Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potentials of extracts,fractions or isolated compound from the leaves of Feronia limonia(F.limonia).Methods:Qualitative phytochemical analysis of extracts,fr...Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potentials of extracts,fractions or isolated compound from the leaves of Feronia limonia(F.limonia).Methods:Qualitative phytochemical analysis of extracts,fractions or compound was performed by means of thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic assays.The%purity of compound was measured by analytical HPLC.Extracts,fractions or compound have been individually evaluated for their cytotoxicity effects(10,20,100,250,500,750 and 1 000 μg/mL).Based on the inhibitory concentration(IC_(50)) obtained from the cell viability assay,graded concentrations of extracts,fractions or isolated compound were assessed(10,20,50,100,200 μg/mL) for its hepatoprotective potential against CCl_4-induced hepatotoxicity by monitoring activity levels of serum glutamatic pyruvatic transaminase(SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT).Results:Results indicated that the methanol extract of F.limonia was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature as compared with the petroleum ether extract.The acetone fraction of methanolic extract also showed similar properties but the subsequent two fractions were cytotoxic.However,the pure compound isolated from the penultimate fraction of methanolic extract was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature.Biochemical investigations(SCOT,SCPT) further corroborated these cytological observations.Conclusions:It can be concluded from this study that F.limonia methanol extract,some fractions and pure isolated compound herein exhibit hepatoprotective activity.However,cytotoxicity recorded in the penultimate fraction and investigation of structural details of pure compound warrants further study.展开更多
Objective:To evalueate hepatoprotective effects Feronia elephantum(F.elephantum)correa against thioacctamide(TA)induced liver necrosis in diabetic rats.Methods:Male wistar rats were made diabetic with alloxan(160 mg/k...Objective:To evalueate hepatoprotective effects Feronia elephantum(F.elephantum)correa against thioacctamide(TA)induced liver necrosis in diabetic rats.Methods:Male wistar rats were made diabetic with alloxan(160 mg/kg)on day 0 of the study.They were intoxicated with hepatotoxicant(thioacetamide,300 mg/kg,ip)on day 9 of study to produce liver necrosis.Effects of 7 day daily once administration(day 2 to day 9)of EF(400 and 800 mg/kg,po)were evaluated on necorosis of liver in terms of mortality,liver volume,liver weight,serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and serum alanine transaminase(ALT),and histopathology of liver sections(for signs of necorosis and inflammation)on day-9 of the study.Separate groups of rats with treated only with alloxan(DA control),thioacetamide(TA control)and both(TA+DA control)were maintained.Results:FE significantly lowered the mortality rate and showed improvement in liver function parameters in TA-induced diabetic rats without change in liver weight,volume and serum glucose levels.Conclusions:FE showed promising activity against TA-induced liver necorsis in diabetic rats and so might be useful for prevention of liver complications in DM.展开更多
Feronia limonia Linn. (Rutaceae) have gained traditional therapeutic importance owing to their high essential oil and coumarins content. Marmesin, a furanocoumarin was identified by TLC and isolated by column chromato...Feronia limonia Linn. (Rutaceae) have gained traditional therapeutic importance owing to their high essential oil and coumarins content. Marmesin, a furanocoumarin was identified by TLC and isolated by column chromatography and further purified by Preparative TLC. Presently, there is no appropriate TLC based method available for standardization of F. limonia. A simple, sensitive and accurate high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the estimation of marmesin in the methanolic extract of stem bark of Feronia limonia. HPTLC was performed on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminium plates (20 cm × 20 cm) with Chloroform: Methanol (9.5:0.5), as mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation of the plate was performed in the absorption-reflection mode at 338 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 20 – 100 ng spot–1. The method was validated for precision, repeatability and accuracy. The technique has been applied, for the first time, for the estimation of marmesin. The proposed method was found to be robust, precise, and accurate, it therefore holds potential for detection, monitoring and quantification of marmesin in Feronia limonia and its related formulation.展开更多
Objective:To explore the antispermatogenic and testicular antisleroidogenic activities of Feronia limonia fruit pulp southern India.Methods:Fourty Wistar male albino rats(Ratios norvegicus)were equally divided into fo...Objective:To explore the antispermatogenic and testicular antisleroidogenic activities of Feronia limonia fruit pulp southern India.Methods:Fourty Wistar male albino rats(Ratios norvegicus)were equally divided into four groups.Experimental groups were administered with the ethanolic extract of Feronia lirnonia(F.limoni)fruit pulp at doses of 250 and 500 nig/kg body weight once daily for 55 days.All treated rats had corresponding recovery groups.At the end of each treatment periods,various spermatological indices,tissue biochemicals and testicular enzymes levels were analysed.Blood profiles were also estimated.Results:Compared with the control,the F.lirnonia.fruit pulp at both dose leveb did not decrease body weight,which were associated with decline in epididymal sperm count,motility,viability and increased percent of abnormal sperm.Further,F.limonia.fruit pulp at 500 mg/kg body weight markedly reduced the epididymal and testicular protein content by 24.58%and 29.86%,respectively,as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and△~5-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase)levels by 42.82%and 38.08%,respectively,while a significant elevation was observed in testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid content.A gradual recovery of all parameters was observed after 55 days of treatment withdrawal.No significant alterations in haematological indices were observed.Conclusions:The present findings indicate that F.lirnonia fruit pulp may have reversible antispermatogenic and antisteroidogenic properties,and could partially support the traditional use as mate contraceptive.展开更多
Objective:To analyse the chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant,cytotoxic and DN A fragmentation activities of essential oil of Feronia elephantum Correa.Methods:Chemical composition analysis of hydrodisti...Objective:To analyse the chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant,cytotoxic and DN A fragmentation activities of essential oil of Feronia elephantum Correa.Methods:Chemical composition analysis of hydrodistilled essential oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and in vitro antioxidant activity of oil was determined by DPPH free radical,hydroxyly radical scavenging,metal chelating and prevention of deoxyribose degradation.Cytotoxicity and ONA fragmentation activities against breast cancer cells(MCF-7)were also analyzed.Resnlts:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 24compounds with caryophyllene oxide(62.29%)as major compound.A considerable antioxidant,cyotoxic and DN A fragmentation activities of oils was observed.Conclusiolis:The result of this study clearly indicates oil could be useful for food preservation and preparation.展开更多
The present study was carried out to investigate possible antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanol extract of Feronia limonia leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed to detect p...The present study was carried out to investigate possible antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanol extract of Feronia limonia leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed to detect presence of different kinds of phytoconstituents. The antibacterial activity was investigated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The plant extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus pyogenes and all tested Gram negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysentery and Shigella flexneri in dose dependant manner. The results of castor oil-induced diarrhoeal study showed that Feronia limonia extract significantly reduced the severity & frequency of diarrhoea in mice at a higher dose of 500 mg/kg compared with the standard drug loperamide (25 mg/kg). The present study clearly supports the medicinal value of this plant. The overall results indicate the possibility of presence of some active principles in the plant extract possessing antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal actions.展开更多
Feronia limonia Swingle, though mentioned as a high utility medicinal plant in Ayurveda for the treat-ment of liver disorders, but has no scientific investigations. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to inves...Feronia limonia Swingle, though mentioned as a high utility medicinal plant in Ayurveda for the treat-ment of liver disorders, but has no scientific investigations. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of extracts of Feronia limonia fruit on albino rat liver, damage induced by single dose of carbon-tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, p.o.). The oral administration of extracts (500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days has shown significant hepatoprotective action. There is reduction in the elevated levels of serum enzymes such SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Serum bilirubin and elevation in level of GSH, GPX,GLY and total protein in Feronia limonia protected rats.展开更多
Paracetamol toxicity induced a significant rise in AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase), ALP (alkhaline phisphatase), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, Triglycerides. Administration of 150 ...Paracetamol toxicity induced a significant rise in AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase), ALP (alkhaline phisphatase), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, Triglycerides. Administration of 150 mg/kg b.w of synergistic ethanolic extracts of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L., and Tribulus terrestris L. effectively reduced these pathological damages caused by paracetamol intoxication. In addition to serum parameters treatment of 150 rng/kg b.w of synergistic ethanolic extract of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L. and Tribulus terrestris L. also promote the body weight in albino rats. Histopathological changes of the liver samples were compared with the normal control. From our results, we may infer that the mode of action of synergistic 90% ethanolic extracts of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L., and Tribulus terrestris L. (150 mg/kg b.w) in affording the in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol may be due to the cell membrane stabilization, hepatic cell regeneration and activation of antioxidative enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase.展开更多
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth and development.Although the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX(TIR1/AFB)receptors function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm,the ...The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth and development.Although the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX(TIR1/AFB)receptors function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm,the mechanism governing the distribution of TIR1/AFBs between these cellular compartments remains unknown.In this study,we demonstrate that auxin-mediated oxidation of TIR1/AFB2 is essential for their targeting to the nucleus.We showed that small active molecules,reactive oxygen species(ROS)and nitric oxide(NO),are indispensable for the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of TIR1/AFB2 in trichoblasts and root hairs.Further studies revealed that this process is regulated by the FERONIA receptor kinase–NADPH oxidase signaling pathway.Interestingly,ROS and NO initiate oxidative modifications in TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511,facilitating their subsequent nuclear import.The oxidized forms of TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511 play a crucial role in enhancing the function of TIR1 and AFB2 in transcriptional auxin responses.Collectively,our study reveals a novel mechanism by which auxin stimulates the transport of TIR1/AFB2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus,orchestrated by the FERONIA–ROS signaling pathway.展开更多
Accumulating evidence indicates that early and essential events for receptor-like kinase(RLK)function involve both autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation.However,the structural and biochemical basis for the...Accumulating evidence indicates that early and essential events for receptor-like kinase(RLK)function involve both autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation.However,the structural and biochemical basis for these events is largely unclear.Here,we used RLK FERONIA(FER)as a model and crystallized its core kinase domain(FER-KD)and two FER-KD mutants(K565R,S525A)in complexes with ATP/ADP and Mg^(2+) in the unphosphorylated state.Unphosphorylated FER-KD was found to adopt an unexpected active conformation in its crystal structure.Moreover,unphosphorylated FER-KD mutants with reduced(S525A)or no catalytic activity(K565R)also adopt similar active conformations.Biochemical studies revealed that FER-KD is a dual-specificity kinase,and its autophosphorylation is accomplished via an intermolecular mechanism.Further investigations confirmed that initiating substrate phosphorylation requires autophosphorylation of the activation segment on T696,S701,and Y704.This study reveals the structural and biochemical basis for the activation and regulatory mechanism of FER,providing a paradigm for the early steps in RLK signaling initiation.展开更多
Ethylene signaling is a complex pathway that has been intensively analyzed partly due to its importance to the manifestation of horticultural phenomena, including fruit ripening and tissue senescence. In order to furt...Ethylene signaling is a complex pathway that has been intensively analyzed partly due to its importance to the manifestation of horticultural phenomena, including fruit ripening and tissue senescence. In order to further our un- derstanding of how this pathway is regulated, a screen for Arabidopsis mutants with increased ethylene response was conducted. From this, a mutant was identified as having a dark-grown hypocotyl that is indistinguishable from Col-0 wt in the presence of the ethylene perception inhibitor AgNO3, yet has extreme responsiveness to even low levels of ethylene. Map-based cloning of the mutation revealed a T-DNA insertion in the coding sequence of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, which is required for normal pollen tube reception and cell elongation in a currently unknown capacity. In contrast to a previous report, analysis of our feronia knockout mutant shows it also has altered responsiveness to brassinosteroids, with etiolated fer-2 seedlings being partially brassinosteroid insensitive with regard to promotion of hypocotyl elonga- tion. Our results indicate that FERONIA-dependent brassinosteroid response serves to antagonize the effect of ethylene on hypocotyl growth of etiolated seedlings, with loss of proper brassinosteroid signaling disrupting this balance and leading to a greater impact of ethylene on hypocotyl shortening.展开更多
The molecular mechanism by which plants defend against plant root-knot nematodes(RKNs)is largely unknown.The plant receptor kinase FERONIA and its peptide ligands,rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs),regulate plant imm...The molecular mechanism by which plants defend against plant root-knot nematodes(RKNs)is largely unknown.The plant receptor kinase FERONIA and its peptide ligands,rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs),regulate plant immune responses and cell expansion,which are two important factors for successful RKN parasitism.In this study,we found that mutation of FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in plants showing low susceptibility to the RKN Meloidogyne incognita.To identify the underlying mechanisms associated with this phenomenon,we identified 18 novel RALF-likes from multiple species of RKNs and showed that two RALF-likes(i.e.,MiRALF1 and MiRALF3)from M.incognita were expressed in the esophageal gland with high expression during the parasitic stages of nematode development.These nematode RALF-likes also possess the typical activities of plant RALFs and can directly bind to the extracellular domain of FERONIA to modulate specific steps of nematode parasitism-related immune responses and cell expansion.Genetically,both MiRALF1/3 and FERONIA are required for RKN parasitism in Arabidopsis and rice.Collectively,our study suggests that nematode-encoded RALFs facilitate parasitism via plant-encoded FERONIA and provides a novel paradigm for studying host-pathogen interactions.展开更多
Plant shoot phototropism is triggered by the formation of a light-driven auxin gradient leading to bending growth.The blue light receptor phototropin 1(phot1)senses light direction,but how this leads to auxin gradient...Plant shoot phototropism is triggered by the formation of a light-driven auxin gradient leading to bending growth.The blue light receptor phototropin 1(phot1)senses light direction,but how this leads to auxin gradient formation and growth regulation remains poorly understood.Previous studies have suggested phot1’s role for regulated apoplastic acidification,but its relation to phototropin and hypocotyl phototropism is unclear.Herein,we show that blue light can cause phot1 to interact with and phosphorylate FERONIA(FER),a known cell growth regulator,and trigger downstream phototropic bending growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.fer mutants showed defects in phototropic growth,similar to phot1/2 mutant.FER also interacts with and phosphorylates phytochrome kinase substrates,the phot1 downstream substrates.The phot1-FER pathway acts upstream of apoplastic acidification and the auxin gradient formation in hypocotyl under lateral blue light,both of which are critical for phototropic bending growth in hypocotyls.Our study highlights a pivotal role of FER in the phot1-mediated phototropic cell growth regulation in plants.展开更多
FERONIA(FER)is a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like(CrRLK1L)protein subfamily,which participates in reproduction,abiotic stress,biotic stress,cell growth,hormone response,and other molecular...FERONIA(FER)is a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like(CrRLK1L)protein subfamily,which participates in reproduction,abiotic stress,biotic stress,cell growth,hormone response,and other molecular mecha-nisms of plants.However,the mechanism by which a single RLK is capable of mediating multiple signals and activat-ing multiple cellular responses remains unclear.Here,we summarize research progress revealing the spatial–temporal expression of FER,along with its co-receptors and ligands determined the function of FER signaling pathway in multiple organs.The specificity of the FER signaling pathway is proposed to operate under a four-layered mechanism:(1)Spatial–temporal expression of FER,co-receptors,and ligands specify diverse functions,(2)Specific ligands or ligand combinations trigger variable FER signaling pathways,(3)Diverse co-receptors confer diverse FER perception and response modes,and(4)Unique downstream components that modify FER signaling and responses.Moreover,the regulation mechanism of the signaling pathway-appears to depend on the interaction among the ligands,RLK receptors,co-receptors,and downstream components,which may be a general mechanism of RLKs to maintain signal specificity.This review will provide a insight into understanding the specificity determination of RLKs signaling in both model and horticultural crops.展开更多
Double fertilization in angiosperm is a prerequisite for seed and fruit development and has been under close scrutiny in the past decades. Communications between male and female gametophytes are especially important i...Double fertilization in angiosperm is a prerequisite for seed and fruit development and has been under close scrutiny in the past decades. Communications between male and female gametophytes are especially important in achieving successful reproduction, in which receptor-like kinases are dominant players. Here, we review progress on the functionality of receptor-like kinases(RLKs) in pollen tube growth and point out challenges facing the study of RLKs in pollen biology.展开更多
文摘Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective potentials of extracts,fractions or isolated compound from the leaves of Feronia limonia(F.limonia).Methods:Qualitative phytochemical analysis of extracts,fractions or compound was performed by means of thin layer chromatography and spectroscopic assays.The%purity of compound was measured by analytical HPLC.Extracts,fractions or compound have been individually evaluated for their cytotoxicity effects(10,20,100,250,500,750 and 1 000 μg/mL).Based on the inhibitory concentration(IC_(50)) obtained from the cell viability assay,graded concentrations of extracts,fractions or isolated compound were assessed(10,20,50,100,200 μg/mL) for its hepatoprotective potential against CCl_4-induced hepatotoxicity by monitoring activity levels of serum glutamatic pyruvatic transaminase(SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(SGOT).Results:Results indicated that the methanol extract of F.limonia was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature as compared with the petroleum ether extract.The acetone fraction of methanolic extract also showed similar properties but the subsequent two fractions were cytotoxic.However,the pure compound isolated from the penultimate fraction of methanolic extract was non-toxic and hepatoprotective in nature.Biochemical investigations(SCOT,SCPT) further corroborated these cytological observations.Conclusions:It can be concluded from this study that F.limonia methanol extract,some fractions and pure isolated compound herein exhibit hepatoprotective activity.However,cytotoxicity recorded in the penultimate fraction and investigation of structural details of pure compound warrants further study.
文摘Objective:To evalueate hepatoprotective effects Feronia elephantum(F.elephantum)correa against thioacctamide(TA)induced liver necrosis in diabetic rats.Methods:Male wistar rats were made diabetic with alloxan(160 mg/kg)on day 0 of the study.They were intoxicated with hepatotoxicant(thioacetamide,300 mg/kg,ip)on day 9 of study to produce liver necrosis.Effects of 7 day daily once administration(day 2 to day 9)of EF(400 and 800 mg/kg,po)were evaluated on necorosis of liver in terms of mortality,liver volume,liver weight,serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and serum alanine transaminase(ALT),and histopathology of liver sections(for signs of necorosis and inflammation)on day-9 of the study.Separate groups of rats with treated only with alloxan(DA control),thioacetamide(TA control)and both(TA+DA control)were maintained.Results:FE significantly lowered the mortality rate and showed improvement in liver function parameters in TA-induced diabetic rats without change in liver weight,volume and serum glucose levels.Conclusions:FE showed promising activity against TA-induced liver necorsis in diabetic rats and so might be useful for prevention of liver complications in DM.
文摘Feronia limonia Linn. (Rutaceae) have gained traditional therapeutic importance owing to their high essential oil and coumarins content. Marmesin, a furanocoumarin was identified by TLC and isolated by column chromatography and further purified by Preparative TLC. Presently, there is no appropriate TLC based method available for standardization of F. limonia. A simple, sensitive and accurate high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the estimation of marmesin in the methanolic extract of stem bark of Feronia limonia. HPTLC was performed on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminium plates (20 cm × 20 cm) with Chloroform: Methanol (9.5:0.5), as mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation of the plate was performed in the absorption-reflection mode at 338 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 20 – 100 ng spot–1. The method was validated for precision, repeatability and accuracy. The technique has been applied, for the first time, for the estimation of marmesin. The proposed method was found to be robust, precise, and accurate, it therefore holds potential for detection, monitoring and quantification of marmesin in Feronia limonia and its related formulation.
文摘Objective:To explore the antispermatogenic and testicular antisleroidogenic activities of Feronia limonia fruit pulp southern India.Methods:Fourty Wistar male albino rats(Ratios norvegicus)were equally divided into four groups.Experimental groups were administered with the ethanolic extract of Feronia lirnonia(F.limoni)fruit pulp at doses of 250 and 500 nig/kg body weight once daily for 55 days.All treated rats had corresponding recovery groups.At the end of each treatment periods,various spermatological indices,tissue biochemicals and testicular enzymes levels were analysed.Blood profiles were also estimated.Results:Compared with the control,the F.lirnonia.fruit pulp at both dose leveb did not decrease body weight,which were associated with decline in epididymal sperm count,motility,viability and increased percent of abnormal sperm.Further,F.limonia.fruit pulp at 500 mg/kg body weight markedly reduced the epididymal and testicular protein content by 24.58%and 29.86%,respectively,as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and△~5-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase)levels by 42.82%and 38.08%,respectively,while a significant elevation was observed in testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid content.A gradual recovery of all parameters was observed after 55 days of treatment withdrawal.No significant alterations in haematological indices were observed.Conclusions:The present findings indicate that F.lirnonia fruit pulp may have reversible antispermatogenic and antisteroidogenic properties,and could partially support the traditional use as mate contraceptive.
基金Supported by PG and Research Department of Biotechnology,Kongunadu Arts and Science College(Grant No.ARF-KASC,5/2012)
文摘Objective:To analyse the chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant,cytotoxic and DN A fragmentation activities of essential oil of Feronia elephantum Correa.Methods:Chemical composition analysis of hydrodistilled essential oil was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and in vitro antioxidant activity of oil was determined by DPPH free radical,hydroxyly radical scavenging,metal chelating and prevention of deoxyribose degradation.Cytotoxicity and ONA fragmentation activities against breast cancer cells(MCF-7)were also analyzed.Resnlts:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 24compounds with caryophyllene oxide(62.29%)as major compound.A considerable antioxidant,cyotoxic and DN A fragmentation activities of oils was observed.Conclusiolis:The result of this study clearly indicates oil could be useful for food preservation and preparation.
文摘The present study was carried out to investigate possible antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanol extract of Feronia limonia leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed to detect presence of different kinds of phytoconstituents. The antibacterial activity was investigated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The plant extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus pyogenes and all tested Gram negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysentery and Shigella flexneri in dose dependant manner. The results of castor oil-induced diarrhoeal study showed that Feronia limonia extract significantly reduced the severity & frequency of diarrhoea in mice at a higher dose of 500 mg/kg compared with the standard drug loperamide (25 mg/kg). The present study clearly supports the medicinal value of this plant. The overall results indicate the possibility of presence of some active principles in the plant extract possessing antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal actions.
文摘Feronia limonia Swingle, though mentioned as a high utility medicinal plant in Ayurveda for the treat-ment of liver disorders, but has no scientific investigations. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of extracts of Feronia limonia fruit on albino rat liver, damage induced by single dose of carbon-tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, p.o.). The oral administration of extracts (500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days has shown significant hepatoprotective action. There is reduction in the elevated levels of serum enzymes such SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Serum bilirubin and elevation in level of GSH, GPX,GLY and total protein in Feronia limonia protected rats.
文摘Paracetamol toxicity induced a significant rise in AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase), ALP (alkhaline phisphatase), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, Triglycerides. Administration of 150 mg/kg b.w of synergistic ethanolic extracts of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L., and Tribulus terrestris L. effectively reduced these pathological damages caused by paracetamol intoxication. In addition to serum parameters treatment of 150 rng/kg b.w of synergistic ethanolic extract of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L. and Tribulus terrestris L. also promote the body weight in albino rats. Histopathological changes of the liver samples were compared with the normal control. From our results, we may infer that the mode of action of synergistic 90% ethanolic extracts of Feronia limonia L., Citrullus colocynthis L., and Tribulus terrestris L. (150 mg/kg b.w) in affording the in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol may be due to the cell membrane stabilization, hepatic cell regeneration and activation of antioxidative enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32230009,31770307,31972863)the Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(20ZR1416500).
文摘The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in governing plant growth and development.Although the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX(TIR1/AFB)receptors function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm,the mechanism governing the distribution of TIR1/AFBs between these cellular compartments remains unknown.In this study,we demonstrate that auxin-mediated oxidation of TIR1/AFB2 is essential for their targeting to the nucleus.We showed that small active molecules,reactive oxygen species(ROS)and nitric oxide(NO),are indispensable for the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of TIR1/AFB2 in trichoblasts and root hairs.Further studies revealed that this process is regulated by the FERONIA receptor kinase–NADPH oxidase signaling pathway.Interestingly,ROS and NO initiate oxidative modifications in TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511,facilitating their subsequent nuclear import.The oxidized forms of TIR1C140/516 and AFB2C135/511 play a crucial role in enhancing the function of TIR1 and AFB2 in transcriptional auxin responses.Collectively,our study reveals a novel mechanism by which auxin stimulates the transport of TIR1/AFB2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus,orchestrated by the FERONIA–ROS signaling pathway.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160064,31871396,31571444,and 32000916)the State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources(SKLCUSA-a201806)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M662764)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2021JJ40050)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2020GXNSFFA297007)the Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology(GXKLSCB-20190304).
文摘Accumulating evidence indicates that early and essential events for receptor-like kinase(RLK)function involve both autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation.However,the structural and biochemical basis for these events is largely unclear.Here,we used RLK FERONIA(FER)as a model and crystallized its core kinase domain(FER-KD)and two FER-KD mutants(K565R,S525A)in complexes with ATP/ADP and Mg^(2+) in the unphosphorylated state.Unphosphorylated FER-KD was found to adopt an unexpected active conformation in its crystal structure.Moreover,unphosphorylated FER-KD mutants with reduced(S525A)or no catalytic activity(K565R)also adopt similar active conformations.Biochemical studies revealed that FER-KD is a dual-specificity kinase,and its autophosphorylation is accomplished via an intermolecular mechanism.Further investigations confirmed that initiating substrate phosphorylation requires autophosphorylation of the activation segment on T696,S701,and Y704.This study reveals the structural and biochemical basis for the activation and regulatory mechanism of FER,providing a paradigm for the early steps in RLK signaling initiation.
文摘Ethylene signaling is a complex pathway that has been intensively analyzed partly due to its importance to the manifestation of horticultural phenomena, including fruit ripening and tissue senescence. In order to further our un- derstanding of how this pathway is regulated, a screen for Arabidopsis mutants with increased ethylene response was conducted. From this, a mutant was identified as having a dark-grown hypocotyl that is indistinguishable from Col-0 wt in the presence of the ethylene perception inhibitor AgNO3, yet has extreme responsiveness to even low levels of ethylene. Map-based cloning of the mutation revealed a T-DNA insertion in the coding sequence of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, which is required for normal pollen tube reception and cell elongation in a currently unknown capacity. In contrast to a previous report, analysis of our feronia knockout mutant shows it also has altered responsiveness to brassinosteroids, with etiolated fer-2 seedlings being partially brassinosteroid insensitive with regard to promotion of hypocotyl elonga- tion. Our results indicate that FERONIA-dependent brassinosteroid response serves to antagonize the effect of ethylene on hypocotyl growth of etiolated seedlings, with loss of proper brassinosteroid signaling disrupting this balance and leading to a greater impact of ethylene on hypocotyl shortening.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-31871396,31571444,31400232,and 31672012)the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program from CAST(YESS20160001)the Science and Technology Inn ovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2060302-51).
文摘The molecular mechanism by which plants defend against plant root-knot nematodes(RKNs)is largely unknown.The plant receptor kinase FERONIA and its peptide ligands,rapid alkalinization factors(RALFs),regulate plant immune responses and cell expansion,which are two important factors for successful RKN parasitism.In this study,we found that mutation of FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in plants showing low susceptibility to the RKN Meloidogyne incognita.To identify the underlying mechanisms associated with this phenomenon,we identified 18 novel RALF-likes from multiple species of RKNs and showed that two RALF-likes(i.e.,MiRALF1 and MiRALF3)from M.incognita were expressed in the esophageal gland with high expression during the parasitic stages of nematode development.These nematode RALF-likes also possess the typical activities of plant RALFs and can directly bind to the extracellular domain of FERONIA to modulate specific steps of nematode parasitism-related immune responses and cell expansion.Genetically,both MiRALF1/3 and FERONIA are required for RKN parasitism in Arabidopsis and rice.Collectively,our study suggests that nematode-encoded RALFs facilitate parasitism via plant-encoded FERONIA and provides a novel paradigm for studying host-pathogen interactions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-31571444,31871396,31900392,31972913,82101246)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2021JJ30799,2021JJ40813)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M652793,2021T140753)the Open Research Fund(2016KF03)of the State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice(Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Hunan University,No.531107050967)。
文摘Plant shoot phototropism is triggered by the formation of a light-driven auxin gradient leading to bending growth.The blue light receptor phototropin 1(phot1)senses light direction,but how this leads to auxin gradient formation and growth regulation remains poorly understood.Previous studies have suggested phot1’s role for regulated apoplastic acidification,but its relation to phototropin and hypocotyl phototropism is unclear.Herein,we show that blue light can cause phot1 to interact with and phosphorylate FERONIA(FER),a known cell growth regulator,and trigger downstream phototropic bending growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.fer mutants showed defects in phototropic growth,similar to phot1/2 mutant.FER also interacts with and phosphorylates phytochrome kinase substrates,the phot1 downstream substrates.The phot1-FER pathway acts upstream of apoplastic acidification and the auxin gradient formation in hypocotyl under lateral blue light,both of which are critical for phototropic bending growth in hypocotyls.Our study highlights a pivotal role of FER in the phot1-mediated phototropic cell growth regulation in plants.
基金Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.This work was supported by the grants from Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(Grant Number:21ZR1429300/BS1500016)Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds(Grant Number:ZXWH2150201/001)Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Agri-X program,Grant Number:AF1500088/002)to Jiangbo Fan.
文摘FERONIA(FER)is a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like(CrRLK1L)protein subfamily,which participates in reproduction,abiotic stress,biotic stress,cell growth,hormone response,and other molecular mecha-nisms of plants.However,the mechanism by which a single RLK is capable of mediating multiple signals and activat-ing multiple cellular responses remains unclear.Here,we summarize research progress revealing the spatial–temporal expression of FER,along with its co-receptors and ligands determined the function of FER signaling pathway in multiple organs.The specificity of the FER signaling pathway is proposed to operate under a four-layered mechanism:(1)Spatial–temporal expression of FER,co-receptors,and ligands specify diverse functions,(2)Specific ligands or ligand combinations trigger variable FER signaling pathways,(3)Diverse co-receptors confer diverse FER perception and response modes,and(4)Unique downstream components that modify FER signaling and responses.Moreover,the regulation mechanism of the signaling pathway-appears to depend on the interaction among the ligands,RLK receptors,co-receptors,and downstream components,which may be a general mechanism of RLKs to maintain signal specificity.This review will provide a insight into understanding the specificity determination of RLKs signaling in both model and horticultural crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31471304)the Shandong Provincial Funds for Outstanding Young Scientistssupported by Tai-Shan Scholar Program of the Shandong Provincial Government
文摘Double fertilization in angiosperm is a prerequisite for seed and fruit development and has been under close scrutiny in the past decades. Communications between male and female gametophytes are especially important in achieving successful reproduction, in which receptor-like kinases are dominant players. Here, we review progress on the functionality of receptor-like kinases(RLKs) in pollen tube growth and point out challenges facing the study of RLKs in pollen biology.