Accurate Jones Matrix of the Practical Faraday Rotator

The Jones matrix of practical Faraday rotators is often used in the engineering calculation of non-reciprocal optical field. Nevertheless, only the approximate Jones matrix of practical Faraday rotators has been presented by now. Based on the theory of polarized light, this paper presents the accurate Jones matrix of practical Faraday rotators. In addition, an experiment has been carried out to verify the validity of the accurate Jones matrix. This matrix accurately describes the optical characteristics of practical Faraday rotators, including rotation, loss and depolarization of the polarized light. The accurate Jones matrix can be used to obtain the accurate results for the practical Faraday rotator to transform the polarized light, which paves the way for the accurate analysis and calculation of practical Faraday rotators in relevant engineering applications.

Detection of Nitric Oxide with Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy at 5.33μm

We report the development of a static magnetic eld Faraday rotation spectrometer for NO detection.A 5.33μm continuous-wave quantum cascade laser was used as the probing laser.Line absorption at 1875.81 cm^−1(2Π3=2Q(3/2),v=1←0)was chosen for the detection.By using a Chernin type multipass cell,a detection precision of 1.15 ppbv(1σ,1s)was achieved with an absorption pathlength of 108 m.This value was reduced to 0.43 ppbv by increasing the data-acquisition time to 15 s.

Generation of Atomic Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States Based on Faraday Rotation

Based on the input-output relation of the cavity and the Faraday Rotation mechanism, we propose a scheme for generating the n-atom Greenberger Horne-Zeilinger state. In the scheme, the n-atom trapped respectively in n spatially separate cavities would be entangled with the photons going through the atom-cavity system. The successful probabilities of our protocol approach unity in the ideal case. What is more, no requirement for separately addressing further lowers experimental difficulties.

Optimal multi-photon entanglement concentration with the photonic Faraday rotation

We put forward an optimal entanglement concentration protocol（ECP） for recovering an arbitrary less-entangled multi-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger（GHZ） state into the maximally entangled GHZ state based on the photonic Faraday rotation in low-quality（Q） cavity. In the ECP, only one pair of less-entangled multi-photon GHZ state and one auxiliary photon are required, and the concentration task can be realized by local operations. Moreover, our ECP can be used repeatedly to further concentrate the discarded items of conventional ECPs, which can increase its success probability largely. Under the practical imperfect detection condition, our protocol can still work with relatively high success probability. This ECP has application potential in current and future quantum communication.

Real-Time Dynamic Spectrum Analysis for Plasma Electron Density and Faraday Rotation Angle Measurement on HL-2A

Electron density and Faraday rotation angle are important physical parameters in nuclear fusion research.To measure them simultaneously,the three-wave polarimeter/interferometer diagnostic system is applied.Both the final probe output signal and the reference signal contain three frequency components.The time-varying phase difference curve of each frequency component can be measured by the Real-time Dynamic Spectrum Analysis（RDSA）method based on Field-Programmable Gate Array（FPGA）.The phase difference precision is better than 0.1° and the real-time feedback delay is less than 1 ms,which satisfy the requirements of HL-2A.

YbBi:YIG石榴石单晶的磁光性能及其光纤电流传感器应用

Magneto optic(MO) fiber current sensors utility the Faraday effect of magneto op tic materials to sensing the magnetic(current)fields.The optical fiber sensors(O FS)offer great advantages of simple structure,high reliability,high accuracy and sensibility,immunity to electromagnetic interference.They are the most promised method to substitute the conventional current transducers(CTs),much attentions were focused on both domestic and abroad.Magneto optic properties of Faraday se n sing element have much affect on the performance of the optical fiber current se nsor.For used in the sensor system,MO materials with magneto optic characterist i cs of large Faraday rotation(FR)angle θ f ,low temperature sensibility,and suitable saturation field were general demanded. Development of MO materials is one of the most important problems of optical fiber current sensor research. In this paper,one mixed doped Bi substituted yttrium iron garnet crystal BiYb:Y I G, which has large and temperature stable FR angle,was grown from high temperatu re flux.By taking PbO+PbF 2 as the main flux,under the compositions of molar ra tio Y 2O 3:Yb 2O 3:Bi 2O 3:Fe 2O 3:(PbO+PbF 2+B 2O 3+CaCO 3)=7.64:1. 04:1.74:20.78:78:68.8,crystals of quite good quality were grown from melt flux,t he largest one has the size of 22mm×15mm×12mm.Magneto optic proprieties of Fa raday rotation angle and optical absorption spectrum of the BiYb:YIG crystal,expecial ly Y 2.289 Yb 0.246 Bi 0.465 Fe 5O 12 ,in the range of 0.7 1.9 μm waveband were measured.At λ =1.55μm,the BiYb:YIG crystal has special Fa raday rotation angle of -404deg/cm,temperature coefficient 4.2×10 -6 K -1 ,optical absorption coefficient 3.6cm -1 ,and figure of merit 25.8deg/dB . The results indicate that substituted with Bi 3+ can largely improve the Fa raday rotation of rear earth iron garnets.Because Faraday rotation angles of Yb 3Fe 5O 12 and Y 3Fe 5O 12 have opposite temperature dependency,ut ility the compensation effect of mix doped,co doped with some other ions,such a s Yb 3+ ,would decrease the temperature dependency of Bi substituted garnet. So the garnet crystal BiYb:YIG has high and temperature stable Faraday rotation an gle,very suitable to be used as Faraday effect materials for high sensibility an d temperature stable Optical fiber current sensors.Using BiYb:YIG as Faraday rot ation cell,a hybrid bulk crystal optical fiber current sensor was proposed and t ests under direct current(DC) and 50Hz alternating current(AC).The performance c haracteristics of the sensors system were:DC measurement,sensibility 0.01A, l inea rity 1.1%;AC measurement,sensibility 9.5A/mV ,accuracy ±1%,linearity 1.1%,dynam ic range 40dB.In conclusion,Faraday effect magneto optic optical fiber current sensors have higher sensibility and accuracy than conventional CTs.

A review of methods for mitigating ionospheric artifacts in differential SAR interferometry

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR)has been widely used to measure ground displacements related to geophysical and anthropic activities over the past three decades.Satellite SAR systems use microwave signals that interact with the ionosphere when they travel through it during the imaging processes.In this context,ionospheric variations can significantly contaminate SAR imagery,which in turn affects spaceborne InSAR measurements.This bias also leads to a decrease in the coherence and accuracy of InSAR measurements,especially for the low-frequency SAR systems.In this paper,we give an overview of the latest methods for mitigating the ionospheric contributions in InSAR,including Faraday rotation method,azimuth shift method,and range split-spectrum method,and only focus on the single pair of InSAR interferograms.The current challenges and future perspectives are outlined at the end of this paper.

Recent Progress of the HL-2A Multi-Channel HCOOH Laser Interferometer/Polarimeter

A multichannel methanoic acid （HCOOH, λ=432.5 μm） laser interferometer/polarimeter is being developed from the previous eight-channel hydrogen cyanide （HCN, λ=337 μm） laser interferometer in the HL-2A tokamak. A conventional Michelson-type interometer is used for the electron density measurement, and a Dodel-Kunz-type polarimeter is used for the Faraday rotation effect measurement, respectively. Each HCOOH laser can produce a linearly polarized radiation at a power lever of -30 mW, and a power stability 〈10% in 50 rain. A beam waist （diameter d0 ≈12.0 mm, about 200 mm away from the outlet） is finally determined through a chopping modulation technique. The latest optical layout of the interferometer/polarimeter has been finished, and the hardware data processing system based on the fast Fourier transform phase- comparator technique is being explored. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the diagnostic scheme, two associated bench simulation experiments were carried out in the laboratory, in which the plasma was simulated by a piece of polytetrafluoroethene plate, and the Faraday rotation effect was simulated by a rotating half-wave plate. Simulation results agreed well with the initial experimental conditions. At present, the HCOOH laser interferometer/polarimeter system is being assembled on HL-2A, and is planned to be applied in the 2014-2015 experimental campaign.

Analysis of atom detection via the magnetic optical effect

We demonstrated a new method of atom detection by means of the magnetic optical effect. The number density of the atom cloud was measured by detecting the rotation angle of the polarization plane of linearly polarized probe light when propagating inside the atomic cloud. Detuning, the magnetic field and light intensity dependencies of the rotation angle were studied theoretically and experimentally to find the best parameter for atom detection. In this way, we managed to achieve a rotation angle of 0.22 rad with a signal to noise ratio （SNR） of 75 and a contrast of 87.5%.

Optical measurements and analytical modeling of magnetic field generated in a dieletric target

Polarization rotation of a probe pulse by the target is observed with the Faraday rotation method in the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a solid target. The rotation of the polarization plane of the probe pulse may result from a combined action of fused silica and diffused electrons. After the irradiation of the main pulse, the rotation angle changed significantly and lasted ~2 ps. These phenomena may imply a persistent magnetic field inside the target. An analytical model is developed to explain the experimental observation. The model indicates that a strong toroidal magnetic field is induced by an energetic electron beam. Meanwhile, an ionization channel is observed in the shadowgraph and extends at the speed of light after the irradiation of the main beam. The formation of this ionization channel is complex, and a simple explanation is given.

Preparation and Performance of Magneto-optical Glasses Doped with Tb^(3+)/Dy^(3+)

In order to increase the content of rare-earth oxides in magneto-optical glass and improve the Verdet constant, the rare-earth doped ternary Ga2O3-B2O3-SiO2（GBS） system magneto-optical glasses were prepared by the melt quenching technique. The infl uence of Tb3＋ and Dy3＋ ions on the structure of GBS glasses was investigated using FTIR, DSC and Faraday rotations. The experimental results showed that the content of rare-earth oxides in the glasses with the double incorporation of Tb2O3 and Dy2O3 was higher. The crystallization parameter β achieved the maximum 0.48 with Tb3＋/Dy3＋ content of 35mol%. Terbium oxide existed mainly in [TbO3] units in the glasses and [TbO4] units were converted into [TbO3] with increasing Tb2O3 content. As Ga3＋ ion is larger than B3＋ ion in radius, leading to an increasing of the glass network gap and improvement in the ability of accommodating rare earth ions, Verdet constant increased.

Spin noise spectroscopy of rubidium atomic gas under resonant and non-resonant conditions

The spin fluctuation in rubidium atom gas is studied via all-optical spin noise spectroscopy（SNS）.Experimental results show that the integrated SNS signal and its full width at half maximum（FWHM） strongly depend on the frequency detuning of the probe light under resonant and non-resonant conditions.The total integrated SNS signal can be well fitted with a single squared Faraday rotation spectrum and the FWHM dependence may be related to the absorption profile of the sample.

Influence of linear birefringence on Faraday effect measurement for optical fibers

The influence of the linear birefringence on magneto-optical property measurement for optical fibers is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The evolution of polarization in fibers is simulated by the Jones matrix. To verify this theoretical model, a magneto-optical system is built to measure the input azimuth, output azimuth and ellipticity. The Faraday rotation of spun fibers with different pitches is measured. The Verdet constant increases, while the linear birefringence decreases as the pitch becomes smaller. For spun fibers with 1 mm pitch, the Verdet constant can be enhanced by about 20.7% at 660 nm, compared with that of the unspun fiber. The results indicate that smaller linear birefringence can provide more accurate Faraday rotation measurement.

Tunable and switchable polarization rotation with non-reciprocal plasmonic thin films at designated wavelengths

We experimentally demonstrate an ultra-thin plasmonic optical rotator in the visible regime that induces a polarization rotation that is continuously tunable and switchable by an external magnetic field.The rotator is a magneto-plasmonic hybrid structure consisting of a magneto-optical EuSe slab and a one-dimensional plasmonic gold grating.At low temperatures,EuSe possesses a large Verdet constant and exhibits Faraday rotation,which does not saturate over a regime of several Tesla.By combining these properties with plasmonic Faraday rotation enhancement,a large tuning range of the polarization rotation of up to 8.4° for a film thickness of 220 nm is achieved.Furthermore,through experiments and simulations,we demonstrate that the unique dispersion properties of the structure enable us to tailor the wavelengths of the tunable polarization rotation to arbitrary spectral positions within the transparency window of the magneto-optical slab.The demonstrated concept might lead to important,highly integrated,non-reciprocal,photonic devices for light modulation,optical isolation,and magnetic field optical sensing.The simple fabrication of EuSe nanostructures by physical vapor deposition opens the way for many potentially interesting magneto-plasmonic systems and three-dimensional magneto-optical metamaterials.

Controlled Phase Flip Gate and Its Application in Low-Q Cavities by Single-Photon Input-Output Process

By employing an auxiliary cavity, we investigate the possibility to implement the conditional phase flip （CPF） gate on two atoms confined in separate 1ow-Q cavities by single-photon input-output process, based on the Faraday rotation. This indicates a universal quantum computing available with sophisticated cavity QED techniques. As examples, we carry out generation of duster states of distant atomic qubits and accomplish a teleportation based on Bell-state measurement in low-Q cavities.