Measurement of refractive index modulation on PMMA/E49/TNF/ECZ polymer-dispersed liquid crystal by fiber F-P interferometer

The fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer used to measure the refractive index modulation of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal is introduced.From measuring the quantity of the interference fringe shift with a CCD based on the theory of isoclinal interference fringes formatting,the maximal refractive index modulation versus different external voltages,3.899×10-3 in the external voltage of 57.4 V/μm,and the dynamic refractive index modulation versus response time in the external voltage of 8 V/μm are found in our prepared 1.250 mm-thick PMMA/E49/TNF/ECZ polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.The experimental results will be helpful to understand the photoinduced reaction mechanism of the material and optimize the mixture ratio of each component.

Real-time data processing method for CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST

A real-time data processing system is designed for the carbon dioxide dispersion interferometer(CO_(2)-DI)on EAST.The system utilizes the parallel and pipelining capabilities of an fieldprogrammable gate array(FPGA)to digitize and process the intensity of signals from the detector.Finally,the real-time electron density signals are exported through a digital-to-analog converter(DAC)module in the form of analog signals.The system has been successfully applied in the CO_(2)-DI system to provide low-latency electron density input to the plasma control system on EAST.Experimental results of the latest campaign with long-pulse discharges on EAST(2022–2023)demonstrate that the system can respond effectively in the case of rapid density changes,proving its reliability and accuracy for future electron density calculation.

A polarization sensitive interferometer:Delta interferometer

A new type of polarization sensitive interferometer is proposed,named the Delta interferometer,inspired by its geometry resembling the Greek letter Delta.The main difference between the Delta interferometer and other existing interferometers,such as Michelson,Mach-Zehnder and Young's double-slit interferometers,is that the two interfering paths are asymmetrical in the Delta interferometer.The visibility of the first-order interference pattern observed in the Delta interferometer is dependent on the polarization of the incidental light.Optical coherence theory is employed to interpret this phenomenon and single-mode continuous-wave laser light is employed to verify the theoretical predictions.The theoretical and experimental results are consistent.The Delta interferometer is a perfect tool to study the reflection of electromagnetic fields in different polarizations and may find applications in polarization-sensitive scenarios.

Electron density measurement by the three boundary channels of HCOOH laser interferometer on the HL-3 tokamak

Far-infrared(FIR)interferometer is widely used to measure the electron density in the magnetically confined fusion plasma devices.A new FIR laser interferometer with a total of 13 channels(8 horizontal channels and 5 oblique channels)is under development on the HL-3tokamak by using the formic-acid laser(HCOOH,f=694 GHz).In order to investigate the boundary electron density activity during the divertor discharge,three horizontal interferometry channels located at Z=-97,-76,76.5 cm have been successfully developed on HL-3 in 2023,and put into operation in recent experimental campaign,with a time resolution of<1.0μs and lineintegrated electron density resolution of~7.0×10^(16) m^(-2).This paper mainly focuses on the optical design of the three-channel interferometry system,as well as optical elements and recent experimental result on HL-3.

A fringe jump counting method for the phase measurement in the HCN laser interferometer on EAST and its FPGA-based implementation

Electron density in fusion plasma is usually diagnosed using laser-aided interferometers. The phase difference signal obtained after phase demodulation is wrapped, which is also called a fringe jump. A method has been developed to unwrap the phase difference signal in real time using FPGA, specifically designed to handle fringe jumps in the hydrogen cyanide(HCN) laser interferometer on the EAST superconducting tokamak. This method is designed for a phase demodulator using the fast Fourier transform(FFT) method at the front end. The method is better adapted for hardware implementation compared to complex mathematical analysis algorithms, such as field programmable gate array(FPGA). It has been applied to process the phase measurement results of the HCN laser interferometer on EAST in real time. Electron density results show good confidence in the fringe jump unwrapping method. Further possible application in other laser interferometers, such as the POlarimeter-INTerferometer(POINT)system on EAST tokamak is also discussed.

First results of CO_(2) dispersion interferometer on EAST tokamak

A dispersion interferometer(DI)has been installed and operates on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).This DI system utilizes a continuous-wave 9.3μm CO_(2)laser source to measure line-averaged electron densities accurately.In contrast to conventional interferometers,the DI does not require substantial vibration isolations or compensating systems to reduce the impact of vibrations in the optical path.It also employs a ratio of modulation amplitudes,ensuring it remains immune to the variations in detected intensities.Without a variation compensation system,the DI system on EAST reaches a density resolution of less than1.8×10^(-2)πrad and a temporal resolution of 20μs.The measurements made by the POlarimeterINTerferometer(POINT)system and the far-infrared hydrogen cyanide(HCN)interferometer are remarkably consistent with the DI’s results.The possibility of fringe jumps and the impact of refraction in high-density discharge can be significantly decreased using a shorter wavelength laser source.A rapid density change of 3×10^(19)m^(-3)during 0.15 s has been measured accurately in shot No.114755 of EAST.Additionally,the DI system demonstrates dependability and stability under 305 s long-pulse discharges in shot No.122054.

Opto-mechanical-thermal integration analysis of Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne interferometer

In order to improve the detection accuracy of Doppler asymmetric spatial heterodyne(DASH)interferometer in harsh temperatures,an opto-mechanical-thermal integration analysis is carried out.Firstly,the correlation between the interference phase and temperature is established according to the working principle and the phase algorithm of the interferometer.Secondly,the optical mechanical thermal analysis model and thermal deformation data acquisition model are designed.The deformation data of the interference module and the imaging optical system at different temperatures are given by temperature load simulation analysis,and the phase error caused by thermal deformation is obtained by fitting.Finally,based on the wind speed error caused by thermal deformation of each component,a reasonable temperature control scheme is proposed.The results show that the interference module occupies the main cause,the temperature must be controlled within(20±0.05)℃,and the temperature control should be carried out for the temperature sensitive parts,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.8 m/s.The thermal drift between the magnification of the imaging optical system and the thermal drift of the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector should occupy the secondary cause,which should be controlled within(20±2)℃,and the wind speed error caused by the part is 3.05 m/s.In summary,the wind measurement error caused by interference module,imaging optical system,and the relative position between the imaging optical system and the detector can be controlled within 6.85 m/s.The analysis and temperature control schemes presented in this paper can provide theoretical basis for DASH interferometer engineering applications.

塞曼效应实验中固体F-P标准具的应用与教学

塞曼效应实验是高校近代物理实验课程中的重要内容,学校大多采用空气隙法布里-珀罗(F-P)标准具作为分光元件,本文介绍了固体F-P标准具在塞曼效应实验中的教学与应用、干涉分光的基本原理与特征以及干涉图样的分布规律.结合相关现象与分析,给出了塞曼效应实验的光路调节、谱线观测等过程.该实验教学过程可以加深学生对F-P标准具原理的理解.

基于L型轮辐结构膜片的窄频光纤F-P声波传感器研究

光纤声传感器被广泛应用在工业、医疗等领域。为了提高光纤F-P声传感器的性能,本文提出了一种L型轮辐结构的F-P传感膜片。膜片的厚度为15μm、梁宽度为0.5 mm、中心膜片的半径为1 mm。膜片由激光加工技术在304不锈钢上刻蚀而成。实验对1000 Hz下的传感器灵敏度进行研究,将传感器应用于光声池共振频率为1600 Hz的光声光谱气体检测系统中,并实现对50~100×10^(-6)的乙炔(C_(2)H_(2))气体浓度测量。实验结果表明,该传感器在1000 Hz下的声压灵敏度为25.4 nm/Pa,传感器可实现的最小可探测声压(MDP)为38.2μPa/Hz^(1/2)@1 kHz,声压信噪比为76.8 dB。实验所得到的光声光谱二次谐波信号的峰值与乙炔浓度呈现良好的线性关系,乙炔浓度的响应度为1.8 pm/10^(-6)。该传感器在光声光谱等单频声信号检测领域具有广泛的应用前景。

基于F-P光纤传感器的变压器油中双局部放电源定位研究

电力变压器作为电力系统中至关重要的能量转换设备,其稳定运行对于保障电能供应的可靠性具有重大意义。局部放电影响高压电气设备绝缘性能。局部放电在线监测不仅可以获取设备老化信息,还可以预测变压器寿命。局部放电源准确位置信息可以帮助检修人员制定精准维护计划,确保电力系统稳定,设备制造商可利用此信息优化结构和安装方法。变压器内部双局部放电源放电是一种更为复杂的故障类型,传统的检测方法难以准确捕捉到此类放电波形。F-P光纤传感器是一种新型的局部放电声学检测方式,该传感器结构小,灵敏度高,而且有较强的抗电磁干扰能力,可以内置于变压器内部实现复杂情况下的局部放电检测。在本研究中,研制了基于F-P光纤传感器的双局部放电源检测系统,采用基于多信号分类(MUSIC)测向原理的交叉定位算法,可以实现对变压器油中双局部放电源定位。总的来说,F-P光纤传感器阵列有较好的方向清晰度,可以实现准确定位。将该双局部放电源定位系统应用到了35 kV单相变压器模型上,验证了其对外绕组双局部放电源定位的有效性。

Characteristic analysis of a novel F-P interferometer based on a pair of FBGs with built-in LPFGs

The transmission characteristics of a Fabry-Perot （F-P） interferometer based on a fiber Bragg grating （FBG） pair with a built-in long-period fiber grating （LPFG） are theoretically analyzed, and the shift of transmission interference fringe as a function of environmental refractive index is acquired. The influence of the lengths of F-P cavity, LPFG and FBG on the transmission characteristics of the proposed interferometer has been numerieaUy investigated, and the simulation results indicate that the sensitivity of refractive index reaches 2.27 × 10-6 for an optical spectrum analyzer （OSA） with a resolution of 1 pm.

Degenerate polarization entangled photon source based on a single Ti-diffusion lithium niobate waveguide in a polarization Sagnac interferometer

Combining a Ti-diffusion periodically poled lithium niobate(PPLN)waveguide with a Sagnac interferometer,two opposite directions type-II spontaneous parametric down conversions(SPDC)occur coherently and yield a high brightness,high stability polarization entanglement source.The source produces degenerate photon pairs at 1540.4 nm with a brightness of B=(1.36±0.03)×10^(6) pairs/(s·nm·m W).We perform quantum state tomography to reconstruct the density matrix of the output state and obtain a fidelity of F=0.983±0.001.The high brightness and phase stability of our waveguide source enable a wide range of quantum information experiments operating at a low pump power as well as hold the advantage in mass production which can promote the practical applications of quantum technologies.

基于F-P干涉仪CH_(4)气体点源探测关键参数仿真分析

基于多光束干涉光谱成像原理,研究一种高空间分辨率甲烷气体点源探测方法。首先,介绍了甲烷气体探测仪的工作原理和探测方案,详细设计法布里-珀罗干涉仪的系统参数,并建立甲烷气体探测正演模型。然后,分析了干涉信号和甲烷浓度之间的对应关系,以及仪器参数对探测灵敏度的影响。最终,迭代优化得到各光学结构参数的最优取值。结果表明,在甲烷探测波段为1630~1675 nm,自由光谱范围为12.5 nm,光谱分辨率为0.1 nm,法布里-珀罗标准具腔长为0.08 mm,腔内反射率为97.5%,截止滤光片范围为(1630±4)nm~(1675±4)nm时,探测源25%浓度变化对应的干涉信号相对变化量范围为[0.65%,4.30%],探测灵敏度较好。研究结果可为高精度碳监测提供理论依据和技术支撑。

Tolerance-enhanced SU(1,1) interferometers using asymmetric gain

SU(1,1) interferometers play an important role in quantum metrology. Previous studies focus on various inputs and detection strategies with symmetric gain. In this paper, we analyze a modified SU(1,1) interferometer using asymmetric gain. Two vacuum states are used as the input and on–off detection is performed at the output. In a lossless scenario,symmetric gain is the optimal selection and the corresponding phase sensitivity can achieve the Heisenberg limit as well as the quantum Cramer–Rao bound. In addition, we analyze the phase sensitivity with symmetric gain in the lossy scenario.The phase sensitivity is sensitive to internal losses but extremely robust against external losses. We address the optimal asymmetric gain and the results suggest that this method can improve the tolerance to internal losses. Our work may contribute to the practical development of quantum metrology.

面向光纤与高Q值F-P谐振腔高效耦合的六维系统设计

基于法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Pérot,F-P)谐振腔的光学传感器具有结构简单、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,在工业、生物医学、航空航天等领域具有较高的应用价值。设计了自聚焦透镜、单模尾纤插芯、玻璃套管组成的输入/输出光纤结构和一系列六维对准系统,高效降低了高Q值F-P腔与光纤的耦合难度,使F-P腔的Q值达到4.247×10^(7),为高灵敏度光学传感器的一体化、工业化制造奠定了基础。

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ~4He QUANTUM INTERFEROMETER GYROSCOPE

The mathematical model of 4He quantum interferometer gyroscope is presented. The model includes the driven equation, the current equation and the position equation. Therefore, it can sufficiently describe the gyro- scope system. The driven equation shows the thermally driven gyroscope can work for a long time but the pres- sure driven one cannot. From the current equation, the superfluid currents passing through the weak link contain the AC currents which show the rotation flux, and other currents caused by drive. As shown in the position equa- tion, the displacement of diaphragm is the only detectable parameter in the gyroscope system. The model is tested by the simulations based on experimental parameters, and can be used to research performance of the gyroscope and analyse the gyroscope error.

高灵敏硅凹槽膜片型光纤F-P局部放电超声传感器

文中设计并制备了一种硅凹槽膜片型光纤法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,F-P)超声传感器,用于电力设备局部放电检测。采用有限元软件优化设计传感膜片的凹槽参数,与传统圆形膜片相比,硅凹槽膜片的静态灵敏度提升4.09倍且谐振频率基本不变。通过耦合效率修正传统双光束干涉模型,研究F-P腔长对传感器干涉光谱对比度的影响,以提升传感器的声压灵敏度。利用微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS)制备硅凹槽膜片,其凹槽直径为829.44μm,厚度为2.09μm,F-P腔长为163.600μm。在谐振频率61.5 kHz处,传感器声压灵敏度可达357.78 mV/Pa,并结合气体绝缘开关(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)局部放电缺陷模型对传感器性能进行验证。实验结果表明,文中所制备的光纤F-P超声传感器具有声压灵敏度高、实时性好、超声信号检测能力强等优点。

Fourier Spectrometer based on Wide-range and Phase-locked Michelson Interferometer with Femtosecond Laser Excitation

A wide-range and phase-locked Michelson interferometer technique is described. This technique combined with femtosecond laser is used to measure the spectrum of the rare-earth ion Nd：YVO4, which presents very high signal to noise ratio of interferometric intensity output and higher spectral resolution than traditional grating spectrophotometer.

具有F-P标准具照明系统的白光干涉仪测量量块的测量不确定度分析

文献[1]F-P标准具用于量块量值的传递与溯源一文(中国测试技术2012年增刊第2期54-58页)介绍具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪检定量块的光学原理及其结构,以及检定F-P标准具的等倾干涉的原理。而进一步对具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪检定量块的测量不确定度的分析,则由本文完成。该文首先对F-P标准具的检定及其测量不确定度就行了分析。量块尺寸在白光干涉仪上与标准具作比较测量。为减少标准具的数量,量块尺寸可以与两块或三块标准具组成的尺寸进行比较,也可以是由一块尺寸较小的标准具经过光学倍增法实现与被检量块尺寸相同进行比较。例如80mm的量块用40mm的标准具进行比较,这时在量块上的光路在标准具中多一次反射达到;90mm量块则用30mm标准具进行比较。他们也可以由两块标准具组成的尺寸进行比较。分析时以倍增法测量误差最大,以其进行计算。充分证明具有F-P标准具的白光干涉仪完全满足检定1等量块的要求。通过文献[1]及本文的介绍,映证该技术可以实现普及1等量块的检定及量块的自动化检定,特别适用于量块生产厂00级、K级、0级量块的自动化检定。

Elementary analysis of interferometers for wave particle duality test and the prospect of going beyond the complementarity principle

A distinct method to show a quantum object behaving both as wave and as particle is proposed and described in some detail. We make a systematic analysis using the elementary methodology of quantum mechanics upon Young＇s two-slit interferometer and the Mach-Zehnder two-arm interferometer with the focus placed on how to measure the interference pattern （wave nature） and the which-way information （particle nature） of quantum objects. We design several schemes to simultaneously acquire the which-way information for an individual quantum object and the high-contrast interference pattern for an ensemble of these quantum objects by placing two sets of measurement instruments that are well separated in space and whose perturbation of each other is negligibly small within the interferometer at the same time. Yet, improper arrangement and cooperation of these two sets of measurement instruments in the interferometer would lead to failure of simultaneous observation of wave and particle behaviors. The internal freedoms of quantum objects could be harnessed to probe both the which-way information and the interference pattern for the center-of-mass motion. That quantum objects can behave beyond the wave-particle duality and the complementarity principle would stimulate new conceptual examination and exploration of quantum theory at a deeper level.