,the Republic of Korea and Italy presented the most stable markets for ECE.Linear regression analysis suggests that a one percent increase in the Egypt-to-USA export price ratio leads to a decrease in ECE by about 27.8 thousand tons.Such analysis has also shown a positive and significant effect of the World Trade Organization on ECE.

Discussion on the Promotion of Exports is the Only Path for Development in Developing Nations

Nowdays, some people think the promotion of exports as the only way for development in developing counties. However, I disagree with this idea. Admittedly, export can increase the foreign exchange reserves and enlarge the overall revenues of a county. According to the formula GDP=C+I+G+X-M, besides the net export, domestic consumption and investment are also other two indispensable paths to improve the GDP of a developing county.

Study on Building an Econometric Model of Canada's Newsprint Exports to the United States of America

For predictive purposes and for understanding the relationship between the US market and Canadian newsprint producers an econometric model was built. In this study, a simultaneous-equation model was developed, which consisted of four equations, one each for the supply, export, consumption and price of newsprint. The period of 1955-1986 was covered by this model. The data for the years 1985 and 1986 were reserved to test the predictive power of the model. In fitting the four equations for the period of 1955 -1984, the coefficients of determination, the R -square values, between observed and predicted values were higher than 99 per cent. The test results of the forecasting power showed that there was no statistically significant difference between predicted and observed values at the 5 per cent level of significance. Sources of forecasting error are expressed as three partial inequality coefficients associated with bias, variance and covariance of predicted and observed values. The error could not be

Effect of forest thinning on hydrologic nitrate exports from a Nsaturated plantation

Although several studies have assessed the effects of thinning on water quality,including nitrogen(N)exports,few have examined N-saturated plantations.This study assessed the short-term effect of thinning on N exports from a N-saturated plantation forest in northern Kyushu,western Japan,that was thinned(43%of basal area)during January-March 2012.Water levels at the gauging station were continually measured,and streamwater baseflow and stormflow samples were collected before(2011)and after(2013)forest thinning.Annual precipitation before(2469 mm)and after(2418 mm)forest thinning differed little,and annual water discharge after thinning(1641 mm)was similar to that before thinning(1609 mm).However,direct flow during stormflow periods was higher after thinning(260 mm)than before(153 mm).The concentrations of major ions in stream water did not differ before and after thinning.As a result,the high annual dissolved inorganic N(DIN)exports differed little before(35.8 kg N ha^-1 a^-1)and after(36.5 kg N ha^-1 a^-1)forest thinning.DIN exports during stormflow periods were slightly higher after(12.2 kg N ha^-1 a^-1)than before thinning(10.5 kg N ha^-1 a^-1)and were proportional to the increased direct flow after thinning(561 mm after vs.470 mm before thinning).We concluded that thinning does not affect annual N exports from the N-saturated plantation forest,but it can increase the proportion of N exported during stormflow periods in proportion to increased water volume of direct flow after thinning.

Impact of foreign direct investment on the exports of five major sectors of Pakistan’s economy:A governance perspective

This study investigates and analyses empirically the impact of Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)inflows on the exports for a panel series of five large-scale manufacturing industries of Pakistan during the period 2000-2020.For this purpose,we establish export production function as based on endogenous growth theory in which role of FDI is considered as additional determinant of export.The Pedroni residual-based co-integration test and Error Correction Model(ECM)are applied for the long and short-run relationships.Pedroni residual based approach highlighted that human capitals,domestic capitals,foreign direct investments,exports,and domestic sales are co-integrated in the long run.According to results of ECM,coefficient of FDI appears to have statistical significant impact on exports and has a positive sign in the long run.Whereas,FDI does not contribute to export growth in the short run but it takes time to influence the growth patterns of the sector.On the basis of theoretical notion of endogenous growth theory,long-run coefficient of FDI may be interpreted as evidence in favour of the hypotheses that FDI has an impact on exports via export development.Thus,it can be concluded that“FDI-based endogenous growth theory”is valid in the case of Pakistan.

Agricultural Exports Competitiveness of Pakistan in Global Market

Agricultural sector is a major source of employment and export earnings for Pakistan. Exports of Pakistan are highly concentrated in agricultural products including cotton, rice, sugar and fruit. This study analyzed comparative and competitive advantages of the main agricultural products of Pakistan, i.e. cotton, rice and tangerines. Consumption patterns of top exporting countries in each category were also analyzed. Results revealed that Pakistan had strong competitiveness for export of these commodities. Strong potential for growth in the agricultural sector of Pakistan was found and it could be optimized to raise export earnings and meet the objectives of the strategic trade policy framework （STPF） 2015-2018 of Pakistan.

Ethical Trading： The Implications of the Human Rights Watch Report on South African Fruit Exports

This paper presents an ex-ante assessment of the potential implications of the 2011 Human Rights Watch Report on the South African fruit industry. The report explicitly mentions the lack of compliance with ethical codes within the fruit industry, the prevalence of exploitative conditions for farm workers and diverse human rights abuses in farms. The report recommends import ban on culprits as well as engaging third party auditing to ensure compliance. The high vulnerability of the smallholder farmers justified the special interest in the implications on their reputation and hence their ability to access profitable export markets. Although large-scale commercial farmers are potentially at risk of reputational damage due to the Human Rights Watch Report, they are better able to cope owing to their stronger capital base. The opinions of knowledgeable industry insiders were therefore elicited through qualitative research that used a five-point Likert scale to assess perceptions about market access. On the basis of the results, it is probable that the report will lead to improved working conditions for farm workers, improved concern for consumers＇ health, and enforcement of legislation by the govemment. The negative implications involve increased competition, possibility of retailers＇ rationalising their supply base and increased evaluation that ends at the farm gate. There is also high probability of increased marginalisation of the already disadvantaged smallholder suppliers, and possible increase in costs of auditing and accreditation for the entire fruit industry. Thus, active collaboration among all stakeholders to ensure the competitiveness of the fruit industry is inevitable.

Analyzing the Relation between Greek Paper and Paperboard Imports and Exports with Macroeconomic Variables

This paper describes the relation between Greek imports and exports of paper and paperboard and a number of major macroeconomic variables, such as population, gross domestic product, the industrial production index and domestic round wood production. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were employed in the analysis of the data. The study shows that there is no significant relation between paper and paperboard imports as a dependent variable and population, gross domestic product and domestic round wood production as independent variables. Despite this, an acceptable model is constructed using only gross domestic product as an independent variable. The study also shows that there is a significant relation between the export of paper and paperboard and gross domestic product, the industrial production index and round wood production. The results indicate that gross domestic product as an independent variable has the greatest effect on wood imports and exports in Greece during the period studied. Using these models is confirmed that the use of socioeconomic variables and the construction of future scenarios for the Greek forest sector is very efficient considering the special characteristics of the Greek economy. These models could help the establishment of economic growth, the reduction of the financial and ecological deficit, the implementation of economic reforms and to increase new investments.

Polish Exports in the EU Market and Its Competitiveness in the Face of the Crisis

This article presents the problem of the competitiveness of the economy in relation to foreign trade, with particular emphasis on the current crisis. The research results are presented here, relate to the exchange between Poland and the EU countries in the field of industrial goods during the time of the association and membership in this group. They show that Polish competitiveness is improving slowly, but the structure of our exports is still unfavorable, since it is dominated by products with a low degree of processing. However, recent years have seen some improvements as evidenced by the results from the period of recession. Researches were done by using the most popular indicates like revealed comparative advantage （RCA） and intra-industry trade （IIT）. Also the influence of some other factors, apart from the association, on the competitiveness of exports was discussed and the conclusions from the research were presented.

Improve the Competitiveness and Value of Rice Exports of the Mekong Delta Provinces

Purpose: Vietnam rice has long been a product of international stature. In the commodity export of Vietnam, rice always plays as key agricultural commodities, with contributions billions of dollars each year in total export value. It not only contributes to the overall growth of the economy, but also gradually affirms Vietnam’s position on the international rice market. According to General Statistics Office, in 2012, Vietnam produced 43.7 million tonnes of rice and exported record 8.047 million tonnes of rice, contributing to the total export value of $3.689 million. However, it has not still been commensurate with the value and potential of rice from Vietnam. In addition, the fact is that in recent years, although export rice increased sharply, bringing many records for Vietnam, it had lower prices than other rice exporting countries (Thailand, India, Pakistan). So what is the cause and solution to enhance competitiveness and promote export of rice products in Viet Nam? In the increasingly complex international context, besides socio-economic development, security and national defense, food security has become a matter of international concern. The article first discusses the competitiveness, the value of rice exports and the need to improve competitiveness and export value of rice in the Mekong Delta. Then, there are some solutions proposed to improve the competitiveness and export of rice in the Mekong Delta in the coming time.

Institutional Constraints to the Competitiveness of the South African Citrus Exports

This paper examined the dual institutional constraints arising from the market liberalisation of the South African citrus industry and the stringent food safety health and private standards associated with the globalisation of the agri-business industry. The aim of this paper was to explore the institutional challenges influencing the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the export markets. It also explored the implications of the institutional environment on market access. The logistic regression model was used to analyse the statistical data while simple ranking was used to indicate the new and emerging forces affecting the profitability of the industry in recent years. The results show that access to market information, economies of scale, compliance with strict food safety and quality standards, lack of proper infrastructure including transport and challenges of managing a business within the international business environment exerted significant effects on the competitiveness of the industry as well as the ability of domestic producers to enter the export markets. There is need for government intervention especially aligned to investing in infrastructure. Coupled with the support of private institutions, the government needs to support the exporters and producers in complying with private standards.