Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols and Its Protective Effect on Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of PPPs were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and an acute alcoholic liver injury model in mice was established.Bifendate was used as the positive control group to investigate the protective effect of low,medium and high doses of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury.[Results]The optimum extraction process parameters were followed as 60%ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio of 1:40(w/v),extraction temperature of 50℃,and extraction time of 1.5 h,and the yield was 1.42%.The results of animal experiments showed that PPPs could effectively reduce the degree of alcoholic liver injury in mice,reduce the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and reduce the inflammation and necrosis of liver tissue in mice.Meanwhile,the total polyphenols from pomegranate peel also significantly reduced the expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in mice,and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)in liver tissue of mice,indicating its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,further illustrating its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.[Conclusions]PPPs could reduce the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA in mice,and increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH to achieve the protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.This study will provide new ideas for the development of new anti-alcoholic liver injury drug resources.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Total Flavonoids from Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Its Anti-UVB Radiation Activity

[Objectives]Optimum extraction conditions of total flavonoids from Fructus Aurantii Immaturus(TFFAI)and its resistance activity to ultraviolet radiation were investigated in present research.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of TFFAI were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and the survival rate of TFFAI on HaCaT cells irradiated with UVB rays was investigated.It s antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS.[Results]The results showed that the highest yield of TFFAI was obtained with 70%ethanol at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:50(w/v)and 40℃for 1.5 h by single-factor and orthogonal experiments.Total flavonoids(0.25-1.00 mg/ml)could significantly improve the survival rate of HaCaT cell line.Meanwhile,the maximum absorption peak of TFFAI was found at 283 nm,and in-vitro antioxidant experiment identified that TFFAI had a good clearance rate to ABTS.It suggestes that TFFAI could protect the cells from UVB damage by absorption of UVB rays and anti-oxidation.[Conclusions]TFFAI played a protective role on UVB irradiated cells through UVB ultraviolet absorption and antioxidant pathways.

Extraction Efficiency of Soil Soluble Nitrogen under Different Conditions

[Objective] The extraction efficiency of soluble nitrogen in common moun- tain red soil under different conditions was analyzed to provide experimental refer- ences for the extraction of soil soluble nitrogen. [Method] The fresh soil and air-dried soil, which were the common mountain red soil under evergreen broad-leaved forest vegetation, were used as the experimental materials. The 2 mol/L KCI and 0.5 mol/L K2SO4 were used as the extractants to extract the soil soluble nitrogen with the extractant-to-soil volume ratio at 4：1, 6：1 and 10：1, respectively, to examine the extrac- tion efficiency of soluble nitrogen in the experimental soil with different extraction conditions. [Result] Compared with K2SO4, the NH4＋-N extracted by KCI was better in quantity and stability; while only at high extractant-to-soil volume ratio could K2SO4 fully extract the soil NH4＋-N. The 2 extractants showed small difference in extracting NO3--N, but at low extractant-to-soil volume ratio, the stability of NO3--N extracted by KCI was higher than that extracted by K2SO4. The properties of NO2- -N extracted by the 2 extractants were very similar. As for soil SON extraction, there was small dif- ference between the 2 extractants. However, the SON extracted by KCI was fewer in quantity than that by K2SO4, but had higher stability, and the extracted SON amount of the 2 extractants showed significant correlation. The extractant-to-soil ratio had little effect on MBN extraction using K2SO4, but the effect was significant when using KCI to extract MBN. The difference between the extraction efficiency of KCI and K^SO4 in extracting fresh soils was greater than that in extracting air-dried soil; therefore, the extractants should be carefully selected in soluble nitrogen extraction from fresh soil. [Conclusion] The results lay the experimental foundation for improving the extraction efficiency of soil soluble nitrogen and increasing the comparability of measurement results.

Studies on Optimal Extraction Conditions of Flavonoid in Leaves of Black Currnt

Employing the orthogonal design,the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoid in leaves of black currant were determined by colorimetric estimation,which were extraction agent of 75% EtOH-H 2O,the material ratio(ratio of weight of fresh leaves to volume of the solvent)of 1:16,the temperature of 35℃,the time of 1 h and times of three.A total extraction rate of over 97% and the flavonoid contents of 179 33 mg/100 g were obtained under the optimal extraction conditions.

Optimal ultrasonic extraction condition and determination of polysaccharides in Tilia amurensis flowers

Seven extracting temperatures （25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85℃） and extracting time （30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 min） were designed for selecting the optimal extracting time and extracting temperature for ultrasonic extraction of T. amurensis flowers. Polysaccharides from T. amurensis flowers were isolated and determined by spectrophotometry. Results show that the optimal ultrasonic temperature was 75℃ and ex tracting time 52 min. The content of polysaccharides in T. amurensis flowers measured by anthrone--H2SO4 colorimetry under 580 nm, was 9.74% with 0.47% of relative standard deviation （RSD, n=3）. This study demonstrated that ultrasonic extraction method was simple, and the color of the treated samples was stable in 4 h. The average recovery value for the polysaccharides measured was 99.48%±1.01%, with 0.112% of RSD （n=3）.

EXTRACTION OF ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVES FROM RHUBARB RHIZOMES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL TESTS

Photometry was employed to study the optimum extraction conditions of anthraquinone derivatives from rhizomes of Rheum officinale Baill in this study.The influences of extraction solvents(chloroform,benzene,ethanol,methanol,and glycerol),acid,and extraction time on the extraction yield were discussed.The results indicate that,to the Rhubarb rhizomes powder with the average particle size 0.18 mm,the conditions of the extraction solvent composed by chloroform,glycerol,and sulfuric acid(20%)in the ratio of 4:1:1(v:v),the weight of dried Rhubarb to the solvent volume in the ratio of 1:12 ew:vT,extraction time of 110 min,the anthraquinone derivatives extraction could achieve the best yield.And the antibacterial tests showed the raw extraction products had the MIC(minimal inhibitory concentration)of 20μg=mL and 30μg=mL to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,respectively.

Reaction condition optimization and kinetic investigation of roasting zinc oxide ore using (NH_4)_2SO_4

An orthogonal test was used to optimize the reaction conditions of roasting zinc oxide ore using（NH_4）_2SO_4. The optimized reaction conditions are defined as an（NH_4）_2SO_4/zinc molar ratio of 1.4：1, a roasting temperature of 440°C, and a thermostatic time of 60 min. The molar ratio of（NH_4）_2SO_4/zinc is the most predominant factor and the roasting temperature is the second significant factor that governs the zinc extraction. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis was used for（NH_4）_2SO_4 and zinc mixed in a molar ratio of 1.4：1 at the heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K·min-1. Two strong endothermic peaks indicate that the complex chemical reactions occur at approximately 290°C and 400°C. XRD analysis was employed to examine the transformations of mineral phases during roasting process. Kinetic parameters, including reaction apparent activation energy, reaction order, and frequency factor, were calculated by the Doyle-Ozawa and Kissinger methods. Corresponding to the two endothermic peaks, the kinetic equations were obtained.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Anti-ultraviolet Activity of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris

Extraction process of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide(PS)was optimized with single factor experiment and orthogonal test.Then,the anti-UVB ability of the polysaccharide was investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through determining the cell viability after UVB irradiation.The results showed that the optimum were solid-liquid ratio at 1∶40(g/ml)at 80℃ for 4 h,and the extract ratio was 27.4%according to the verification test.The PS showed no cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and pretreatment with the PS significantly decreased UVB-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent relationship.It suggests that the PS has strong anti-UVB irradiation ability and has a good application prospect in developing sunscreen agent.

Evaluating Soil Dissolved Organic Matter Extraction Using Three-Dimensional Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Soil dissolved organic matter （DOM） consists of many organic compounds and plays an important role in contaminant transport in the ecosystem. However, the effects of different extraction conditions on contents of different DOM components are poorly understood. We extracted DOM from three soils using different extraction times, solid to liquid ratios （SLR）, and extraction solution （KC1） concentrations, and evaluated the extractions using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix （EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy. The sum of the contents of the main DOM components （protein-, fulvic-, and humic-like compounds） increased by 0.6-3.5, 2.5-3.9, and 0.11 0.37 times （P 〈 0.05） when SLR decreased from 1：2 to 1：10, the extraction solution concentration increased from 0.01 to 1.5 mol L-1, and extraction time increased from 10 to 300 rain, respectively. The three-dimensional EEM fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful tool to characterize the components of DOM and evaluate DOM extraction in soils.