Study on Deepening Rural Land Reform and Farmers’ Income

The rural land system reform is an essential part of China s rural economic system reform.In recent years,China s rural land system becomes gradually diversified,and is developing towards market and benefiting people,which is favorable for improving the rural economy.Through more than 40 years of reform and opening up,China s rural land system reform has been continuously deepened and sectionalized,which has also affected the income of farmers.Rural land reform provides great opportunities for farmers to increase their income and contribute to the realization of land asset income and interests.However,the rural land system reform also has some drawbacks,which limit the increase of farmers income.This paper attempts to analyze the internal logic of land system reform and farmers land interests,and accordingly comes up with recommendations for deepening the rural land reform.

Research on Farmers' Property Income in Jiangsu Province

Relying on the statistics,the property income status of Jiangsu Province is expounded.In the first place,farmers' property income takes a low proportion to the total income for its small cardinal number;in the second place,although farmers' property income has increased continuously,the growth fluctuates;in the third place,the growth tempo of farmers' property income is faster than the growth tempo of net income;in the fourth place,per capita property income of farmers is obviously lower than that of urban residents.The reasons that affect the property income of farmers in Jiangsu Province are analyzed,which cover low income level of rural residents,imperfect land system,imperfect rural financial system,imperfect rural housing system and imperfect rural social security system.On the basis of the above analysis,the targeted measures on improving the property income of farmers in Jiangsu Province are put forward.Firstly,the government should improve farmers' income and lay solid foundation for property income;secondly,the government should clarify land property rights and explore the land transfer situation;thirdly,the government should accelerate rural financial system reform and perfect rural financial system;fourthly,the government should vigorously implement the transfer of houses in rural collective residents and perfect rural housing rent market;fifthly,the government should promote the reform of rural social security system and solve farmers' worries.

Land Circulation and Increase of Farmers' Income: A Case Study of Dazhou City

With adjustment of rural industrial structure,development of rural secondary and tertiary industries,and transfer of rural labor,rural land circulation is accelerating. However,due to ideas,household contract responsibility system,and lack of well-established market mechanism and effective management organizations,land circulation in Dazhou is still very slow and its contribution to increase of farmers' income is to be improved. Through survey on increase of farmers' income after land circulation in Dazhou,it analyzed plight of land circulation,in the hope of seeking feasible paths for increasing farmers' income.

Comparative Study on Property Income of Farmers in Shaanxi Province

According to statistic data of Shaanxi Province during 1997 to 2010,I conducted a comparative analysis on farmers' property income from region,urban and rural factors and structure,established regression model,and studied the relationship between farmers' property income and gross income.Results show that the growth of average property income of farmers in Shaanxi Province is clearly slow,and the gap is widening from the average national level;except 2001 and 2002,the average property income of urban and rural residents of Shaanxi Province kept a great difference;the proportion of rural residents' property income is very small,basically not higher than 3%;there is a significant correlation between the property income and gross income of farmers in Shaanxi Province.Energetically developing rural economy and increasing farmers' property are favorable to growth of farmers' property income.

How Can Chinese Farmers' Property Income Be Improved?A Population-Land Coupling Urbanization Mechanism

Balancing urban and rural development is an important political goal in China.The failure of rural land privatization has led to a low level of rural economic development and a vast property income gap between citizens and farmers.This paper illustrates the reasons for property income inequality from the perspective of the land tenure system and the dualistic household registration system.After evaluating the segmentation of the rural land market and the rigid nature of rural land assets,a population-land coupling urbanization mechanism is proposed.The paper argues that China s land property system has externalized a high degree of geospatial and social urban and rural intertwinement.Major reform of the rural land property rights system is required to correct the situation(further development of the social security system and stable urbanization)and to increase property income potential for farmers.

喀斯特地区土地流转如何促进农户增收?——基于8省3678户的经验证据

充分发挥喀斯特地区土地流转的农户增收效应是推进山地农业高质量发展的有效渠道。基于中国喀斯特地区8个省区市3 678户农户微观调研数据,采用有序Logit模型、倾向得分匹配法、KHB方法等,考察土地流转对农户收入的影响和作用机制。结果表明:(1)土地流转显著提升了喀斯特地区农户家庭总收入水平,土地流转户收入水平较未参与流转户约高出12.86%;(2)相比于土地转入户,土地转出对农户收入增长的影响更为显著;(3)外出务工和家庭创业在土地转出影响农户收入关系中起中介作用,解释比例分别为17.18%和4.63%;农业机械化在耕地较为平整的转入户对收入的影响中起中介作用,解释比例为16.93%;(4)土地流转对种植经济作物、耕地较为平整、灌溉条件较好的农户家庭总收入影响显著为正。为此,建议进一步健全喀斯特地区土地流转机制,促进非农产业发展,加强丘陵山区农业机械化和农田水利设施建设,发展喀斯特地区特色高效农业,鼓励更多农户积极参与土地流转。

Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

宅基地退出对农户子女教育获得的影响——基于安徽金寨县和四川邛崃市农户的调查

基于安徽金寨县和四川邛崃市653户农户的微观数据,运用有序Probit模型、倾向得分匹配法和中介效应模型,实证分析了宅基地退出对农户子女教育获得的影响及其作用路径,进一步讨论了宅基地退出对不同类型农户子女教育获得影响的差异。结果表明:宅基地退出对农户子女教育获得有正向显著影响,在利用倾向得分匹配法纠正选择性偏误后,该结论仍然成立;基于中介效应模型的分析表明,宅基地退出可通过提升外出上学便利性、优化农村教育环境和增加家庭收入,改善农户子女教育获得;考虑农户异质性,宅基地退出对多子女家庭的子女教育获得的提升作用强于独生子女家庭,对农村家庭女孩的教育获得的提升作用强于男孩,对金寨农户子女教育获得的提升作用强于邛崃。最后,提出宣传宅基地退出在改善农户子女教育获得上的重要作用、提高农户宅基地退出后的收入水平、完善宅基地退出政策实施中与教育相关的配套政策、统筹配置城乡教育资源等建议。

集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配:理论、原则与优化路径

收益分配改革是集体经营性建设用地入市改革的中心工作。根据马克思土地产权理论揭示的土地财产收益分配的一般规律,我国集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配有其特有的顺序和内在机理。改革应坚持统筹征收和入市增值收益分配之间的协调,有效平衡各相关参与主体的利益,坚持市场化、法治化和民主化,以及农业提效、农民创收和农村发展等基本原则,沿着以规范的税收方式调节入市收益分配比例、建立不同微观参与主体之间的利益平衡机制、有效平衡集体经济组织与其成员之间的利益关系等路径进行优化。

Study on Circulation and Management of Rural Land Use Right

Currently,agriculture and rural economy have entered a new development stage. According to market demands and comparative advantages of regional resources,strategic adjustment of agricultural structure and realizing transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture have become primary tasks. Land is the essential element of agricultural production,making innovation upon rural land use system and establishing flexible and effective land circulation system concern efficiency and optimization of agricultural resource allocation and development of rural element market. With more and more farmers engaged in secondary and tertiary industries,land left by those farmers is circulated to those farmers willing to do farming. Rural land circulation is inevitable trend of economic and social development,but it is a progressive process. To realize smooth rural land circulation,there must be standardized system.

土地流转何以促进农户增收——基于收入来源的视角

土地流转是促进农户多渠道增收的重要途径.本文从收入来源的视角出发,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2018年的数据,利用最小二乘法(OLS)与倾向得分匹配法(PSM),通过构建中介效应模型,分析农村土地流转如何影响农户增收,并分别考察土地转出、土地转入对收入增加的影响差异性.结果表明:(1)土地流转具有收入效应;(2)不同土地流转形式的收入效应存在差异,其中土地转出户实现增收,土地转入户短期内收入减少;(3)从收入来源看,在土地转出与财产性收入关系中,土地租金具有中介效应.在土地转入与经营性收入关系中,农业机械化、土地价值具有中介效应.为促进农户增收,本文从化解土地流转风险角度出发提出,应采取完善土地流转促进增收的制度保障、加大产业发展的帮扶力度、提升农户务工就业保障等措施以充分发挥促进增收的中间机制作用.

农地确权与农户间收入不平等

使用农户家庭微观调查数据,结合全国范围内分省份实施的新一轮农地确权颁证政策,采用双重差分法实证分析了农地确权颁证政策如何改变农户家庭的要素配置,进而影响农村内部的收入差距。研究发现:领取农地确权证书后,家庭的收入相对剥夺指数显著下降,说明农地确权颁证政策能够缩小农村内部的收入差距。异质性分析显示,农地确权颁证政策的效果受到农地资源禀赋的影响,对平原地区和土地破碎化较为严重的农户家庭而言,农地确权颁证政策的作用更加明显。机制分析发现,农地确权颁证政策主要通过促进低收入农户家庭流转土地和转移农业劳动力,增加土地租金收入和非农就业收入,实现农村内部相对收入差距的缩小。扩展性分析也发现,农地确权颁证政策对收入相对剥夺指数的降低作用会受到农户家庭社会保障状况和地区要素市场发育水平的调节影响。本文研究结论表明,以制度改革释放土地和劳动力要素的生产活力,推动低收入农户家庭生产要素优化配置,是缩小农村内部收入差距的一条可行路径。

土地托管对农户收入影响研究——基于安徽山东的实证分析

基于安徽、山东各区县的596份农户微观调查数据,文章利用倾向得分匹配方法研究了土地托管对于作为土地托管委托方的农户收入的影响。结果表明,土地托管可以显著提高委托方的农业收入和非农业收入,其中,农业收入的提高是通过增加亩均粮食产出和降低农资及生产服务价格实现,非农业收入的提高是因为土地托管能够有效促进了农村剩余劳动力的转移。因此,应进一步增加对该模式的推广及政策支持、有效防范土地托管经营风险和拓宽农民工就业渠道。

宅基地增值收益分配体系的规范构建

探寻平衡国家、集体和个人收益的分配机制,是新一轮宅基地改革的重中之重。通过对比总结2015年以来的两轮宅基地试点改革,可以发现,宅基地增值收益实质是宅基地之上新增加的财产价值,此种价值进一步表现为土地发展权、宅基地财产权利和区位因素所对应的用途转换、权能分离和级差地租的市场价格。宅基地增值收益分配也是对上述3类财产价值的分配。其中,土地发展权所对应的用途分配能激励政府的行为;宅基地财产权利所对应的权能分配能激励权利主体的行为;区位因素所对应的级差地租能激励社会特定或不特定主体的行为。因此,构建“用途-权能-区位”三位一体的规范体系能够实现局部公平、代际公平以及成本收益的配置公平,更好地解决宅基地增值收益分配中的平衡基础不统一、平衡规范不明确、平衡方式不稳定、平衡模式不一致等问题。

农用地流转与农户收入的关系分析——以农业机械化水平为视角

通过对2005—2019年不同省份农用地流转率、农业综合机械化水平以及农民家庭人均可支配收入等数据的分析,从宏观层面考察了农用地流转、农业机械化水平与农户收入三者间的关系,并检验了其中的中介效应机制。同时还将全国各地划分为东部、西部、中部3个区域进行了分样本回归。结果表明,从总体来看,加快农用地流转不仅能显著促进农民收入的增加,还能提高农业机械化水平;农业机械化水平的提高不仅可以直接促进农民收入的增加,而且可以作为农用地流转与农民收入之间的中介变量,间接增加农民收入。从分样本来看,东部、西部、中部不同地区农用地流转都可以促进农民收入的提高。农业机械化水平均与农民收入呈正相关,农业机械化水平的部分中介效应也几乎都成立。但西部地区农用地流转对农户的增收效应以及农业机械化对农户收入的促进效应明显高于其他两个地区。

坚持促进农民持续增收:愿景、挑战和战略构想

在新时代建设农业强国的背景下,增加农民收入仍是“三农”工作的中心任务。在分析过去10年农民收入变化趋势特征的基础上,展望促进农民持续增收的愿景目标和面临的问题和挑战,提出新时期坚持促进农民持续增收的战略构想。研究发现:过去10年农村居民收入水平持续提高,收入结构加快转型,收入差距逐渐缩小。未来促进农民持续增收的中长期目标包括农民收入水平迈上“新台阶”、收入结构达成“新均衡”、收入差距迎来“新拐点”,但面临农民收入增速有所放缓、种粮收益亟需保障、财产性收入仍有提高空间、低收入农民增收的内生动力较弱等问题和挑战。坚持促进农民持续增收的主要思路是积极拓宽农民增收渠道、兼顾保障国家粮食安全底线要求、提高农民内生发展动力、把握促进农民农村共同富裕目标;重点任务是促进农民高质量充分就业、健全农民种粮收益保障机制、稳步发展新型农村集体经济、深化农村改革促进农民增收。

首轮退耕还林补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的影响

【目的】探讨首轮退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的影响,能够为完善后续退耕还林政策以及促进共同富裕提供决策参考。【方法】基于2019年和2021年河北、四川、甘肃、宁夏以及湖南5省(自治区)1733户农户的实地调研数据,借助再中心化影响函数(RIF)回归模型,实证检验退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入及收入结构不平等的影响,并进一步考察退耕补贴到期对不同受教育程度和退耕规模农户内部收入不平等的异质性影响。【结果】1)退耕补贴到期对农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在5%的水平上显著为正。2)分别选用不同度量指标替换基尼系数,由不同度量指标所构建的RIF模型均通过了稳健性检验,说明研究结果是可靠的。3)从收入结构上看,退耕补贴到期对农户内部工资性和生产经营性收入不平等的估计结果均在10%的水平上显著为正,对农户内部转移性收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为负,对农户内部财产性收入不平等的估计结果不显著。4)对于不同受教育程度农户而言,退耕补贴到期对小学及以下和初中农户内部收入不平等的估计结果分别在5%和10%的水平上显著为正,而对高中及以上农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为负;对于不同退耕规模农户而言,退耕补贴到期对中等规模及以上退耕农户内部收入不平等的估计结果在10%的水平上显著为正,但对小规模退耕农户内部收入不平等的估计结果并不显著。【结论】首轮退耕补贴到期在一定程度上会扩大农户内部收入不平等。退耕补贴到期对退耕农户内部工资性和生产经营性收入不平等具有加剧作用,而对内部转移性收入不平等则具有缩小作用。不同类型农户内部收入不平等受退耕补贴到期影响的差异较大,具体表现为退耕补贴到期会加剧中低学历和中等退耕规模及以上农户内部的收入不平等,缓解高学历农户内部收入不平等,而对小退耕规模农户内部收入不平等无显著影响。基于此,本文从拓宽农户就业渠道、促进后续相关产业发展以及进行有针对性的政策帮扶等方面提出相应建议。

乡村振兴背景下土地资源资产权益理论依据——基于马克思主义经济学视角

实施乡村振兴战略,是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重大历史任务,是新时代做好“三农”工作的总抓手。乡村振兴战略离不开土地、资金、劳动力、技术等生产要素支撑,其中唯独土地无法进行空间实物调配,且密切影响着资金、劳动力、技术等其他要素配置。现阶段土地资源开发利用混乱,严重影响着土地资源的可持续发展。文章以马克思主义两种生产资料理论、国家主权理论、马克思主义社会总产品价值构成理论、马克思财产收益分配理论为指导,探讨了土地资源资产权益理论依据,阐述了国家拥有土地资源性资产的理论依据,论证了土地资源资产收益分配运行机理,试图为我国市场经济体制下有效解决土地资源资产本底约束等问题,提供更具有说服力的理论支持,也为乡村振兴战略下土地制度的完善提供更有实践价值的参考意见。

赋予农民更加充分财产权益的实现路径——兼评《西部边远地区农民土地财产权的实现问题研究》

如何赋予农民更加充分的财产权益?关键在实现。换言之,财产权益由法定状态转化为现实状态,由相对单一转化为相对多样,由法律保护转化为经济实现。在经济实践中,财产权益的实现面临若干障碍,如地区差距问题、财力支撑问题、机制优化问题、技术进步问题。为破除障碍,必须构建一系列实现路径,即以优势互补的区域经济布局弥合地区差距,以健全农村金融服务体系巩固财力支撑,以深化农村土地制度改革实现机制优化,以强化农业科技和装备支撑推动技术进步。