Outage Probability Analysis for D2D-Enabled Heterogeneous Cellular Networks with Exclusion Zone:A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Interference management is one of the most important issues in the device-to-device(D2D)-enabled heterogeneous cellular networks(HetCNets)due to the coexistence of massive cellular and D2D devices in which D2D devices reuse the cellular spectrum.To alleviate the interference,an efficient interference management way is to set exclusion zones around the cellular receivers.In this paper,we adopt a stochastic geometry approach to analyze the outage probabilities of cellular and D2D users in the D2D-enabled HetCNets.The main difficulties contain three aspects:1)how to model the location randomness of base stations,cellular and D2D users in practical networks;2)how to capture the randomness and interrelation of cellular and D2D transmissions due to the existence of random exclusion zones;3)how to characterize the different types of interference and their impacts on the outage probabilities of cellular and D2D users.We then run extensive Monte-Carlo simulations which manifest that our theoretical model is very accurate.

Analysis on D2D Heterogeneous Networks with State-Dependent Priority Traffic

In this work,we consider the performance analysis of state dependent priority traffic and scheduling in device to device(D2D)heterogeneous networks.There are two priority transmission types of data in wireless communication,such as video or telephone,which always meet the requirements of high priority(HP)data transmission first.If there is a large amount of low priority(LP)data,there will be a large amount of LP data that cannot be sent.This situation will cause excessive delay of LP data and packet dropping probability.In order to solve this problem,the data transmission process of high priority queue and low priority queue is studied.Considering the priority jump strategy to the priority queuing model,the queuing process with two priority data is modeled as a two-dimensionalMarkov chain.A state dependent priority jump queuing strategy is proposed,which can improve the discarding performance of low priority data.The quasi birth and death process method(QBD)and fixed point iterationmethod are used to solve the causality,and the steady-state probability distribution is further obtained.Then,performance parameters such as average queue length,average throughput,average delay and packet dropping probability for both high and low priority data can be expressed.The simulation results verify the correctness of the theoretical derivation.Meanwhile,the proposed priority jump queuing strategy can significantly improve the drop performance of low-priority data.

Influence of formation heterogeneity on foam flooding performance using 2D and 3D models:an experimental study

The formation heterogeneity is considered as one of the major factors limiting the application of foam flooding.In this paper,influences of formation properties,such as permeability,permeability distribution,interlayer,sedimentary rhythm and 3D heterogeneity,on the mobility control capability and oil displacement efficiency of foam flooding,were systematically investigated using 2D homogeneous and 2D/3D heterogeneous models under 120°C and salinity of 20×10~4 mg/L.The flow resistance of foam was promoted as the permeability increased,which thus resulted in a considerable oil recovery behavior.In the scenario of the vertical heterogeneous formations,it was observed that the permeability of the high-permeable layer was crucial to foam mobility control,and the positive rhythm appeared favorable to improve the foam flooding performance.The additional oil recovery increased to about 40%.The interlayer was favorable for the increases in mobility reduction factor and oil recovery of foam flooding when the low permeability ratio was involved.For the 3D heterogeneous formations,foam could efficiently adjust the areal and vertical heterogeneity through mobility control and gravity segregation,and thus enhancing the oil recovery to 11%–14%.The results derived from this work may provide some insight for the field test designs of foam flooding.

Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Network with Grouping D2D

In this paper,a new communication model is built named grouping D2D(GD2D).Different from the traditional D2D coordination,we proposed GD2D communication in licensed and unlicensed spectrum simultaneously.We formulate a resource allocation problem,which aims at maximizing the energy efficiency(EE)of the system while guaranteeing the quality-of-service(Qos)of users.To efficiently solve this problem,the non-convex optimization problem is first transformed into a convex optimization problem.By transforming the fractional-form problem into an equivalent subtractive-form problem,an iterative power allocation algorithm is proposed to maximize the system EE.Moreover,the optimal closedform power allocation expressions are derived by the Lagrangian approach.Simulation results show that our algorithm achieves higher EE performance than the traditional D2D communication scheme.

Multi-Stage Hierarchical Channel Allocation in UAV-Assisted D2D Networks:A Stackelberg Game Approach

UAV-assisted D2D networks can provide auxiliary communication for areas with poor communication facilities by using the characteristics of easy deployment of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),then it becomes a promising technology.However,the coexistence of UAV and D2D aggravates the conflict of spectrum resources.In addition,when the UAV performs the communication service,it will inevitably cause the location change,which will make the original channel allocation no longer applicable.Inspired by the influence of frequent channel switching on channel allocation,we define the communication utility as a tradeoff between the throughput and channel switching cost.In the considered model,we investigate the multi-stage hierarchical spectrum access problem with maximizing aggregate communication utilities in UAV-assisted D2D networks.In particular,due to the hierarchical feature of the considered network,we adopt Stackelberg game to formulate this spectrum access problem where both the throughput and channel switching cost are considered.We prove that the proposed game has a stable Stackelberg equilibrium(SE),and the heterogeneous network based channel allocation(HN-CA)algorithm is proposed to achieve the desired solution.Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed game and show the effectiveness of the HN-CA algorithm.

Reservoir Fluid Substitution Effect in Heterogeneous Seismic Model

Based on the difference of wave impedance between sand layer and surrounding rock, the seismic wave numerical simulation software, Tesseral-2D is used to establish the sandstone formation model containing water, oil and gas respectively, and the three models are treated by post-stack time offset under the conditions of defined channel spacing, wavelet frequency and wave velocity of different rock mass, and the root means square amplitude difference attribute profile under the condition of water-filled oil-filled and gas-filled oil-filled is obtained. From this, it can be obtained that after oil-gas substitution occurs in weak non-mean reservoirs, the root-mean-square amplitude difference from the reservoir to the lower part of the reservoir experiences a mutation process from a positive maximum to a negative maximum, while after oil-water substitution, the root-mean-square amplitude difference from the reservoir to the lower part of the reservoir experiences a mutation process from zero to a positive maximum. For a strong heterogeneous reservoir. Therefore, for Weak inhomogeneous media similar to tight sandstone, the root-mean-square amplitude difference attribute can be used to detect the distribution of fluid in the actual gas drive or water drive oil recovery process.

Design of p-n homojunctions in metal-free carbon nitride photocatalyst for overall water splitting

Two-dimensional(2D)carbon nitride(CN)photocatalysts are attracting extensive attention owing to their excellent photocatalytic properties.In this study,we successfully prepared CN materials with heterogeneous structures via hydrothermal treatment,high-temperature roasting,ball milling,sintering,and other processes.Benefitting from interface interactions in hybrid architectures,the CN photocatalysts exhibited high photocatalytic activity.The rate of hydrogen production using these CN photocatalysts reached 17028.82μmol h^(−1)g^(−1),and the apparent quantum efficiency was 11.2%at 420 nm.The ns-level time-resolved photoluminescence(PL)spectra provided information about the time-averaged lifetime of fluorescence charge carriers;the lifetime of the charge carriers causing the fluorescence of CN reached 9.99 ns.Significantly,the CN photocatalysts displayed satisfactory results in overall water splitting without the addition of sacrificial agents.The average hydrogen and oxygen production rates were 270.95μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)and 115.21μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)in 7 h,respectively,which were promising results for the applications of the catalysts in overall water splitting processes.We investigated the high efficiency of the prepared CN photocatalysts via a series of tests(UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,photocurrent response measurements,PL emission spectroscopy,time-resolved PL spectroscopy,and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis).Furthermore,the Mott-Schottky plot and current-voltage curve were acquired via electrochemical tests.The fabricated CN photocatalyst had a small p-n junction in its heterogeneous structure,which further enhanced its photocatalytic efficiency.Therefore,this work can promote the development of CN photocatalysts.

Heterogeneities at multiple length scales in 2D layered materials:From localized defects and dopants to mesoscopic heterostructures

Two-dimensional(2D)materials hold great promise for applications in optoelectronics,quantum information science,and energy conversion due to their remarkable properties imbued by their physical characteristics.Although heterogeneities in their intrinsic structure are the major challenges limiting their synthesis and predictable properties,they also provide a pathway to controllably tune the properties and broaden the potential of 2D materials.Heterogeneities that can be tailored,including defects,dopants,strain,edges,and layer stackings offer transformative opportunities in heterogeneous 2D materials through the introduction of novel properties for technological applications.This article provides a review of recent progress in studying heterogeneities in 2D materials.The review uses examples from our work to develop a strategy to understand the heterogeneities across multiple length scales to link the effect of heterogeneity at the nanoscale with the macroscale properties of 2D materials.We describe specific types of heterogeneities and explore novel synthesis and processing methods for their controlled production with example of the potential impact and applications enabled by their intriguing properties.Finally,we provide a perspective on how to extend the range of tunable properties through further engineering the heterogeneities in 2D materials.

Application of 2D fluorescence correlation method to investigate the dilution-induced heterogeneous distribution of the bound FMN in azoreductase

AzoR is a homodimeric,flavin mononucleotide（FMN）-containing,NADH-dependent azoreductase from Escherichia coli.In this paper,we investigated the effect of the concentration of both AzoR and R59 G on the spectral behavior of the bound FMN using two-dimensional fluorescence correlation spectra.Two cross peaks（530,490） and（580,530） were observed from the dilution-induced 2D asynchronous correlation map of wt AzoR,while only one cross peak appeared at（600,530） for R59 C mutant.This result indicated that the mutation at site 59 influenced the formation of dilution-induced intermediates.The specific activity of both AzoR and R59 G mutant was unaffected by dilution when the enzyme concentration is below 1 μmol/L,which suggested that no significant dissociation of FMN occurred at low concentrations.Additionally,in order to explore the origin of these intermediates,we carried out a2 D correlation analysis using excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence emission spectroscopy.The results showed that there coexisted two types of FMN that emitted fluorescence at 530 nm and 500 nm,respectively.Taken together,these results suggested that the 2D method is a very powerful method to identify the heterogeneous distribution of the bound FMN in solution.

脆性岩石破裂过程损伤与渗流耦合数值模型研究

大量的实验结果表明,脆性岩石的渗透性不是一个常量,而是应力和应力诱发损伤破裂的函数.建立了一个描述非均匀岩石渗流-应力-损伤耦合数学模型(FSD Model),开发出岩石破裂过程渗流-应力-损伤耦合分析计算系统(F-RFPA^(2D).在该系统中,单元的力学、水力学性质根据统计分布而变化,以体现材料的随机不均质性,材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现.该系统能够对岩石试件在孔隙水压力和双轴荷载作用下裂纹的萌生、扩展过程中渗透率演化规律及其渗流-应力耦合机制进行模拟分析.最后,给出两个算例:算例1模拟载荷作用下岩石应力应变-渗透率全过程.模拟结果表明,非均匀性对岩石的应力峰值强度、峰值前后其渗透性演化规律及其破裂机制影响十分明显,模拟结果和实验结果较为一致;算例2模拟孔隙水压力作用下岩石拉伸断裂过程,通过和物理实验对比验证,验证了模型计算结果的可靠性.

非均匀性对岩石水压致裂过程的影响

使用岩石破裂失稳的渗流应力耦合系统研究带有圆孔的圆形岩石试件水压作用下的开裂、扩展和失稳过程。结果表明,岩石的非均质性导致破裂的初始压力和失稳压力明显不同,水压破裂路径不规则发展。

水压致裂过程分析的数值试验方法

应用自主开发的岩石破坏过程渗流与应力耦合分析软件 Ｆ－ＲＦＰＡ^（２Ｄ）研究均质、非均质岩石水压致裂过程，对比理论解验证数值模拟软件的可靠性，为该问题破裂机制的研究提供新的分析方法．

荷载和水压力作用下岩石裂纹贯通过程的数值模拟研究

应用自主开发的数值模拟系统F-RFPA^2D，研究荷载和水压力作用下岩石裂纹和内部缺陷结构相互作用下的贯通过程，内容包括岩石应力应变过程中，不同裂纹扩展阶段的渗透率演化规律，水压力对裂纹扩展模式和峰值强度的影响，岩石内部缺陷结构对裂纹贯通模式的影响等。结果表明，水压力和缺陷结构分布的非均匀性对岩石的应力峰值强度、峰值前后渗透性演化规律及裂纹贯通机制影响十分明显。

土壤含水量空间尺度分布非均匀对中尺度脉动量和通量的影响研究

本文采用RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模式模拟研究了没有背景风的情况下,土壤湿度非均匀分布的长度尺度分别为40km逐渐减小到2km时,地表通量的分布和大气边界层的响应.运用二维傅里叶变换,分析了地表通量、中尺度脉动量和中尺度通量的二维幅度谱分布,初步探讨大尺度模式中非均匀地表条件下的边界层参数化问题.分析结果显示各试验的地表水、热通量和中尺度脉动量的幅度谱的极大值都出现在与各自非均匀尺度相对应的波数处,当有不同尺度的非均匀斑块共存时,最大的非均匀尺度占主导.但是中尺度水、热通量的结果有所不同,除了在与各自非均匀尺度相对应的波数处有峰值之外,在其他波数还有多个峰值.这些结果表明地表水、热通量的空间分布尺度与非均匀尺度之间存在较好的对应关系,而中尺度水、热通量与非均匀尺度的关系并不明显,说明地表水、热通量的网格平均值的代表性较好,但是不能反映次网格脉动的影响,而中尺度通量的网格平均值的代表性较差.

储层地质模型建立步骤

本文系统介绍了单砂体模型、单井模型、二维模型和三维模型的建立步骤，是目前较为普及和实用的一种建模过程。文章对每种模型的关键点、参数选取和方法都作了概要的叙述，这一方法和步骤特别是对油田开发早期的模型建立具有很好的实用性。

非均质低渗凝析气藏压裂后低效原因分析及改进措施研究

针对多数非均质低渗凝析气藏压裂后增产不明显甚至压裂后无效的问题,以某典型非均质低渗凝析气藏为例,对该凝析气藏的压裂设计、施工过程以及压裂后返排情况进行研究及总结,提出非均质凝析气藏压裂前应加强凝析气藏相变特征及储层非均质特征研究、科学选井选层、优化压裂规模、建立反凝析产能伤害评价模型并进行返排速度优选、合理控制生产压差等系列改进措施,以期为提高非均质低渗凝析气藏压裂增产效果提供借鉴。

嗜中性粒细胞中N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖-6-硫酸酯酶的研究

本文对嗜中性粒细胞中N -乙酰氨基葡萄糖 - 6 -硫酸酯酶进行了分离纯化与性质鉴定。采用了 2 -D电泳 ,Mono -S柱层析 ,Mono -P柱层析 ,MS/MS及MALDI -Tof等方法 ,最终获得N -乙酰氨基葡萄糖 - 6 -硫酸酯酶 ,结果表明 ,其分子量为 75kDa ,最适PH7 0 ,Km =13 0 ,Vmax =176 3 7nM/ (min/mg) ,并且在人体的不同部位具有异质性。

Non-noble metal single-atom catalyst of Co_(1)/MXene(Mo_(2)CS_(2))for CO oxidation

MXene is a variety of new two-dimensional(2D)materials with early transition metal carbides,nitrides,and carbonitrides.Quantum chemical studies have been carried out on the geometries,electronic structures,stability and catalytic properties of a non-noble metal single-atom catalyst(SAC)with single Co atom anchored on MXene materials of Mo_(2)CS_(2).The Co adatom anchored on top of the Mo atom of this MXene is found to be rather stable,and this SAC is appropriate for CO oxidation.The charge transfers from the surface to the adsorbed CO and O2 play a significant role in the activation of these molecules on Co_(1)/Mo_(2)CS_(2).With this catalyst,the Eley-Rideal(ER),Langmuir-Hinshelwood(LH),and Termolecular Eley-Rideal(TER)mechanisms are explored for CO oxidation.We find that,while all the three mechanisms are feasible at low temperature,Co_(1)/Mo_(2)CS_(2) possesses higher catalytic activity for CO oxidation through the TER mechanism that features an intriguing OC(OO)CO intermediate(IM)adsorbed on Co single atom.The calculated activation energy barriers of the rate-limiting step are 0.67 eV(TER),0.78 eV(LH)and 0.88 eV(ER),respectively.The present study illustrates that it is promising to develop and design low-cost,non-noble metal SACs using MXene types of 2D materials.

Ultrathin two-dimensional porphyrinic metal-organic framework nanosheets induced by the axial aryl substituent

Ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets have emerged as a promising kind of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we report a new kind of 2D porphyrinic metal-organic framework nanosheets of Rh2-PCN-222, which was prepared from the self-assembly of the metalloporphyrin ligand Rh(TCPP)(DCB)(TCPP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)porphyrin;DCB = 3,4-dichlorobenzene) and ZrCl_(4) in the presence of two kinds of monocarboxylic acids as the modulating reagent. The thickness of Rh2-PCN-222 nanosheets was characterized by atomic force microscopy(AFM)and determined to be 5.4-9.6 nm. It was found that the axial aryl dichlorophenyl substituent, which controlled the anisotropic growth of MOFs, was essential for the formation of nanosheets. Catalytic results showed that Rh2-PCN-222 nanosheets were efficient for CO_(2) transformation.

通过二维沸石调节铂的氢化选择性

不饱和醇是一类重要的医药中间体,然而C=C加氢比C=O加氢反应更具有热力学优势,因此由不饱和醛合成不饱和醇具有挑战性.为解决这一问题,需要寻求一种具有可调控选择性的氢化催化剂.二维沸石的高长径比和大量的末端基团作为锚定位点,使其不仅能作为催化剂载体,还可以有效地调节催化剂性能.本研究利用二维沸石IPC-1P作为铂纳米颗粒的载体,成功制备出异相催化剂Pt@IPC-1P.铂纳米颗粒的尺寸小于2 nm且均匀地分布在IPC-1P上.令人惊喜的是,Pt@IPC-1P催化剂对不饱和醇的选择性超过了90%,并实现了接近100%的催化转化率,远超其他铂基催化剂.理论计算证实,二维沸石IPC-1P在肉桂醛向肉桂醇的转化过程中起到了积极作用,其放热效应能量高于苯丙醛.这项工作展现了二维沸石在催化有机物转化领域具有广阔的应用前景.