Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmenta...Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmental conditions,and therefore magnitude of female genetic benefits from EPP depends on the environmental variation.Furthermore,chronic heavy metal pollution can cause adverse effects on fitness-related traits of wild birds.However,few studies were available on the interactions between heavy metal pollution and EPP.We selected an area that was contaminated by heavy metals for more than 60 years(Baiyin,BY),a relatively unpolluted area(Liujiaxia,LJX),and Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)as study species to explore the response of female extrapair mate choice and genetic benefits from EPP to heavy metal pollution in socially monogamous birds.The relatedness between social mates and extra-pair mates was investigated.Additionally,we compared the body size and heterozygosity of extra-pair offspring(EPO),within-pair offspring(WPO),social males and extra-pair males from the two Tree Sparrow populations.We found that at BY,female Tree Sparrows tended to choose extra-pair males with larger body size and lower genetic similarity,thereby producing higher heterozygosity and larger body size of EPO compared with those of WPO.However,no similar phenomenon was observed in the Tree Sparrow population from LJX.In addition,there was a significant interaction between population and paternity in the analyses of the fitness-related traits,suggesting that environmental variation could affect female genetic benefits from EPP.This study confirmed the existence of presumed interactions between environmental pollution and EPP within the natural population of socially monogamous Tree Sparrows.Our findings shed lights on the possible effects of long-term environmental stress on mating system in wild birds.展开更多
普适图像传输系统(Flexible Image Transport System,FITS)是天文学领域应用最广泛的数据格式。自从20世纪80年代FITS格式被国际天文联合会(IAU)正式公布为国际标准以来,大部分的天文数据都是以FITS文件的形式在世界各地的数据中心和天...普适图像传输系统(Flexible Image Transport System,FITS)是天文学领域应用最广泛的数据格式。自从20世纪80年代FITS格式被国际天文联合会(IAU)正式公布为国际标准以来,大部分的天文数据都是以FITS文件的形式在世界各地的数据中心和天文学家手中保存和交换。采用文件系统方式保存管理的FITS数据文件,很难适应程序化的检索和定位需求。随着FITS文件数量的不断增加以及虚拟天文台技术的发展,为这些以文件形式保存的天文数据提供检索功能的需求越来越迫切。FITS头以关键词值对的形式确切定义了所属FITS文件的结构,还提供了数据本身诸多特性的重要信息。FITS头中保存的这些信息可以满足大部分FITS数据文件查询检索的需求。将FITS头中的信息利用数据库来保存和管理,可以极大的方便对FITS文件的检索和定位。FITS头归档入库系统(FitHAS)是中国虚拟天文台项目开发的一个简单实用的FITS头信息归档入库工具,能够方便的将单个或者多个FITS文件的主FITS头信息导入到数据库中,为FITS数据文件的查询检索奠定基础,进而为虚拟天文台等更高层次的数据访问服务部署创造条件。本文介绍FITS数据格式,FITS头的基本结构;探讨虚拟天文台环境下FITS数据文件检索定位的实现方式;阐述FitHAS的功能特点、设计开发和使用方法。展开更多
简单介绍了天文图像的标准格式FITS及其读写软件包CFITSIO的主要功能和特点。平场校正FITS(Flexible Image Transport System),即灵活图像传输系统,是标准的天文数据格式。随着功能的不断增强,FITS已经由原来专为磁带而设计的简单格式[1...简单介绍了天文图像的标准格式FITS及其读写软件包CFITSIO的主要功能和特点。平场校正FITS(Flexible Image Transport System),即灵活图像传输系统,是标准的天文数据格式。随着功能的不断增强,FITS已经由原来专为磁带而设计的简单格式[1]演化为现在复杂的数据结构,从起初不同分析软件之间数据交换的媒介,发展为当今众多软件包数据归档和在线分析的方式[2]。对于普通用户,使用相应的软件包无疑是读写这种功能强大、结构复杂文件的有效方法。将在第一节介绍FITS的历史由来以及主要的格式定义;在第二节讲述如何使用CFITSIO对该格式文件进行读写操作。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32370508)the Foundation for Excellent Doctoral Student of Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(No.23JRRA1125)。
文摘Females actively seek extra-pair paternity(EPP)to acquire a fitness advantage for their offspring.The“contextdependence hypothesis”posits that female extra-pair mate choice has plasticity in response to environmental conditions,and therefore magnitude of female genetic benefits from EPP depends on the environmental variation.Furthermore,chronic heavy metal pollution can cause adverse effects on fitness-related traits of wild birds.However,few studies were available on the interactions between heavy metal pollution and EPP.We selected an area that was contaminated by heavy metals for more than 60 years(Baiyin,BY),a relatively unpolluted area(Liujiaxia,LJX),and Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus)as study species to explore the response of female extrapair mate choice and genetic benefits from EPP to heavy metal pollution in socially monogamous birds.The relatedness between social mates and extra-pair mates was investigated.Additionally,we compared the body size and heterozygosity of extra-pair offspring(EPO),within-pair offspring(WPO),social males and extra-pair males from the two Tree Sparrow populations.We found that at BY,female Tree Sparrows tended to choose extra-pair males with larger body size and lower genetic similarity,thereby producing higher heterozygosity and larger body size of EPO compared with those of WPO.However,no similar phenomenon was observed in the Tree Sparrow population from LJX.In addition,there was a significant interaction between population and paternity in the analyses of the fitness-related traits,suggesting that environmental variation could affect female genetic benefits from EPP.This study confirmed the existence of presumed interactions between environmental pollution and EPP within the natural population of socially monogamous Tree Sparrows.Our findings shed lights on the possible effects of long-term environmental stress on mating system in wild birds.
文摘普适图像传输系统(Flexible Image Transport System,FITS)是天文学领域应用最广泛的数据格式。自从20世纪80年代FITS格式被国际天文联合会(IAU)正式公布为国际标准以来,大部分的天文数据都是以FITS文件的形式在世界各地的数据中心和天文学家手中保存和交换。采用文件系统方式保存管理的FITS数据文件,很难适应程序化的检索和定位需求。随着FITS文件数量的不断增加以及虚拟天文台技术的发展,为这些以文件形式保存的天文数据提供检索功能的需求越来越迫切。FITS头以关键词值对的形式确切定义了所属FITS文件的结构,还提供了数据本身诸多特性的重要信息。FITS头中保存的这些信息可以满足大部分FITS数据文件查询检索的需求。将FITS头中的信息利用数据库来保存和管理,可以极大的方便对FITS文件的检索和定位。FITS头归档入库系统(FitHAS)是中国虚拟天文台项目开发的一个简单实用的FITS头信息归档入库工具,能够方便的将单个或者多个FITS文件的主FITS头信息导入到数据库中,为FITS数据文件的查询检索奠定基础,进而为虚拟天文台等更高层次的数据访问服务部署创造条件。本文介绍FITS数据格式,FITS头的基本结构;探讨虚拟天文台环境下FITS数据文件检索定位的实现方式;阐述FitHAS的功能特点、设计开发和使用方法。
文摘简单介绍了天文图像的标准格式FITS及其读写软件包CFITSIO的主要功能和特点。平场校正FITS(Flexible Image Transport System),即灵活图像传输系统,是标准的天文数据格式。随着功能的不断增强,FITS已经由原来专为磁带而设计的简单格式[1]演化为现在复杂的数据结构,从起初不同分析软件之间数据交换的媒介,发展为当今众多软件包数据归档和在线分析的方式[2]。对于普通用户,使用相应的软件包无疑是读写这种功能强大、结构复杂文件的有效方法。将在第一节介绍FITS的历史由来以及主要的格式定义;在第二节讲述如何使用CFITSIO对该格式文件进行读写操作。
