Background The most critical mechanism governing drug resistance in Candida albicans （C. albicans） involves efflux pumps, the functionality of which largely depends on energy metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase I （A...Background The most critical mechanism governing drug resistance in Candida albicans （C. albicans） involves efflux pumps, the functionality of which largely depends on energy metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase I （ADH1） plays an important role in intracellular energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between ADH1 and drug resistance in C. albicans. Methods Twenty clinical C. albicans samples isolated from individual patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis, and two C. albicans strains obtained from a single parental source （the fluconazole （FLC）-sensitive strain CA-1s and the FLC-resistant strain CA-16R） were included in our study. In accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute （CLSI） M27-A3 guidelines, we used the microdilution method to examine the FLC minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） to measure the mRNA expression levels of ADH1 and the azole resistance genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, FLU1 and ERG11 in all the isolates. Results A highly significant positive correlation between the mRNA levels of ADH1 and the MICs （r =0.921, P=0.000）, as well as positive correlations between the mRNA level of ADH1 and those of CDR1, CDR2 and FLU1 （rs of 0.704, 0.772 and 0.779, respectively, P 〈0.01）, were observed in the 20 clinical C. albicans samples. The relative expression of ADH1 was upregulated 10.63- to 17.61-fold in all of the drug-resistant isolates. No correlations were found between the mRNA levels of ADH1 and those of MDR1 or ERG11 （P 〉0.05）. The mRNA levels of the examined drug resistance genes were higher in the CA-16R strain than in CA-1s, and the mRNA levels of ADH1 in CA-16R were 11.64-fold higher than those in CA-1s （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions These results suggest that high levels of ADH1 transcription are implicated in FLC resistance in C. albicans and that the mRNA expression levels of ADH1 are positively correlated with those of CDR1, CDR2 and FLU1.展开更多
To the Editor： Bird flu or avian flu, caused by H5N1 virus, is a new emerging infectious disease. It is noted that this H5N1 virus jumped the species barrier and caused severe disease with high mortality in humans in...To the Editor： Bird flu or avian flu, caused by H5N1 virus, is a new emerging infectious disease. It is noted that this H5N1 virus jumped the species barrier and caused severe disease with high mortality in humans in many countries. The continued westward dissemination of H5N1 influenza A viruses in avian populations and the nearly 50% mortality of humans infected with H5N1 are a source of great international concern.1 Providing sufficient antiviral drugs and development and approval of new vaccines are the keys for control of the possible emerging pandemic of this atypical influenza.1＇2 Based on the advance in bioinformatics, the immunomics becomes a new alternative in vaccine development.3 Advanced technologies for vaccine development, such as genome sequence analysis, microarray, proteomics approach, high-throughput cloning, bioinformatics database tools and computational vaccinology can be applied for vaccine development of several diseases including new emerging diseases.展开更多
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 81171542, 30972660）, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China （No. 10151008901000131）, Guangzhou Key Technology RD Program, China （No. 2010J-E011）, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities （No. 21611509）.
文摘Background The most critical mechanism governing drug resistance in Candida albicans （C. albicans） involves efflux pumps, the functionality of which largely depends on energy metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase I （ADH1） plays an important role in intracellular energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between ADH1 and drug resistance in C. albicans. Methods Twenty clinical C. albicans samples isolated from individual patients diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis, and two C. albicans strains obtained from a single parental source （the fluconazole （FLC）-sensitive strain CA-1s and the FLC-resistant strain CA-16R） were included in our study. In accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute （CLSI） M27-A3 guidelines, we used the microdilution method to examine the FLC minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） to measure the mRNA expression levels of ADH1 and the azole resistance genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, FLU1 and ERG11 in all the isolates. Results A highly significant positive correlation between the mRNA levels of ADH1 and the MICs （r =0.921, P=0.000）, as well as positive correlations between the mRNA level of ADH1 and those of CDR1, CDR2 and FLU1 （rs of 0.704, 0.772 and 0.779, respectively, P 〈0.01）, were observed in the 20 clinical C. albicans samples. The relative expression of ADH1 was upregulated 10.63- to 17.61-fold in all of the drug-resistant isolates. No correlations were found between the mRNA levels of ADH1 and those of MDR1 or ERG11 （P 〉0.05）. The mRNA levels of the examined drug resistance genes were higher in the CA-16R strain than in CA-1s, and the mRNA levels of ADH1 in CA-16R were 11.64-fold higher than those in CA-1s （P 〈0.05）. Conclusions These results suggest that high levels of ADH1 transcription are implicated in FLC resistance in C. albicans and that the mRNA expression levels of ADH1 are positively correlated with those of CDR1, CDR2 and FLU1.
文摘To the Editor： Bird flu or avian flu, caused by H5N1 virus, is a new emerging infectious disease. It is noted that this H5N1 virus jumped the species barrier and caused severe disease with high mortality in humans in many countries. The continued westward dissemination of H5N1 influenza A viruses in avian populations and the nearly 50% mortality of humans infected with H5N1 are a source of great international concern.1 Providing sufficient antiviral drugs and development and approval of new vaccines are the keys for control of the possible emerging pandemic of this atypical influenza.1＇2 Based on the advance in bioinformatics, the immunomics becomes a new alternative in vaccine development.3 Advanced technologies for vaccine development, such as genome sequence analysis, microarray, proteomics approach, high-throughput cloning, bioinformatics database tools and computational vaccinology can be applied for vaccine development of several diseases including new emerging diseases.
