The Improving Effects of Diabetes Education on Diabetes Awareness and Management in Children and Adolescents with T1DM

Background: Diabetes education is crucial in empowering persons with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and their families to properly manage the condition by providing comprehensive knowledge, tools, and support. It boosts one’s belief in their ability to succeed, encourages following medical advice, and adds to the general enhancement of health. Objective: This study is to investigate the effectiveness of diabetes education in empowering individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and their families to effectively manage the condition. Furthermore, it strives to improve nursing care for families whose children have been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Design: This research study investigates the efficacy of diabetes education in empowering individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and their families to effectively handle the condition. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted between the years 2000 and 2022, utilizing the Medline and Google Scholar databases. The purpose of the search was to uncover relevant papers pertaining to diabetes education, management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), nurse care, and empowerment. The search focused on peer-reviewed research, clinical trials, and scholarly articles that evaluated the efficacy of diabetes education in empowering individuals and families. Results: Diabetes education is crucial for understanding and controlling T1DM. It includes personalized sessions, webinars, group classes, and clinics that provide customized therapies. Comprehensive education enhances glycemic control and family dynamics. Nevertheless, the implementation of diabetes education for families requires specific standards, especially in the field of nursing. Conclusion: Diabetes education is essential for effectively managing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), providing patients and families with crucial knowledge, resources, and confidence. It encourages independence in-home care and provides explicit guidelines for diabetic nurses to improve nursing care.

Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Functioning of the Cavally River Using a Coupled 1D-2D Model in the Ity Area (Zouan-Hounien in Côte d’Ivoire)

In recent years, the Cavally River has been subject to multiple activities, including the construction of diversion channels and a bridge that makes it vulnerable to flooding. In order to assess the impact of these hydraulic structures on the river hydrodynamic functioning, a 1D-2D model was realized. The implementation of the 1D-2D model consisted of first running the 1D model, then the 2D model, and finally in coupling them. The 1D-2D model was designed with the 1988 flood hydrograph, a Manning’s coefficient of 0.052 m1/3/s for the minor bed and 0.06 m1/3/s for the major bed. The results of the hydraulic model show that the velocities are almost identical to those of the Cavally in natural operation. The values of the velocities are included between 0.4 m/s and 1.3 m/s at the level of the minor bed of the river and between 0.06 m/s and 0.71 m/s at the level of the floodplains. The average water level for flood propagation is 262.37 ± 0.44 m before construction of the structures and 262.23 ± 0.85 m after construction of the structures. The 0.41 m reduction in water level due to the diversion canal and bridge is negligible compared to the total fluctuations of the Cavally River, which vary from 6 to 7 m over the year.

Temperature Distributions in Single Cell of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Simulated by an 1D Multi-plate Heat-Transfer Model and a 3D Numerical Simulation Model

The purpose of this study is to verify an 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model estimating the temperature distribution on the interface between polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer at cathode in single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which is named as reaction surface in this study, with a 3D numerical simulation model solving many governing equations on the coupling phenomena in the cell. The results from both models/simulations agreed well. The effects of initial operation temperature, flow rate, and relative humidity of supply gas on temperature distribution on the reaction surface were also investigated. It was found in both 1D and 3D simulations that, the temperature rise （i.e., Treact-Tini） of the reaction surface from initial operation temperature at 70℃ was higher than that at 80℃ irrespective of flow rate of supply gas. The effect of relative humidity of supply gas on Treact- Tini near the inlet of the cell was small. Compared to the previous studies conducted under the similar operation conditions, the Treact - Tini calculated by 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model in this study as well as numerical simulation using 3D model was reasonable.

Similarities and differences in inherent mechanism and characteristic frequency between the one-dimensional poroelastic model and the layered White model

The similarities and differences in inherent mechanism and characteristic frequency between the onedimensional(1D)poroelastic model and the layered White model were investigated.This investigation was conducted under the assumption that the rock was homogenous and isotropic at the mesoscopic scale.For the inherent mechanism,both models resulted from quasi-static flow in a slow P-wave diffusion mode,and the differences between them originated from saturated fluids and boundary conditions.On the other hand,for the characteristic frequencies of the models,the characteristic frequency of the 1D poroelastic model was first modified because the elastic constant and formula for calculating it were misused and then compared to that of the layered White model.Both of them moved towards higher frequencies with increasing permeability and decreasing viscosity and diffusion length.The differences between them were due to the diffusion length.The diffusion length for the 1D poroelastic model was determined by the sample length,whereas that for the layered White model was determined by the length of the representative elementary volume(REV).Subsequently,a numerical example was presented to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the models.Finally,published experimental data were interpreted using the 1D poroelastic model combined with the Cole-Cole model.The prediction of the combined model was in good agreement with the experimental data,thereby validating the effectiveness of the 1D poroelastic model.Furthermore,the modified characteristic frequency in our study was much closer to the experimental data than the previous prediction,validating the effectiveness of our modification of the characteristic frequency of the 1D poroelastic model.The investigation provided insight into the internal relationship between wave-induced fluid flow(WIFF)models at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales and can aid in a better understanding of the elastic modulus dispersion and attenuation caused by the WIFF at different scales.

Mathematical model for flood routing in Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake network

The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional （l-D） mathematical model for flood routing in the river network Of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake using the explicit finite volume method. Based on observed data during the flood periods in 1996 and 1998, the model was calibrated and validated, and the results show that the model is effective and has high accuracy. In addition, the one-dimensional mathematical model for the river network and the horizontal two-dimensional （2-D） mathematical model for the Jingjiang flood diversion area were coupled to simulate the flood process in the Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake, and the Jingjiang flood diversion area. The calculated results of the coupled model are consistent with the practical processes. Meanwhile, the results show that the flood diversion has significant effects on the decrease of the peak water level at the Shashi and Chenjiawan hydrological stations near the flood diversion gates, and the effect is more obvious in the downstream than in the upstream.

Applying Deep Learning Models to Mouse Behavior Recognition

In many animal-related studies, a high-performance animal behavior recognition system can help researchers reduce or get rid of the limitation of human assessments and make the experiments easier to reproduce. Recently, although deep learning models are holding state-of-the-art performances in human action recognition tasks, these models are not well-studied in applying to animal behavior recognition tasks. One reason is the lack of extensive datasets which are required to train these deep models for good performances. In this research, we investigated two current state-of-the-art deep learning models in human action recognition tasks, the I3D model and the R(2 + 1)D model, in solving a mouse behavior recognition task. We compared their performances with other models from previous researches and the results showed that the deep learning models that pre-trained using human action datasets then fine-tuned using the mouse behavior dataset can outperform other models from previous researches. It also shows promises of applying these deep learning models to other animal behavior recognition tasks without any significant modification in the models’ architecture, all we need to do is collecting proper datasets for the tasks and fine-tuning the pre-trained models using the collected data.

One-dimensional breakdown voltage model of SOI RESURF lateral power device based on lateral linearly graded approximation

A novel one-dimensional（1D） analytical model is proposed for quantifying the breakdown voltage of a reduced surface field（RESURF） lateral power device fabricated on silicon on an insulator（SOI） substrate.We assume that the charges in the depletion region contribute to the lateral PN junctions along the diagonal of the area shared by the lateral and vertical depletion regions.Based on the assumption,the lateral PN junction behaves as a linearly graded junction,thus resulting in a reduced surface electric field and high breakdown voltage.Using the proposed model,the breakdown voltage as a function of device parameters is investigated and compared with the numerical simulation by the TCAD tools.The analytical results are shown to be in fair agreement with the numerical results.Finally,a new RESURF criterion is derived which offers a useful scheme to optimize the structure parameters.This simple 1D model provides a clear physical insight into the RESURF effect and a new explanation on the improvement in breakdown voltage in an SOI RESURF device.

A Dugdale-Barenblatt model for elliptical orifice problem with asymmetric cracks in one-dimensional orthorhombic quasicrystals

By means of Muskhelishvili’s method and the technique of generalized conformal mapping,the physical plane problems are transformed into regular mathematical problems in quasicrystals(QCs).The analytical solution to an elliptical orifice problem with asymmetric cracks in one-dimensional(1D)orthorhombic QCs is obtained.By using the Dugdale-Barenblatt model,the plastic simulation at the crack tip of the elliptical orifice with asymmetric cracks in 1D orthorhombic QCs is performed.Finally,the size of the atomic cohesive force zone is determined precisely,and the size of the atomic cohesive force zone around the crack tip of an elliptical orifice with a single crack or two symmetric cracks is obtained.

Controlling of NO_x Emitted from a Diesel Engine Fueled on Biodiesel: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Evaluation

The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by running the engine on an electric dynamometer at eight steady-state operating conditions.The refined engine model was used to predict the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） less than those measured earlier in the experiments,and hence to recommend changes in the engine for the verification of the results.The refined engine model is greatly influenced by the start of injection angle （ψ）,ignition delay （φ）,premix duration （DP）,and main duration （DM） for the prediction of reduced NOx emissions.It is found that optimum ψ is 6.5° before top dead center （BTDC）.At this angle,the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement,showing only a difference of up to 4%,6.2%,and 7.5% for engine performance,maximum combustion pressure （Pmax）,and NOx,respectively.

Assessing dynamic modulus properties for typical asphalt mixtures in Jiangsu

To investigate the validity of two dynamic modulus predictive models（ Witczak 1-37 A viscosity-based model and Witczak 1-40 D shear modulus-based model） in the context of Jiangsu, and evaluate the effect of different mixture design variables（ aggregate gradations, binder type, and volumetric properties） on dynamic modulus E＊, asphalt mixtures commonly used in the local surface layer, including Sup-13 and AC-13, are prepared in the laboratory and their dynamic modulus E＊values are predicted based on the above mentioned models. The corresponding asphalt tests, including viscosity and dynamic shear modulus tests, are also carried out to obtain the prediction model parameters. The test results showthat binder type and asphalt content have a significant impact on dynamic modulus.There is a good correlation between the E＊values based on above two predictive models and the measured E＊, while a relatively lower bias can be expected from Witczak 1-37 A model. The test results can be used for the calibration of dynamic modulus with higher accuracy.

Electromagnetic fields from a horizontal electrical dipole buried in ocean

Marine controlled source electromagnetic signal could be used in mineral resource exploration,reservoir appraisal and communicative technique in ocean. It's necessary to study the electromagnetic generated by MCSEM. The propagation of the electromagnetic fields from a controlled source in the marine environment was studied with virtual interface method combined with discrete complex image method. Transmitter of finite length current source is approximated by dipole (HED) . A three-layered model is accepted,with sea water as intermediate conductive layer under air and a relatively high resistive seabed as basement,possibly containing a hydrogen layer of higher resistivity. The electromagnetic fields in whole space thus computed show that: (1) the spatial distribution of field component depends on its type; (2) inline Ex component is more sensitive to reservoir layer than that in broadside; (3) The airwave affects marine electromagnetic (MEM) exploration when sea water is relatively shallow; in the case of deep water MEM exploration,the airwave influence could be neglected; and (4) an appropriate frequency should be selected in order to balance the signal strength and electromagnetic induction effect.

R-C型逐次逼近ADC D/A转换网络功耗模型与仿真

逐次逼近(SAR:Successive Approximation Register)ADC广泛应用于低功耗电路系统,为指导低功耗SAR ADC的设计优化,对其D/A转换网络的功耗进行了建模研究。重点针对适用于中高精度应用的R-C组合型D/A转换网络,基于Matlab工具建立了电容阵列的能耗模型,并结合65 nm CMOS工艺,同时考虑电阻梯的静态功耗以及电容阵列的动态功耗,获得了SAR ADC R-C组合型D/A转换网络的功耗模型,在此基础上,以12-bit SAR ADC为设计实例,在考虑无源器件匹配性的前提下,分别针对"5+7"、"6+6"以及"7+5"三种典型的R-C组合结构进行了功耗仿真和比较,研究结果对低功耗SAR ADC的设计和优化具有重要指导意义。

Performance Optimization of Torque Converters Based on Modified 1D Flow Model

A methodology for performance optimization of torque converters is put forward based on the one-dimensional (1D) flow model. It is found that the inaccuracy of 1D flow model for predicting hydraulic performance at the low speed ratio is mainly caused by the separation phenomenon at the stator cascade which is induced by large flow impinging at the pressure side of the stator blades. A semi-empirical separation model is presented and incorporated to the original 1D flow model. It is illustrated that the improved model is able to predict the circumferential velocity components accurately, which can be applied to performance optimization. Then, the Pareto front is obtained by using the genetic algorithm (GA) in order to inspect the coupled relationship among stalling impeller torque capacity, stalling torque ratio and efficiency. The efficiency is maximized on the premise that a target stalling impeller torque capacity and torque ratio are achieved. Finally, the optimized result is verified by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation, which indicates that the maximal efficiency is increased by 0.96%.

Pharmacodynamic model of dopamine D1 receptor agonists in the treatment of breast cancer lung metastasis

Previous study has shown that dopamine D1 receptor(D1DR)agonists,fenoldopam(FEN)and l-stepholidine(l-SPD),have inhibitory effects on breast cancer lung metastasis.To quantitatively describe and predict the pharmacodynamic(PD)properties of FEN and l-SPD and to explore the PD model structure of cancer metastasis treating drugs,we used the data of lung metastasis in 4T1 breast cancer mice under the treatment of either FEN or l-SPD,and established a PD model.The PD model assumed an exponential growth for both primary tumor and metastasis.The primary tumor emitted cells to form metastases,and the cell emitting rate was proportional to power form of the primary tumor weight.The total number of lung metastasis was set as the target value.D1DR agonists inhibited metastasis by inhibiting cell emitting rate instead of the growth rate of primary tumor or metastasis.The model results showed that the decrease in the number of lung metastases was roughly proportional to the square of the drug dose.The values of PD coefficient reflected the inhibitory ability of the drugs,and that of l-SPD(0.274 kg/mg)was greater than that of FEN(0.0393 kg/mg).This PD model can quantitatively describe the effects of FEN and l-SPD on the progression of lung metastasis in 4T1 primary breast cancer mice and can predict the time course of drug efficacy at multiple doses,providing a reference for PD model structure of other drugs for cancer metastasis indication.

An Implicit Coupled 1D/2D Model for Unsteady Subcritical Flow in Channel Networks and Embayment

In this study, 1D and 2D shallow-water models were coupled to simulate unsteady flow in channel networks and embayment. The 1D model solved the 1D shallow-water equations (St. Venant) using the Preissmann box method and targeted long narrow reaches of the river networks, while the 2D model targeted broad channels and embayment and solved the 2D shallow-water equations using a semi-implicit scheme applied to an unstructured grid of triangular cells. The 1D and 2D models were solved simultaneously by building a matrix for the free surface elevation at every 1D junction and 2D cell center. Velocities were then computed explicitly based on the results at the previous time step and the updated water level. The originality of the scheme arose from a novel coupling method. The results showed that the coupled 1D/2D model produced identical results as the full 2D model in classical to benchmark problems with considerable savings in computational effort. Application of the model to the Pearl River Estuary in southern China showed that complex patterns of tidal wave propagation could be efficiently modeled.

Effects of size and location of distal tear on hemodynamics and wave propagation in type B aortic dissection

The type B aortic dissection(TBAD)is a perilous disease with high morbidity and mortality rates.The hemodynamics of TBAD in different scenarios has been widely studied by computational fluid dynamics(CFD)research.However,the flow pattern and wave propagation characteristics in the cardiovascular system with TBAD are not yet clear,and the effect of the distal tear is still unknown.In this work,a onedimensional(1D)cardiovascular system model coupling with a zero-dimensional(0D)lumped-parameter model is introduced to study the hemodynamics and wave propagation in the cardiovascular system.The results show that the proposed 0D-1D method well captures the oscillation and retrograde characteristics for the flow in the false lumen(FL),and the smaller distal tear damps the retrograde flow.Besides,the distal tear should also be paid attention to,and the wave intensity(WI)can be used as an access mark of the degree of the aortic dissection(AD).

Integrating 1D and 2D hydrodynamic,sediment transport model for dam-break flow using finite volume method

The purpose of this study is to set up a dynamically linked 1D and 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport models for dam break flow.The 1D-2D coupling model solves the generalized shallow water equations,the non-equilibrium sediment transport and bed change equations in a coupled fashion using an explicit finite volume method.It considers interactions among transient flow,strong sediment transport and rapid bed change by including bed change and variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations.An unstructured Quadtree rectangular grid with local refinement is used in the 2D model.The intercell flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with shock captured capability for computing the dry-to-wet interface for all models.The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this coupling model which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms.The developed model has been tested against experimental and real-life case of dam-break flow over fix bed and movable bed.The results are compared with analytical solution and measured data with good agreement.The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling model is capable of calculating the flow,erosion and deposition for dam break flows in complicated natural domains.

Experiments on Exploration of Shallow Fine Structures and the Construction of the 1-D Velocity Model in the Pingtan Island,Fujian

112 short-period seismographs were set up in the 400 km^2 area of Pingtan Island and its surrounding areas in Fujian.The combined observations of the airgun source and ambient noise source were carried out using a dense array to receive the 387 airgun signals excited around the island and one month of continuous ambient noise recording.The 1-D P-wave and S-wave shallow velocity model of Pingtan Island is obtained by the inversion of the airgun body wave’s first arrival time data,and the reliability of the velocity model is verified by using the surface wave phase velocity dispersion curve,which can provide initial model for subsequent 3-D imaging.The experimental results show that this experiment is a successful demonstration of local scale green non-destructive detection,which can provide basic data for shallow surface structure research and strong vibration simulation of the Pingtan Island.

Validation of 1D model for methane/air/Pt combustion in stagnation flow

A 2D model is built on the package of FLUENT to study the effects of radial aspect ratio （R/W）, length-to-width ratio （L/W）, strain rate （SR）, and buoyancy （Ri=Gr/Re^2） on the validation of the simplified 1D model. In the present 2D model, the methane/air homogeneous reaction mechanism of Peters and the methane/air/platinum heterogeneous reaction mechanism of Deutschmann are applied. By comparison between the 1D and 2D numerical results, it is found that the validation of 1D model is highly related with the catalytic stagnation reactor configuration. For length-to-width ratio L/W = 1 configuration, 1D laminar model is applicable when the radial aspect ratio R/W 〉 0.4. For R/W = 0.6, the reactor exhibited 1D characteristics when L/W 〈 1. Compared with the temperature and species profiles, the velocity distribution along the axis is more sensitive to the change of radial aspect ratio and length-to-width ratio. With increasing of the strain rate, the flame front goes closer to the catalytic wall surface and the difference between the 1D and 2D results decreases. For a valid 1D simulation, it is recommended that the strain rate should be convection can be neglected when Ri〈 5. greater than 20 s^-1. The effects of natural

The adjustment of γ-aminobutyric acid_A tonic subunits in Huntington＇s disease：from transcription to translation to synaptic levels into the neostriatum

γ-Aminobutyric acid（GABA）,plays a key role in all stages of life,also is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter.GABA activates two kind of membrane receptors known as GABAA and GABAB,the first one is responsible to render tonic inhibition by pentameric receptors containing α4-6,β3,δ,or ρ1-3 subunits,they are located at perisynaptic and/or in extrasynaptic regions.The biophysical properties of GABAA tonic inhibition have been related with cellular protection against excitotoxic injury and cell death in presence of excessive excitation.On this basis,GABAA tonic inhibition has been proposed as a potential target for therapeutic intervention of Huntington＇s disease.Huntington＇s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic mutation of the huntingtin protein.For experimental studies of Huntington＇s disease mouse models have been developed,such as R6/1,R6/2,Hdh Q92,Hdh Q150,as well as YAC128.In all of them,some key experimental reports are focused on neostriatum.The neostriatum is considered as the most important connection between cerebral cortex and basal ganglia structures,its cytology display two pathways called direct and indirect constituted by medium sized spiny neurons expressing dopamine D1 and D2 receptors respectively,they display strong expression of many types of GABAA receptors,including tonic subunits.The studies about of GABAA tonic subunits and Huntington＇s disease into the neostriatum are rising in recent years,suggesting interesting changes in their expression and localization which can be used as a strategy to delay the cellular damage caused by the imbalance between excitation and inhibition,a hallmark of Huntington＇s disease.