综述了类FMRF酰胺肽(FMRFamide related peptide,简称FaRP或FLP)的G蛋白偶联受体的分类地位、结构特征、功能,包括其配体的结构和功能,以及验证FLP-GPCR功能方面的常用技术(异源基因表达和RNA干扰)和存在问题,并论述了FLP-GPCR在生物药...综述了类FMRF酰胺肽(FMRFamide related peptide,简称FaRP或FLP)的G蛋白偶联受体的分类地位、结构特征、功能,包括其配体的结构和功能,以及验证FLP-GPCR功能方面的常用技术(异源基因表达和RNA干扰)和存在问题,并论述了FLP-GPCR在生物药物研发中的作用。展开更多
Cardioexcitatory neuropeptide （FMRFamide） was discovered in the ganglia of the clam （Macrocallista nimbosa）. Neuropeptide consisting of four kinds of amino acid, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH<sub>2</sub>, has alr...Cardioexcitatory neuropeptide （FMRFamide） was discovered in the ganglia of the clam （Macrocallista nimbosa）. Neuropeptide consisting of four kinds of amino acid, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH<sub>2</sub>, has already been artificially synthesized. FMRFamide may influence the rhythmicity of the heart of mollusc and the contraction of the antenna in the snail,展开更多
To whom it may concern： Co-organized by the Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ＆ Yunnan Province and Zoological Research, two special issues for Primates...To whom it may concern： Co-organized by the Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ＆ Yunnan Province and Zoological Research, two special issues for Primates and Animal models of Human diseases [32（1）,2011 ＆ 33（1）,2012] have been released. The first special issue [32（1）, 2011] has significantly increased the journal hits on PubMed （500 times more than last month） and during the next couple of months, the editorial office received about 40 related submissions. After peer-reviewing, 18 manuscripts have been accepted and published in the second special issue [33（1）,2012].展开更多
Afferent and efferent neural elements of the retina and central ganglia in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus were labelled using retrograde transport of neurobiotin through the optic nerve.Axons of at least so...Afferent and efferent neural elements of the retina and central ganglia in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus were labelled using retrograde transport of neurobiotin through the optic nerve.Axons of at least some photoreceptor cells become direct contributors to the optic nerve as no synaptic junctions could be detected.The processes enter the cerebral ganglion and form a dense bundle of thin afferent fibres,the so-called optical neuropil.Efferent neurons were revealed in all ganglia,except the buccal ones.Some of the ascending axons branch in the cerebral ganglia,cross the cerebro-cerebral commissure,reach the contralateral eye and form arborizations in the eye cup.Some efferent neurons send axons to different peripheral nerves as well：n.n.intestinalis,pallialis dexter,pallialis sinister internus et externus.Serotonin-and FMRF-amide-ergic fibres were revealed in the optic nerve.These fibres belong to those central neurons which send their axons to the ipsilateral eye only.They form abundant varicoses in the eye cup and nuclear layer of the retina,and possibly help to regulate retinal sensitivity to light.展开更多
Identifying the life-history strategies of fish and their associations with the surrounding environment is the basic foundation in the conservation and sustainable utilization of fish species.We examined the age,growt...Identifying the life-history strategies of fish and their associations with the surrounding environment is the basic foundation in the conservation and sustainable utilization of fish species.We examined the age,growth,and reproduction of Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis using 352 specimens collected monthly from May 2009 to April 2010 in the Qingyi Stream.We found the sex ratio of this study population was 0.58:1(female:male),significantly different from expected 1:1.Females and males both comprised four age groups.The annuli on the scales were formed during February and March.No obvious between-sex difference was observed in length-weight and length-scale-radius relationships.The total length in back-calculation significantly increased with age for both sexes,but did not differ significantly at each age between the two sexes.An inflection point was observed in the growth curves given by the von Bertalanffy growth function for total weight.At this inflection point,fish were 3.95 years.Both sexes reach their 50% sex maturity at age 2,when females and males were 94.7 mm and 103.0 mm total length.The temporal pattern of the gonado-somatic index corresponded to a spawning period that occurred from April through July.The non-synchronicity of egg diameter in each mature ovary during the breeding period suggested these fish may be batch spawners.The absolute fecundity increased significantly with total length and weight,whereas no significant correlation was observed between the relative fecundity and body size.展开更多
Population viability analysis(PVA) is a tool to evaluate the risk of extinction for endangered species and aid conservation decision-making.The quality of PVA output is dependent on parameters related to population dy...Population viability analysis(PVA) is a tool to evaluate the risk of extinction for endangered species and aid conservation decision-making.The quality of PVA output is dependent on parameters related to population dynamics and life-history;however,it has been difficult to collect this information for the giant panda(Aliuropoda melanoleuca),a rare and endangered mammal native to China,confined to some 30 fragmented habitat patches.Since giant pandas are long-lived,mature late,have lower reproductive rates,and show little sexual dimorphism,obtaining data to perform adequate PVA has been difficult.Here,we develop a parameter sensitivity index by modeling the dynamics of six giant panda populations in the Minshan Mountains,in order to determine the parameters most influential to giant panda populations.Our data shows that the giant panda populations are most sensitive to changes in four female parameters:initial breeding age,reproductive rate,mortality rate between age 0 and 1,and mortality rate of adults.The parameter sensitivity index strongly correlated with initial population size,as smaller populations were more sensitive to changes in these four variables.This model suggests that demographic parameters of females have more influence on the results of PVA,indicating that females may play a more important role in giant panda population dynamics than males.Consequently,reintroduction of female individuals to a small giant panda population should be a high priority for conservation efforts.Our findings form a technical basis for the coming program of giant panda reintroduction,and inform which parameters are crucial to successfully and feasibly monitoring wild giant panda populations.展开更多
Using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy,we studied the structure of the integument and wax glands of the mealybug,Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang(Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae).We observed the ultrast...Using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy,we studied the structure of the integument and wax glands of the mealybug,Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang(Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae).We observed the ultrastructure of four wax pores including trilocular,quinquelocular,and multilocular pores as well as tubular ducts,recording characteristics of their structure,size and distribution.We found that that the integument of the mealybug consists of three main layers-the procuticle,epidermis and basement membrane-and four sub-layers of the procuticle-the epicuticle,exocuticle,endocuticle and formation zone.The waxsecreting gland cells were closely arranged in epidermis.All of them were complex and composed of one central cell and two or more lateral cells.These complex cells possess a large common reservoir for collection and storage.Synthesized by the glandular cells,the wax is excreted outside integument through canals.展开更多
文摘Cardioexcitatory neuropeptide （FMRFamide） was discovered in the ganglia of the clam （Macrocallista nimbosa）. Neuropeptide consisting of four kinds of amino acid, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH<sub>2</sub>, has already been artificially synthesized. FMRFamide may influence the rhythmicity of the heart of mollusc and the contraction of the antenna in the snail,
文摘To whom it may concern： Co-organized by the Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ＆ Yunnan Province and Zoological Research, two special issues for Primates and Animal models of Human diseases [32（1）,2011 ＆ 33（1）,2012] have been released. The first special issue [32（1）, 2011] has significantly increased the journal hits on PubMed （500 times more than last month） and during the next couple of months, the editorial office received about 40 related submissions. After peer-reviewing, 18 manuscripts have been accepted and published in the second special issue [33（1）,2012].
文摘Afferent and efferent neural elements of the retina and central ganglia in the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus were labelled using retrograde transport of neurobiotin through the optic nerve.Axons of at least some photoreceptor cells become direct contributors to the optic nerve as no synaptic junctions could be detected.The processes enter the cerebral ganglion and form a dense bundle of thin afferent fibres,the so-called optical neuropil.Efferent neurons were revealed in all ganglia,except the buccal ones.Some of the ascending axons branch in the cerebral ganglia,cross the cerebro-cerebral commissure,reach the contralateral eye and form arborizations in the eye cup.Some efferent neurons send axons to different peripheral nerves as well：n.n.intestinalis,pallialis dexter,pallialis sinister internus et externus.Serotonin-and FMRF-amide-ergic fibres were revealed in the optic nerve.These fibres belong to those central neurons which send their axons to the ipsilateral eye only.They form abundant varicoses in the eye cup and nuclear layer of the retina,and possibly help to regulate retinal sensitivity to light.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB119200)Natural Science Foundation of China(31172120)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(090413080)
文摘Identifying the life-history strategies of fish and their associations with the surrounding environment is the basic foundation in the conservation and sustainable utilization of fish species.We examined the age,growth,and reproduction of Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis using 352 specimens collected monthly from May 2009 to April 2010 in the Qingyi Stream.We found the sex ratio of this study population was 0.58:1(female:male),significantly different from expected 1:1.Females and males both comprised four age groups.The annuli on the scales were formed during February and March.No obvious between-sex difference was observed in length-weight and length-scale-radius relationships.The total length in back-calculation significantly increased with age for both sexes,but did not differ significantly at each age between the two sexes.An inflection point was observed in the growth curves given by the von Bertalanffy growth function for total weight.At this inflection point,fish were 3.95 years.Both sexes reach their 50% sex maturity at age 2,when females and males were 94.7 mm and 103.0 mm total length.The temporal pattern of the gonado-somatic index corresponded to a spawning period that occurred from April through July.The non-synchronicity of egg diameter in each mature ovary during the breeding period suggested these fish may be batch spawners.The absolute fecundity increased significantly with total length and weight,whereas no significant correlation was observed between the relative fecundity and body size.
基金funded by the State Forestry Administration,China
文摘Population viability analysis(PVA) is a tool to evaluate the risk of extinction for endangered species and aid conservation decision-making.The quality of PVA output is dependent on parameters related to population dynamics and life-history;however,it has been difficult to collect this information for the giant panda(Aliuropoda melanoleuca),a rare and endangered mammal native to China,confined to some 30 fragmented habitat patches.Since giant pandas are long-lived,mature late,have lower reproductive rates,and show little sexual dimorphism,obtaining data to perform adequate PVA has been difficult.Here,we develop a parameter sensitivity index by modeling the dynamics of six giant panda populations in the Minshan Mountains,in order to determine the parameters most influential to giant panda populations.Our data shows that the giant panda populations are most sensitive to changes in four female parameters:initial breeding age,reproductive rate,mortality rate between age 0 and 1,and mortality rate of adults.The parameter sensitivity index strongly correlated with initial population size,as smaller populations were more sensitive to changes in these four variables.This model suggests that demographic parameters of females have more influence on the results of PVA,indicating that females may play a more important role in giant panda population dynamics than males.Consequently,reintroduction of female individuals to a small giant panda population should be a high priority for conservation efforts.Our findings form a technical basis for the coming program of giant panda reintroduction,and inform which parameters are crucial to successfully and feasibly monitoring wild giant panda populations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070584)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2010011042-12011021029-2)
文摘Using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy,we studied the structure of the integument and wax glands of the mealybug,Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang(Hemiptera:Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae).We observed the ultrastructure of four wax pores including trilocular,quinquelocular,and multilocular pores as well as tubular ducts,recording characteristics of their structure,size and distribution.We found that that the integument of the mealybug consists of three main layers-the procuticle,epidermis and basement membrane-and four sub-layers of the procuticle-the epicuticle,exocuticle,endocuticle and formation zone.The waxsecreting gland cells were closely arranged in epidermis.All of them were complex and composed of one central cell and two or more lateral cells.These complex cells possess a large common reservoir for collection and storage.Synthesized by the glandular cells,the wax is excreted outside integument through canals.
