Enhanced Seasonal Predictability of Spring Soil Moisture over the Indo-China Peninsula for Eastern China Summer Precipitation under Non-ENSO Conditions

Seasonal prediction of summer precipitation over eastern China is closely linked to the East Asian monsoon circulation,which is largely affected by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).In this study,results show that spring soil moisture(SM)over the Indo-China peninsula(ICP)could be a reliable seasonal predictor for eastern China summer precipitation under non-ENSO conditions.When springtime SM anomalies are present over the ICP,they trigger a structured response in summertime precipitation over most of eastern China.The resultant south-to-north,tri-polar configuration of precipitation anomalies has a tendency to yield increased(decreased)precipitation in the Yangtze River basin and decreased(increased)in South and North China with a drier(wetter)spring soil condition in the ICP.The analyses show that ENSO exerts a powerful control on the East Asian circulation system in the ENSO-decaying summer.In the case of ENSO forcing,the seasonal predictability of the ICP spring SM for eastern China summer precipitation is suppressed.However,in the absence of the influence of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies from the preceding winter,the SM anomalies over the ICP induce abnormal local heating and a consequent geopotential height response owing to its sustained control on local temperature,which could,in turn,lead to abnormal eastern China summer precipitation by affecting the East Asian summer monsoon circulation.The present findings provide a better understanding of the complexity of summer climate predictability over eastern China,which is of potential significance for improving the livelihood of the people.

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF SPRING INDIAN OCEAN SSTA ON SUMMER EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS OVER THE EASTERN NW CHINA

Based on monthly mean wind,geopotential height,specific humidity,and surface pressure of NCAR/NCEP reanalysis,NOAA-reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) of the Indian Ocean,and daily precipitation data at 97 meteorological stations over the eastern NW China in the past 47 years,the threshold values for extreme precipitation events (EPE) are defined using the percentile method.Singular Value Decomposition and synthetic analysis methods are used to analyze the relationship between summer EPE in the eastern NW China and SSTA in the preceding fall,winter,spring,and the concurrent summer.The result shows that preceding spring SST anomalies (SSTA) in the Indian Ocean are clear indicators for the forecast of summer EPE in the eastern NW China,and a key area of impact is located in the equatorial Indian Ocean.When spring SST is anomalously high in the equatorial Indian Ocean,the meridional circulation averaged over 100°E-110°E will be anomalously ascending near the equator but anomalously descending near 30°N in the middle and upper troposphere from the concurrent to the subsequent summer.In the meantime,the Southwest Monsoon from the Indian Ocean will be anomalously weak and there will be no anomalous water vapor transport to the eastern NW China,resulting in a lack of EPE in the subsequent summer,and vice versa.In addition,in response to anomalously high SST in the equatorial Indian Ocean in spring,the South Asia high pressure tends to be strong in the subsequent summer and more to the west.In the anomalously low SST year,however,the South Asia high tends to be weak in the subsequent summer and more to the east.This is another possible cause of the variation of summer EPE in the eastern NW China.

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART I: OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS

With the methods of REOF (Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function), the summer precipitation from 43 stations over eastern China for the 1901 – 2000 period was examined. The results show that South China and Southwest China, the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, North China and the southwestern of Northeast China are the three main areas of summer rainfall anomaly. Furthermore, correlation analysis is used in three time series of three mostly summer rainfall modes and four seasonal Pacific SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly), and the results suggest that the Pacific SSTA which notably causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China are the SSTA of the preceding winter over Kuroshio region of Northwest Pacific, SSTA of the preceding spring in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, and SSTA of the current summer in the central region of middle latitude. The relationship between summer precipitation over eastern China and SSTA of Pacific key regions was further verified by SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) analysis. The composite analysis was used to analyze the features of atmospheric general circulation in the years of positive and negative precipitation anomaly. Its results were used to serve as the base of numerical simulation analysis.

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART II: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastern China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.

Statistical Downscaling Prediction of Summer Precipitation in Southeastern China

A statistical downscaling approach based on multiple-linear-regression(MLR) for the prediction of summer precipitation anomaly in southeastern China was established,which was based on the outputs of seven operational dynamical models of Development of a European Multi-model Ensemble System for Seasonal to Interannual Prediction(DEMETER) and observed data.It was found that the anomaly correlation coefficients(ACCs) spatial pattern of June-July-August(JJA) precipitation over southeastern China between the seven models and the observation were increased significantly;especially in the central and the northeastern areas,the ACCs were all larger than 0.42(above 95% level) and 0.53(above 99% level).Meanwhile,the root-mean-square errors(RMSE) were reduced in each model along with the multi-model ensemble(MME) for some of the stations in the northeastern area;additionally,the value of RMSE difference between before and after downscaling at some stations were larger than 1 mm d-1.Regionally averaged JJA rainfall anomaly temporal series of the downscaling scheme can capture the main characteristics of observation,while the correlation coefficients(CCs) between the temporal variations of the observation and downscaling results varied from 0.52 to 0.69 with corresponding variations from-0.27 to 0.22 for CCs between the observation and outputs of the models.

THE TIMING OF SOUTH-ASIAN HIGH ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO TROPICAL ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST-CENTRAL CHINA IN SUMMER

The timing of the South Asian High(SAH) establishment over the Indochina Peninsula(IP) from April to May and its relations to the setup of the subsequent tropical Asian summer monsoon and precipitation over eastern-central China in summer are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data,outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data and the daily precipitation data from 753 weather stations in China.It is found that the transitions of the zonal wind vertical shear and convection establishment over tropical Asia are earlier(later) in the years of early(late) establishment of SAH.In the lower troposphere,anti-cyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly circulation dominates the equatorial Indian Ocean.Correspondingly,the tropical Asian summer monsoon establishes earlier(later).Furthermore,the atmospheric circulation and the water vapor transport in the years of advanced SAH establishment are significantly different from the delayed years in Asia in summer.Out-of-phase distribution of precipitation in eastern-central China will appear with a weak(strong) SAH and western Pacific subtropical high,strong(weak) ascending motion in the area south of Yangtze River but weak(strong) ascending motion in the area north of it,and cyclonic(anti-cyclonic) water vapor flux anomaly circulation from the eastern-central China to western Pacific.Accordingly,the timing of the SAH establishment at the upper levels of IP is indicative of the subsequent onset of the tropical Asian summer monsoon and the flood-drought pattern over eastern-central China in summer.

Magnitude,Scale,and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China

Large parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer 2020.This study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin(YRB).By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia,it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly affected.June and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years,and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its sub-basins.YRB discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/1999.An automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front(EASMF)is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one month.Two 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes(12−16 June and 4−8 July 2020)are selected from this period for dynamical characterization,including Lagrangian trajectory analysis.Particular attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the EASMF.Both episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air masses.However,clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern,substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the EASMF.This study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events.

Observed,Reconstructed,and Simulated Decadal Variability of Summer Precipitation over Eastern China

Based on observations made during recent decades, reconstructed precipitation for the period A.D. 1736-2000, dry-wet index data for A.D. 500-2000, and a 1000-yr control simulation using the Community Earth System Model with fixed pre-industrial external forcing, the decadal variability of summer precipitation over eastem China is stud- ied. Power spectrum analysis shows that the dominant cycles for the decadal variation of summer precipitation are： 22-24 and quasi-70 yr over the North China Plain; 32-36, 44-48, and quasi-70 yr in the Jiang-Huai area; and 32-36 and 4448 yr in the Jiang-Nan area. Bandpass decomposition from observation, reconstruction, and simulation re- veals that the variability of summer precipitation over the North China Plain, Jiang-Huai area, and Jiang-Nan area, at scales of 20-35, 35-50, and 50-80 yr, is not consistent across the entire millennium. We also find that the warm （cold） phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation generally corresponds to dry （wet） conditions over the North China Plain, but wet （dry） conditions in the Jiang-Nan area, from A.D. 1800, when the PDO became strengthened. However, such a correspondence does not exist throughout the entire last millennium. Data-model comparison sug- gests that these decadal oscillations and their temporal evolution over eastem China, including the decadal shifts in the spatial pattem of the precipitation anomaly observed in the late 1970s, early 1990s, and early 2000s, might result from internal variability of the climate system.

Variations in Regional Mean Daily Precipitation Extremes and Related Circulation Anomalies over Central China During Boreal Summer

The variations of regional mean daily precipitation extreme （RMDPE） events in central China and associated circulation anomalies during June, July, and August （JJA） of 1961-2010 are investigated by using daily in-situ precipitation observations and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The precipitation data were collected at 239 state-level stations distributed throughout the provinces of Henan, Hubei, and Hunan. During 1961-2010, the 99th percentile threshold for RMDPE is 23.585 mm day-1. The number of RMDPE events varies on both interannual and interdecadal timescales, and increases significantly after the mid 1980s. The RMDPE events happen most frequently between late June and mid July, and are generally associated with anomalous baroclinic tropospheric circulations. The supply of moisture to the southern part of central China comes in a stepping way from the outer-region of an abnormal anticyclone over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. Fluxes of wave activity generated over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau converge over central China, which favors the genesis and maintenance of wave disturbances over the region. RMDPE events typically occur in tandem with a strong heating gradient formed by net heating in central China and the large-scale net cooling in the surrounding area. The occurrence of RMDPE events over central China is tied to anomalous local cyclonic circulations, topographic forcing over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and anomalous gradients of diabatic heating between central China and the surrounding areas.

基于印度洋海温信号的我国西北地区东部夏季降水组合降尺度预测方法研究

利用国家气候中心第二代气候模式预测业务系统(BCC-CPSv2)预测产品,引入印度洋海温信号,采用组合降尺度方法建立了西北地区东部汛期降水预测模型。该预测模型对1991—2017年西北地区东部夏季降水的回报技巧较BCC-CPSv2预测技巧显著提高,空间相关系数由0.42提高到0.75,均方根误差明显减小,最多下降达80%。预测模型对降水空间分布型的预测能力较好,很好地回报了典型年份(1987年和2010年)夏季的降水距平百分率分布。通过抓住气象变量的空间分布特征,组合降尺度方法可以修正动力模式产品的预测误差,为西北地区东部夏季降水预测提供科学依据和技术支持,具有较好的应用前景。

A Possible Abrupt Change in Summer Precipitation over Eastern China around 2009

Historical studies have shown that summer rainfall in eastern China undergoes decadal variations,with three apparent changes in the late 1970s,1992,and the late 1990s.The present observational study indicates that summer precipitation over eastern China likely underwent a change in the late 2000s,during which the main spatial pattern changed from negative–positive–negative to positive–negative in the meridional direction.This change in summer precipitation over eastern China may have been associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere.A strong trough over Lake Baikal created a southward flow of cold air during 2009–15,compared with 1999–2008,while the westward recession of the western Pacific subtropical high strengthened the moisture transport to the north,creating conditions that were conducive for more rainfall in the north during this period.The phase shift of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the late 2000s led to the Pacific–Japan-type teleconnection wave train shifting from negative to positive phases,resulting in varied summer precipitation over eastern China.

基于海洋温度分布模态最优组合的中国东部夏季降水预测研究

通过EOF-CCA方法,以热带太平洋5月海洋表面温度为预测因子,对中国东部夏季降水进行预测研究.首先,通过热带太平洋5月海洋表面温度与中国东部夏季降水的前15个EOF模态进行CCA分析,对不同个数CCA模态,对建立的预测模型进行交叉检验.然后,通过交叉检验的技巧评分对所建预测模型进行评估.结果表明,5月热带太平洋表面温度与中国东部夏季降水有密切的联系,前7个CCA模态比15个CCA模态建立的中国东部夏季降水预测模型的预测效果好,且前7个CCA模态建立的降水预测模型对长江流域的预测效果较好,1966—2015年长江流域区域夏季平均降水的预测值与观测值的相关系数为0.41.

中部型ENSO对中国东部地区夏季极端降水影响的年代际变化

为研究中部型厄尔尼诺事件对中国东部地区夏季极端降水影响的年代际变化,采用CNO5逐日降水资料,以及气压、风场、总云量等夏季再分析资料,通过统计方法,研究在热带中太平洋地区海温影响下,发生在中国东部地区的夏季平均降水,以及极端降水的年代际变化,并分析其原因。结果表明:热带中太平洋区域的海温有明显的增暖性突变,这一突变使得中国东部地区的夏季降水呈现显著性下降趋势,造成这一显著性下降的主要原因是热带中太平洋的海温增暖导致周边地区环流场的形势发生改变,使得中国东部地区夏季的降水减少。

基于地面高时空分辨率观测资料的广西极端短历时降水特征分析

文章利用广西气象观测站逐小时降水资料和美国SRTM 250 m地形数字高程模型数据,定义广西极端短历时降水事件并对其特征进行探究分析,揭示了广西极端短历时降水空间分布特征与地形的密切关系,分析了广西极端短历时降水月变化特征以及探讨了广西极端短历时降水与南海夏季风建立和撤退的联系,研究结果为广西短历时降水预报预警提供了精细的决策参考。

利用广义帕雷托分布拟合中国东部日极端降水的试验

引进广义帕雷托分布拟合我国东部地区78个测站夏季（5-9月）逐日极端降水量。结果表明,不同门限值条件下的逐日降水量所拟合的降水极值概率分布均符合广义帕雷托分布,与其它极值分布如广义极值（下称GEV）分布模式相比,以GPD模式为最优。根据现代气候条件,分别计算了50年一遇和100年一遇的极端降水量分位数并分析其空间分布特征,两者基本一致,总体上都呈现出由东南向西北方减小的趋势,且南北差异较大,南方的极端降水量值可能达到北方地区的两倍以上。此外,资料年份越长,拟合效果越好。

我国东部极端降水时空分布及其概率特征

利用我国105°E以东地区210个测站近50年（1953-2002年）逐日降水资料，在REOF客观分区的基础上，确定各分区的极端降水最佳采样期为1～2日。进而研究了日极端降水量的气候特征。采用具有优良特性的L-矩参数估计方法对我国东部极端降水拟合Gumbel分布。结果表明，L-矩参数估计方法的拟合优度比其它方法有进一步提高，近50年来，极端降水趋势虽无明显变化，但其时空差异较大。符合Gumbel分布的极端降水重现期的地理空间分布，大致特征是，东南大、西北小，两湖盆地、黄海海湾及辽东半岛也有高值区。

中国东部夏季降水型的年代际变化及其与北太平洋海温的关系

采用中国160站降水资料、NOAA ERSST海温资料以及ERA-40大气再分析资料,分析了中国东部夏季降水型的年代际变化特征及其与北太平洋海温的可能联系。结果表明:中国东部夏季降水型在近50年中经历了两次年代际变化,第1次发生在20世纪70年代中后期,北太平洋中纬度地区冬季海温由正距平向负距平转变,太平洋年代际振荡(PDO,Pacific decadal oscillation)由负位相向正位相转变,通过影响东亚夏季风环流,使东亚夏季风减弱,中国东部夏季降水从北到南呈现出"+-+"转变为"-+-"的三极分布形态,这次年代际变化体现了同一模态正负位相的转变;第2次发生在20世纪80年代末90年代初,北太平洋海温转变为日本以南西北太平洋的正距平分布,同时菲律宾群岛附近海温偏暖,西太平洋副热带高压偏南偏西,使得中国东部夏季降水由北至南转变成"-+"的偶极分布形态,这次年代际变化体现了一种模态向另一种模态的转变。

西北地区东部夏季降水日数的变化趋势及其气候特征

以西北地区东部(95°E～112°E,32°N～41°N)104个测站1960～2000历年夏季(6～8月)降水日数资料为基础,通过EOF和REOF等分析方法,研究夏季降水日数时空分布的异常特征。结果表明西北地区东部夏季多年平均降水日数的地区分布特点是西部多、东部少,沿祁连山山脉存在一个降水日数较多中心区域,并且降水量和降水日数均呈增多趋势。降水日数的空间异常主要表现为一致性异常和南北相反异常两种类型。根据REOF方法可将西北区东部分为5个不同降水日数气候区,即甘肃中东部及河套区、渭水流域区、河西走廊区、青海高原北部区、青海南部区和四川北部区。20世纪80年代以来,西北地区东部大部分地区降水日数呈现减少的趋势。冬季(或夏季)青藏高原地面加热场强度偏强,甘肃河西及祁连山地区、宁夏南部等地夏季降水偏多(或少),青海东南部-甘肃南部-渭水流域夏季降水日数偏少(或偏多)。

近50年来我国东、西部地面气温和降水变化对比的初步分析

利用1951—2003年我国160个气象站月平均地面气温和降水资料,分析了我国东、西部气温和降水变化趋势的异同,并讨论了其可能原因。结果表明:我国东、西部地区年、季平均气温变化有较好的一致性,降水变化则有一定差异。近50年来,我国东、西部年平均气温均呈升温趋势,降水从1950年代开始减少,至1990年代又增加。东部年平均气温的增暖趋势大于西部,降水受大气环流影响较大。

近50a华东地区夏季极端降水事件的年代际变化

利用中国华东地区90站点1960—2009年夏季(6—8月)逐日降水资料,分析了近50a来华东地区各类极端降水事件的强度和发生频次的年代际变化。结果表明:华东地区极端降水事件年代际变化特征明显。近20a来,不论是极端降水事件的平均强度还是发生次数都要明显高于前30a;1990年代是极端事件多发且强度较强的年代;华东区域极端强降水过程事件的连续降水日数多在9d以下,而极端连续降水日数事件基本在9d以上;较之华东地区其他区域,福建地区存在更多的强度大、持续久的降水过程;华东地区最大极端降水量出现在江西北部与安徽南部的交界区域。极端降水事件频发带存在南北摆动的年代际变化,这一特征在极端日降水事件和极端强降水过程事件上表现得更为明显。同时,存在两个极端事件频发带,分别位于长江流域附近。在后3个年代,这两个频发带呈现出分—合—分的年代际变化特征。