R-Factor Analysis of Data Based on Population Models Comprising R- and Q-Factors Leads to Biased Loading Estimates

Effects of performing an R-factor analysis of observed variables based on population models comprising R- and Q-factors were investigated. Although R-factor analysis of data based on a population model comprising R- and Q-factors is possible, this may lead to model error. Accordingly, loading estimates resulting from R-factor analysis of sample data drawn from a population based on a combination of R- and Q-factors will be biased. It was shown in a simulation study that a large amount of Q-factor variance induces an increase in the variation of R-factor loading estimates beyond the chance level. Tests of the multivariate kurtosis of observed variables are proposed as an indicator of possible Q-factor variance in observed variables as a prerequisite for R-factor analysis.

Tomographic inversion of near-surface Q factor by combining surface and cross-hole seismic surveys

The estimation of the quality factor Q plays a fundamental role in enhancing seismic resolution via absorption compensation in the near-surface layer.We present a new geometry that can be used to acquire field data by combining surface and cross-hole surveys to decrease the effect of geophone coupling on Q estimation.In this study,we drilled number of receiver holes around the source hole,each hole has different depth and each geophone is placed geophones into the bottom of each receiver hole to avoid the effect of geophone coupling with the borehole wall on Q estimation in conventional cross-hole seismic surveys.We also propose a novel tomographic inversion of the Q factor without the effect of the source signature,and examine its stability and reliability using synthetic data.We estimate the Q factors of the near-surface layer in two different frequency bands using field data acquired in the Dagang Oilfield.The results show that seismic absorption in the nearsurface layer is much greater than that in the subsurface strata.Thus,it is of critical practical importance to enhance the seismic solution by compensating for near-surface absorption.In addition,we derive different Q factors from two frequency bands,which can be treated,to some extent,as evidence of a frequency-dependent Q.

Q-factor estimation in CMP gather and the continuous spectral ratio slope method

The attenuation factor or quality factor(Q-factor or Q) has been used to measure the energy attenuation of seismic waves propagating in underground media. Many methods are used to estimate the Q-factor. We propose a method to calculate the Q-factor based on the prestack Q-factor inversion and the generalized S-transform. The proposed method specifies a standard primary wavelet and calculates the cumulative Q-factors; then, it finds the interlaminar Q-factors using the relation between Q and offset(QVO) and the Dix formula. The proposed method is alternative to methods that calculate interlaminar Q-factors after horizon picking. Because the frequency spectrum of each horizon can be extracted continuously on a 2D time–frequency spectrum, the method is called the continuous spectral ratio slope(CSRS) method. Compared with the other Q-inversion methods, the method offers nearly effortless computations and stability, and has mathematical and physical significance. We use numerical modeling to verify the feasibility of the method and apply it to real data from an oilfield in Ahdeb, Iraq. The results suggest that the resolution and spatial stability of the Q-profile are optimal and contain abundant interlaminar information that is extremely helpful in making lithology and fluid predictions.

A Comparison between Major Factor Extraction and Factor Rotation Techniques in Q-Methodology

The statistical analysis in Q-methodology is based on factor analysis followed by a factor rotation. Currently, the most common factor extraction methods are centroid and principal component extractions and the common techniques for factor rotation are manual rotation and varimax rotation. However, there are some other factor extraction methods such as principal axis factoring and factor rotation methods such as quartimax and equamax which are not used by Q-users because they have not been implemented in any major Q-program. In this article we briefly explain some major factor extraction and factor rotation techniques and compare these techniques using three datasets. We applied principal component and principal axis factoring methods for factor extraction and varimax, equamax, and quartimax factor rotation techniques to three actual datasets. We compared these techniques based on the number of Q-sorts loaded on each factor, number of distinguishing statements on each factor, and excluded Q-sorts. There was not much difference between principal component and principal axis factoring factor extractions. The main findings of this article include emergence of a general factor and a smaller number of excluded Q-sorts based on quartimax rotation. Another interesting finding was that a smaller number of distinguishing statements for factors based on quartimax rotation compared to varimax and equamax rotations. These findings are not conclusive and further analysis on more datasets is needed.

Forkhead Box q1 promotes invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is an extremely malignant tumor with a high mortality rate.Little is known about the mechanism by which forkhead Box q1(FOXQ1)causes CRC invasion and metastasis through the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)pathway.AIM To illuminate the mechanism by which FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC by activating the heparin binding epidermal growth factor(HB-EGF)/EGFR pathway.METHODS We investigated the differential expression and prognosis of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in CRC using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(GEPIA)website(http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html).Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in cell lines and tissues,and we constructed a stable lowexpressing FOXQ1 cell line and verified it with the above method.The expression changes of membrane-bound HB-EGF(proHB-EGF)and soluble HB-EGF(sHB-EGF)in the lowexpressing FOXQ1 cell line were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA.Western blotting was used to detect changes in the expression levels of HB-EGF and EGFR pathway-related downstream genes when exogenous recombinant human HB-EGF was added to FOXQ1 knockdown cells.Proliferation experiments,transwell migration experiments,and scratch experiments were carried out to determine the mechanism by which FOXQ1 activates the EGFR signaling pathway through HB-EGF,and then to evaluate the clinical relevance of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF.RESULTS GEPIA showed that the expression of FOXQ1 in CRC tissues was relatively high and was related to a lower overall survival rate.PCR array results showed that FOXQ1 is related to the HB-EGF and EGFR pathways.Knockdown of FOXQ1 suppressed the expression of HB-EGF,and led to a decrease in EGFR and its downstream genes AKT,RAF,KRAS expression levels.After knockdown of FOXQ1 in CRC cell lines,cell proliferation,migration and invasion were attenuated.Adding HB-EGF restored the migration and invasion ability of CRC,but not the cell proliferation ability.Kaplan–Meier survival analysis results showed that the combination of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF may serve to predict CRC survival.CONCLUSION Based on these collective data,we propose that FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC via the HB-EGF/EGFR pathway.

Estimation of quality factors by energy ratio method

The quality factor Q, which reflects the energy attenuation of seismic waves in subsurface media, is a diagnostic tool for hydrocarbon detection and reservoir characterization. In this paper, we propose a new Q extraction method based on the energy ratio before and after the wavelet attenuation, named the energy-ratio method（ERM）. The proposed method uses multipoint signal data in the time domain to estimate the wavelet energy without invoking the source wavelet spectrum, which is necessary in conventional Q extraction methods, and is applicable to any source wavelet spectrum; however, it requires high-precision seismic data. Forward zero-offset VSP modeling suggests that the ERM can be used for reliable Q inversion after nonintrinsic attenuation（geometric dispersion, refl ection, and transmission loss） compensation. The application to real zero-offset VSP data shows that the Q values extracted by the ERM and spectral ratio methods are identical, which proves the reliability of the new method.

Novel method to measure unloaded quality factor of resonant cavities at room temperature

We demonstrated a novel method to measure the unloaded quality factor(Q factor) of high-Q resonant cavities. This method was used to obtain data with low errors and calculate the unloaded Q factor. This procedure was more reliable than traditional methods. The data required for the method were near the resonant frequency,not at the half-power points of the reflection coefficient curve or Smith chart. We applied the new method to measure a resonant cavity with an unloaded Q factor of^100,000, obtaining good agreement between the measured and theoretical results.

Realization of ultralow power phase locking by optimizing Q factor of resonant photodetector

We design and construct a resonant photodetector(RPD)with a Q factor of 320.83 at the resonant frequency of38.5 MHz on the basis of a theoretical analysis.Compared with the existing RPD under the same conditions,the signalto-noise-ratio of the error signal is increased by 15 dB and the minimum operation power is reduced from-55 dBm to-70 dBm.By comparing the standard deviations of the stability curves,we confirm that the RPD has a dramatic improvement on ultralow power extraction.In virtue of the RPD,we have completed the demonstration of channel multiplexing quantum communication.

A Backward Stable Hyperbolic QR Factorization Method for Solving Indefinite Least Squares Problem

We present a numerical method for solving the indefinite least squares problem. We first normalize the coefficient matrix. Then we compute the hyperbolic QR factorization of the normalized matrix. Finally we compute the solution by solving several triangular systems. We give the first order error analysis to show that the method is backward stable. The method is more efficient than the backward stable method proposed by Chandrasekaran, Gu and Sayed.

Abnormal enhancement to the quality factors of carbon nanotube via defects engineering

Low quality(Q) factor is often the limiting factor for high performance carbon nanotube(CNT) resonators. The most commonly used approach to enhance the Q factor of CNTs is to reduce/eliminate the intrinsic defects.Herein, we show surprisingly that hole defects of suitable size and position are able to enhance the Q factor of CNT, which strongly contradicts to the common notion that the presence of defects promote intrinsic dissipation via defects dissipation. By analyzing the strain distribution, we find that such abnormal enhancement in Q factor of defected CNT originates from a coupling competition mechanism between the atomic mismatch around defected atoms and the thermoelastic damping. Although the presence of holes will introduce an additional defect dissipation source, suitable holes are capable of reducing the energy dissipation arisen from the thermoelastic damping, through changing the spatial strain field of defected CNT. This coupling competition mechanism provides a new route for designing high performance CNT resonators via defects engineering.

基于自适应短时傅里叶变换的品质因子Q值估算方法

品质因子Q是描述地下介质对地震波吸收衰减强弱程度的参数,同时也是地层含油气性的重要标志。在地震资料Q估算中,常用的方法是短时傅里叶变换方法,当窗函数被选定以后,其时频分辨率就固定了。针对该问题,提出一种自适应窗短时傅里叶变换的方法,以获得更准确的瞬时中心频率,并利用峰值频移法来估算品质因子Q。首先,利用固定窗长的短时傅里叶变换来提取信号的瞬时中心频率作为初始频率;然后,根据初始频率自适应计算不同频率的窗长,并利用自适应窗长短时傅里叶变换来求取瞬时中心频率;最后,结合峰值频移法得到高分辨率的品质因子Q值。利用合成数据和实际数据进行了测试,结果表明,相比于固定时窗短时傅里叶变换方法,自适应短时傅里叶变换方法具有更好的时间和频率分辨率,可以获得更高分辨率的品质因子Q值。该结果可以为地下介质的研究提供更准确、可靠的工具,有助于更好地了解地下结构和油气资源分布情况。

Chandler摆动周期和Q值对激发函数估计与比较的影响

用 198 4～ 1999年期间的地极坐标序列和两个大气角动量序列 ,分析了不同Chandler周期和品质因子Q的取值对Chandler摆动观测激发的功率谱密度 ,以及观测激发与大气激发之间的相干系数和相干相位的影响。结果表明 ,不同Chandler周期和品质因子Q的取值对观测激发的功率谱密度 ,以及观测激发与大气激发之间的相干系数有很大影响。因此 ,在分析Chandler摆动的观测激发与地球物理激发的关系时 ,不能仅以观测激发与某个地球物理激发序列 (如大气激发 )的更好逼近来选择Chandler摆动的最佳周期 。

重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子凝胶联合调Q激光治疗面部脂溢性角化病

目的:探讨重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(Recombinant bovine basic fibroblast grow,rb-bFGF)凝胶联合调Q激光治疗面部脂溢性角化病(Seborrheic keratosis,SK)的效果。方法:选笔者医院2020年6月-2023年6月收治的82例面部SK患者为研究对象。按随机数字表法分为对照组(n=41)与观察组(n=41),两组均进行调Q激光治疗(波长532 nm),观察组在对照组基础上给予rb-bFGF凝胶治疗。观察对比两组疗效、疼痛程度、痂皮完全脱落时间、遗留红斑持续时间、皮肤病生活质量量表(Dermatology life quality index,DLQI)及不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组有效率较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组疼痛视觉模拟评分法(Visual analogue scale,VAS)评分较对照组低,创面痂皮完全脱落时间、遗留红斑持续时间均较对照组短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组DLQI除治疗维度外其他维度评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为0.93%,对照组为6.03%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:rb-bFGF凝胶联合调Q激光治疗面部SK疗效显著,可促进创面恢复,减轻恢复期疼痛,提高患者生活质量。

融合优化可调Q因子小波变换的改进密度峰值聚类算法

为提升时间序列的聚类精度,提出一种融合优化可调Q因子小波变换的改进密度峰值聚类(improved density peaks clustering based on optimal tunable Q-factor wavelet transform,OTQWT-IDPC)算法,该算法利用可调Q因子小波变换的能量优化选择策略及改进粒子群优化算法确定的最佳Q因子分解时序信号,通过最优特征子带的能量、均值、标准差和模糊熵构建特征子空间,并采用主成分分析降低特征维度,以减少特征冗余。同时,考虑到距离较远而周围密集程度较大的K近邻样本对局部密度的贡献率,引入权重系数及K近邻重新定义DPC的局部密度,并利用共享最近邻描述样本间的相似性。在BONN癫痫脑电信号和CWRU滚动轴承数据集上进行对比实验,结果表明,该算法的聚类精度分别为95%、94%,且Jacarrd、FMI和F_(1)值指标均优于其他对比算法,证明了OTQWT-IDPC算法的有效性。

基于Q弹性阻抗流体因子反演研究

流体因子反演的难题在于地层介质的正问题从弹性过渡到非弹性介质后如何建立非弹性介质的反射系数表达式,从而更精确地描述传播介质。针对地震波在非弹性介质中的衰减问题,建立了基于Q弹性流体因子理论,结合衰减系数对弹性流体因子项进行扰动获得Q弹性流体因子,在相似介质和弱衰减假设条件下推导了Q弹性流体因子在介质分界面上的散射方程,该表达式与复数条件下的纵、横波速度项及密度项有较高的相关度;进一步通过Q弹性流体因子推导了与纵横波速度的关系,获得了近似条件下Q弹性流体因子纵波反射系数表达式,并分析了该表达式与完全弹性介质反射系数表达式的联系,该方法消除了反演剖面中存在的虚假亮点干扰,从而对衰减弹性介质假设下的储层流体响应进行了更准确的描述。在胜利油田某实际工区的应用结果表明:对流体和围岩进行了区分,获得了相比于常规流体因子反演结果更准确的储层流体响应特征,该流体检测方法在一定程度上降低了流体检测的多解性,消除了仅考虑振幅影响的识别假象。

四川盆地蓬莱气区近地表Q场求取及应用

近地表吸收衰减会严重降低地震资料的分辨率,利用微测井资料对近地表吸收结构进行估算,获得表层介质品质因子Q值,再进行反Q滤波补偿,可实现高保真、高分辨率的“双高”处理目的。为此,提出一种改进的谱比法对单井微测井数据进行Q值求取,然后通过拟合表层速度与Q值关系,将近地表速度(V)场转换成近地表Q场。四川盆地的表层较薄,层析反演的近地表速度场深度采样间隔为10 m,难以反映近地表厚度为几米的表层变化。为此,首先结合双井微测井数据的多炮拟合算法,求取浅层比较薄的表层等效Q值;其次结合地面地震的振幅及旅行时信息求取表层的相对Q场;然后用双井微测井求得的绝对Q值对相对Q场进行标定;最后将该表层平面Q场镶嵌在用Q-V拟合关系转换的近地表Q场的浅层,得到该工区优化的近地表Q场,用于地震资料的近地表Q补偿,从而达到拓宽频带、提高地震资料的分辨率的目的。

应用遗传算法估计非稳态地震数据的混合相位子波及Q值

地震高分辨率处理或反演的目的是获得精确的反射系数或弹性参数模型。然而地层滤波效应模糊了地震记录中的地层反射信息,因此有必要消除这种滤波效应。现有的大部分提高分辨率方法并不能完全摒弃关于地震子波和Q模型的一些假设。为了获得更为切合实际的地震子波,同时自适应获取Q模型,文中将地震子波相位估计与Q模型估计相结合,提出了基于遗传算法的非稳态地震数据混合相位子波及Q值估计方法。首先通过井旁道记录拟合得到初始地震子波的振幅信息,然后依据子波Z变换的根关于单位圆移动与否构建用于遗传算法的编码链条。另一方面,十进制Q模型对应的二进制表示形式同样能够利用编码链条表征,因此利用全局优化算法能够同时估计地震混合相位子波以及Q模型。结合根变换和遗传算法不断改变子波相位的同时自适应生成Q模型,利用子波和Q模型构造的时变子波矩阵与测井反射系数得到合成地震记录,并与井旁道记录进行匹配,最终得到合理的混合相位子波和地层Q模型,进而构造时变子波矩阵进行时变反褶积。通过井旁道记录与测井数据拟合得到的混合相位子波,与实际地震子波相位更为接近,理论数据和实际数据处理结果证实了该方法的有效性。

基于优化TQWT及孪生SVM的有载分接开关机械故障诊断

为进一步提高有载分接开关(on-load tap changer,OLTC)机械状态监测的准确性,文中基于优化品质因数可调小波变换(tunable quality wavelet transform,TQWT)对OLTC切换过程中的振动信号进行了分析。即使用人工鱼群算法(artificial fish swarm algorithm,AFSA)基于分解余量与整体正交系数研究了TQWT的优化分解方法,计算得到了OLTC振动信号的多个子序列,构建了基于优化孪生支持向量机(twin support vector machine,TWSVM)的OLTC机械故障诊断模型。对某CM型OLTC正常与典型机械故障下振动信号的分析结果表明,所提优化TQWT分解方法有效提高了OLTC振动信号分解结果的准确性。相对于其他诊断模型,所构建AFSA-TWSVM的OLTC机械故障诊断模型分类效果好且收敛速度更快。

Quantitative classification and analysis on plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River

Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang. The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families, most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats. The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima, which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites. Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (CCA) methods were used to study the distribution patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley. TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be divided into 7 types in 3 groups. CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results, and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture.

高Q值单间隙同轴谐振腔的物理设计与实验研究

随着高功率微波源向高功率、高频率和长脉冲方向不断发展,同轴相对论速调管放大器(RKA)成为近年来研究热点之一,然而其发展一直受限于自激振荡等问题存在,为此,设计一种高Q值单间隙同轴谐振腔,以抑制同轴RKA中TEM模式泄露引起的自激振荡。通过对单间隙同轴谐振腔TM_(01)模式与TEM模式转化进行理论分析与仿真模拟,发现同轴谐振腔上下槽深差值与轴向错位值对其Q值变化影响很大,当上下槽深差值与轴向错位值分别为0.3 mm和0 mm时,同轴谐振腔的Q值为极大值(18764),意味着此时谐振腔中两种模式转化最小,多组谐振腔级联后自激振荡风险大大降低。将三组级联的高Q值单间隙同轴谐振腔应用于紧凑型同轴RKA,粒子模拟和实验结果表明,器件的输出微波功率稳定,频谱纯净,无自激振荡等问题存在。