Genome-wide Association Analysis of Fast Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Maize

Fast chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are widely used to characterize the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. In this study, a genome-wide association analysis was used to detect key single-nueleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） associated with fast chlorophyll fluorescence parameters using more than 560 000 SNPs in a maize panel consisting of 404 inbred lines. In four fidd environments, 41 SNPs were detected to be associated with five fast chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including ABS/CS0, ET0/CS0, TR0/ABS, ET0/TR0 and Pies. Among these identified SNPs, 8, 6, 18, 4 and 5 were significantly associated with ET0/TR0, ABS/ CS0, TR0/ABS, ET0/CS, and Plcs, respectively. These SNPs will help to discover genes for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, better understand the genetic basis of photosynthesis, and assist in developing marker-assisted selection breeding programs in maize.

Evaluation of Chlorophyll Content and Fluorescence Parameters as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Barley

Drought is a major abiotic stress that severely affects food production worldwide. Agronomic and physiological traits associated with drought tolerance are suitable indicators for selection of drought tolerance genotypes to reduce the impact of water deficit on crop yield in breeding program. The objective of this study was to identify indicators related to drought tolerance through analysis of photosynthetic traits in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）. These traits included chlorophyll content, initial fluorescence （Fo）, maximum primary yield of photochemistry of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv /Fo） and maximum quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ （Fv/Fm）. Four genotypes （Tadmor, Arta, Morocco9-75 and WI2291） variable in drought tolerance were used to investigate the correlation between these traits and drought tolerance. The results reflected that all of these traits were affected negatively in the four genotypes at different levels of post-anthesis drought stress, but the decrease in drought tolerant genotypes was much less than that of drought sensitive genotypes. The results further revealed that the components of the photosynthetic apparatus could be damaged significantly in drought sensitive genotypes, while drought tolerant genotypes were relatively less affected. On the other hand, the values of chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in drought tolerance genotypes were significantly higher than those in drought sensitive genotypes under drought stress. It was concluded that chlorophyll content, Fo, Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm could be considered as reliable indicators in screening barley germplasm for drought tolerance.

Differences in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters, Yield and Its Components Between Different Genotypes of Wheat Under Waterlogging Conditions at Anthesis

Waterlogging is one of the most factors limiting wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain of China,especially in the middle and late stages of wheat.Wheat varieties‘Jingmai102’(JM102)and‘Yangmai158’(YM158)were planted to study the dynamic changes of photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaf and the influence of waterlogging at anthesis on the yield and components and dry matter accumulation and remobilization of winter wheat in above ground.The results showed that the SPAD values slightly increased at 1 day after anthesis(d),and then kept decreasing with the increase of waterlogging time.The decrease in SPAD value was more remarkably in YM158 than that in JM102.As for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,the photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),potential activity(Fv/Fo)of photosystem II,and electronic transmission(Fm/Fo)on photosystem II increased first and then decreased with the increase of waterlogging days after anthesis.The quantum ratio of heat dissipation(Fo/Fm)had a tendency opposite to that of Fv/Fm,and the change range of JM102 was lower than that of YM158.For the grain yield and components,waterlogging at anthesis decreased the dry weight of single stem,grain yield,1 000-kernel weight,spikelet per panicle,and harvest index,and the reduction of JM102 was smaller than that of YM158.As for the accumulation and remobilization of dry matter,the accumulation of dry matter after anthesis decreased significantly under waterlogging condition(WL),and the reduction of JM102 was smaller than that of YM158.In conclusion,waterlogging at anthesis significantly affected the photosynthetic characteristics,yield and components in both varieties,but different varieties exhibited different tolerances to waterlogging stress and YM158 was more sensitive to water stress than JM102.

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice Mutants Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

Three mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Mutant 3, which were selected by high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent Yuexiangzhan were used to study the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during different growth stages. In all the three mutants, the function of PSⅡ was improved, F_v/F_m ratio of mutants increased compared to their parent at tillering and heading stage, and ΦPSⅡ also improved except for Mutant 2 at heading stage. Similar to their parent, the mutants exhibited slight photoinhibition at noon and almost complete recovery to initial levels of 6:00 after 18:00 at heading stage. At milking stage, the photoinhibition in the mutants was obvious, and recovered rapidly compared to the parent. Yields of individual plant and grain/straw ratio were also higher in three mutants than the parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of mutants and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. It is suggested that high hydrostatic pressure induction could be applied as a new effective approach in high-yield rice breeding in the future.

Effects of Different Potassium Stress on Leaf Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Maize (Zea Mays L.) at Seedling Stage

Leaf early senescence caused by nutrition deficiency is one of the major limitation reasons in the world crop production. Potassium (K) is one of important nutrient elements in crop growth, which modifies dozens of enzyme activations and controls stomatal movement of photosynthesis. The yield and quality of maize (Zea Mays L.) have been limited due to K deficiency in plough layer soil. However, the mechanism of K deficiency tolerance is not fully understood in maize. In this study, two inbred lines, 099 (tolerance to potassium deficiency) and 835 (sensitive to potassium deficiency) were carried out to investigate the variations of chlorophyll content, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters related with senescence under different K+ concentrations in maize at seedling stage. The results showed that the Chlorophyll a, b and (a + b) of 835 were significantly decreased under different K deficiency treatments, whereas those of 099 were remained normal. In addition, 099 showed a lower stomatal restriction and higher electronic transition capacity under different K deficiency treatments. The variations of F0, Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP and NPQ in 835 were largely higher than those in 099. These results indicated that the inbred line 099 tolerance to K deficiency could keep chlorophyll content to maintain photosynthesis and to alleviate the injury of PSII under K deficiency condition. This study should contribute to explaining the physiological mechanism tolerance nutrition deficiency and improving breeding program in maize.

Quantitative genetic analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in maize in the field environments

Chlorophyl fluorescence transient from initial to maximum fluorescence （“P”step） throughout two intermedi-ate steps （“J”and“I”） （JIP-test） is considered a reliable early quantitative indicator of stress in plants. The JIP-test is particularly useful for crop plants when applied in variable field environments. The aim of the present study was to conduct a quantitative trait loci （QTL） analysis for nine JIP-test parameters in maize during flowering in four field environ-ments differing in weather conditions. QTL analysis and identification of putative candidate genes might help to explain the genetic relationship between photosynthesis and different field scenarios in maize plants. The JIP-test param-eters were analyzed in the intermated B73 ？ Mo17 （IBM） maize population of 205 recombinant inbred lines. A set of 2,178 molecular markers across the whole maize genome was used for QTL analysis revealing 10 significant QTLs for seven JIP-test parameters, of which five were co-localized when combined＆amp;nbsp;over the four environments indicating polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy. Our results demonstrate that QTL analysis of chlorophyl fluorescence parameters was capable of detecting one pleiotropic locus on chromosome 7, coinciding with the gene gst23 that may be associated with efficient photosynthe-sis under different field scenarios.

Relationships between leaf color changes,pigment levels,enzyme activity,photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of Liquidambar formosana Hance

Liquidambar formosana Hance is an attractive landscape tree species because its leaves gradually change from green to red,purple or orange in autumn.In this study,the red variety of L.formosana was used to establish a quantitative model of leaf color.Physiological changes in leaf color,pigment levels,enzyme activity,photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure were monitored.The relationship between leaf color and physiological structure indices was quantitatively analyzed to systematically explore the mechanisms behind leaf color.Our data showed that with a decrease in external temperatures,chloroplast numbers and sizes gradually decreased,thylakoid membranes became distorted,and chlorophyll synthesis was blocked and gradually decreased.As a result,chloroplast membranes could not be biosynthesized normally;net photosynthesis,maximum and actual photochemical efficiency,and rate of electron transfer decreased rapidly.Excess light energy caused leaf photoinhibition.With intensification of photoinhibition,leaves protected themselves using two mechanisms.In the first,anthocyanin synthesis was promoted by increasing chalcone isomerase and flavonoid glycosyltransferase activities and soluble sugar content so as to increase anthocyanin to filter light and eliminate reactive oxygen species to reduce photoinhibition.In the second,excessive light energy was consumed in the form of heat energy by increasing the non-photochemical quenching coefficient.These processes tuned the leaves red.

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和丛枝菌根真菌对月季幼苗生长生理特性的影响

【目的】盐胁迫易导致月季生长发育不良、观赏品质下降,严重影响其在高盐环境或沿海地区室外绿化应用,探究施用外源褪黑素(MT)和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对其幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数以及激素代谢的调控作用,解析它们促进月季适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制,对于增强月季抗盐性,扩大月季应用范围具有重要意义。【方法】以月季品种‘月月红’幼苗为试验材料,采用室内盆栽试验,设置对照(CK)、100 mol/L NaCl胁迫、根际施用MT、根际接种AMF幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum)及其组合等8个处理,考察各处理对月季幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数、激素代谢及抗氧化系统的影响。【结果】(1)施用MT可以促进AMF对月季幼苗根系的侵染,提高侵染率、丛枝着生率、泡囊数和侵入点数;(2)月季幼苗株高、茎粗以及生物量等在盐胁迫下显著下降,在MT或AMF处理下均不同程度增加,而AMF+MT处理下株高、茎粗无显著变化,地上部干重、地下部干重分别显著增加24.1%和37.0%;(3)月季幼苗叶绿素含量在盐胁迫下显著下降,叶绿素荧光参数也降低,MT或AMF处理能提高盐胁迫月季幼苗叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光参数,AMF+MT处理则使叶绿素总量、叶绿素a/b分别增加46.2%和67.2%,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、有效光化学量子效率(Fv'/Fm')、光化学淬灭系数(qP)分别增加4.9%、51.0%、175.0%、168.7%和92.5%,而NPQ下降42.7%;(4)在盐胁迫下,月季叶片中玉米素(ZT)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)含量下降,而脱落酸(ABA)含量增加,MT或AMF处理有利于盐胁迫下ZT、GA、IAA含量的提高以及ABA含量的下降,AMF+MT处理后ZT、GA、IAA分别增加146.9%、116.9%、35.7%,ABA下降21.1%;(5)在盐胁迫下,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性增强,超氧阴离子(O_(2)^(-·))产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)累积大量增加,MT或AMF处理有助于增加抗氧化酶活性并减少O_(2)^(-·)产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)含量,而AMF+MT处理能够进一步激活SOD、CAT活性,降低O_(2)^(-·)产生速率和H_(2)O_(2)累积。【结论】接种AMF、添加MT或者AMF+MT处理均可以提高盐胁迫下月季幼苗叶绿素含量,保护叶绿素荧光系统,维持植物内源激素的平衡,激活SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性以及降低脂质过氧化和H_(2)O_(2)累积,以减轻盐胁迫对月季幼苗的伤害,促进月季生长,并以AMF+MT处理增强月季幼苗抗盐性的效果更佳。

9个山茶品种对高温胁迫的光合生理响应及其耐热性综合评价

【目的】山茶的花型和花色丰富、花期长,其耐热性日益受到关注,筛选合适的评价方法和指标可为山茶属植物耐热性鉴定、种质发掘和新品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以耐热性较强的单体红山茶和‘串花瀑布’为对照,7个自育束花茶花新品种为试验对象,采用瓶插方法,在短期(5 h)和长期(7 d)高温(42℃/35℃)处理后,考察各品种形态及光合生理标指标的变化,并综合评价其耐热性。【结果】(1)‘垂枝粉玉’和‘串花瀑布’在高温胁迫下叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)均上升,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_(v)/F_(o))和电子传递速率(ETR)维持在较高水平,且长期高温胁迫后均未出现热害。‘金叶粉玉’、‘上植华章’和‘玫瑰春’在高温胁迫下Pn和Gs均显著降低,而Ci升高,‘金叶粉玉’和‘上植华章’的F_(v)/F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(o)和ETR均大幅降低,且长期高温胁迫后出现较严重热害或死亡。(2)通过主成分分析将15个单项指标换算成4个独立的综合指标,累计贡献率可达90%;短期高温时以叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶黄素含量的综合权重值较高,长期高温时以叶绿素a/b、F_(v)/F_(m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)的综合权重值较高。【结论】新品种‘垂枝粉玉’耐热较强,‘上植月光曲’、‘上植欢乐颂’和‘玫玉’中等耐热,‘玫瑰春’、‘上植华章’和‘金叶粉玉’耐热性较弱;叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、叶黄素含量可作为山茶短期耐热性考察指标,而叶绿素a/b、F_(v)/F_(m)、qP、qN可作为山茶长期耐热性的考察指标。

不同淹没水深下菹草对强辐射的响应

春末夏初菹草大批衰亡的原因一直是水体生态修复关注重点,强辐射被认为是最为重要的因素。为研究不同淹没水深下菹草对强辐射的抵御能力,通过模拟强辐射方式,用透明渔网将植株压迫至水下相应位置(10、20、30 cm),分别测定菹草形态、叶绿素质量分数及叶绿素荧光参数等变化,并与对照组(未压迫)比较。结果表明,压迫至水下20 cm处的植株在株高、叶面积、鲜物质量,以及叶绿素质量分数等指标均高于其他深度处理组,对照组各项指标最低;水下20 cm组PSⅡ中心活性最强,受强辐射中UV-B伤害最小,而对照组及水下10 cm处理组,受UV-B辐射后,其PSⅡ反应中心遭到破坏或可逆性失活,光能转换效率、光能传递能率以及电子传递速率下降;水下30 cm处理组,虽PSⅡ反应中心未遭到伤害,因光合有效辐射衰减,植株生长各项指标不及20 cm组。辐射对所有监测指标均有极显著影响,大部分指标同时受水深因素影响;株高、节间距、叶绿素质量分数及Fv/Fm、ϕPSⅡ、qP还受两者交互影响。该试验中,水下20 cm既可抵御有害辐射,光合有效辐射也能满足植株生长。因此,利用水体自身屏蔽作用,通过压迫方式可有效削减强辐射中有害辐射对菹草的伤害,是一种简单易行的方式,在自然水体中可参考UV-B生物有效光学深度来确定压迫深度。

温室栽培对软枣猕猴桃叶片形态及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】深入研究温室栽培条件下软枣猕猴桃叶片的形态与叶绿素荧光特性,探明温室与露地栽培环境下叶片光形态建成的差异。【方法】以软枣猕猴桃品种‘佳绿’和‘魁绿’的5年生植株为试材,测定温室及露地栽培条件下不同叶龄叶片的叶绿素相对含量及叶绿素荧光参数,分析这些参数在温室与露地栽培条件下的差异。【结果】温室与露地栽培软枣猕猴桃的光形态建成均处于1~40 d叶龄间,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性趋于一致;花期后,不同栽培条件下的同一品种荧光特性差异较大。温室栽培的软枣猕猴桃叶片叶面积较大,叶绿素b含量较高,趋于阴生叶特性,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数等显著低于露地栽培,对光能的吸收捕获能力较强,但热耗散较高,用于电子传递的能量低于露地栽培,叶绿素荧光参数表现出对环境的适应性变化。【结论】软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成时间为展叶后1~40 d,即在花期之前完成,不同栽培环境无明显差异;温室栽培软枣猕猴桃叶片的光形态建成与露地栽培具显著差异,叶面积明显增大;温室栽培在一定程度上改变了叶片的叶绿素荧光特性,降低了光合性能。

PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫对铁皮石斛幼苗生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)模拟干旱对铁皮石斛Dendrobium candidum生理和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为铁皮石斛的品种选育、产业化栽培和近野生栽培等提供参考。【方法】以铁皮石斛‘晶品1号’D.candidum‘Jingpin No.1’幼苗为实验材料,通过不同质量分数PEG 6000(5%、10%、20%、30%)模拟干旱胁迫处理铁皮石斛幼苗,观察铁皮石斛幼苗茎段和叶片细胞结构,并检测铁皮石斛叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、可溶性糖质量分数、可溶性蛋白质量分数、叶绿素质量分数及叶绿素荧光参数的动态变化。【结果】①高质量分数PEG 6000(20%-30%)处理后铁皮石斛茎段和叶片细胞内叶绿素质量分数减少。②PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫处理对铁皮石斛幼苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、MDA、POD和CAT有显著影响(P<0.05)。可溶性糖质量分数随着PEG 6000质量分数的增加和处理时间的延长均呈上升趋势,到第12天时达最高值;可溶性蛋白则呈下降趋势;MDA质量摩尔浓度、POD活性和CAT活性随着PEG 6000质量分数的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,在PEG 6000为20%时达到峰值。③PEG 6000模拟干旱处理对铁皮石斛幼苗最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、光合效率(α)、电子传递速度(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(q_(P))和非化学猝灭系数(qNP)等叶绿素荧光参数有显著的影响(P<0.05)。随着PEG 6000胁迫处理时间的延长和PEG 6000质量分数的增加,α、ETR、F_(v)/F_(m)和q_(P)均呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);而qNP则呈先上升后下降的趋势。【结论】20%PEG 6000处理12 d可用作铁皮石斛抗干旱品种的筛选,铁皮石斛幼苗可通过增加可溶性糖质量分数,减少可溶性蛋白质量分数,提高POD和CAT活性等防御酶活性抵抗和适应一定程度的干旱胁迫;铁皮石斛幼苗的最大光能转换效率降低,光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到胁迫损伤,严重影响铁皮石斛幼苗的光合作用。同时,铁皮石斛幼苗通过启动qNP途径来消耗PSⅡ反应中心吸收的过剩光能,维持正常的光合作用。因此,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、POD和CAT以及叶绿体荧光参数均可作为铁皮石斛耐干旱的指标。

不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数指标和产量的影响

研究不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素相对含量、叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响,探究葡萄不同生育期水分胁迫下的叶绿素荧光响应调节机制,指导葡萄生长的灌水策略。以3 a生鲜食葡萄“玫瑰香”为供试材料,采用滴灌的灌水方式,设置了6个水分胁迫处理(全生育期胁迫、萌芽期胁迫、新梢生长期胁迫、开花期胁迫、膨大期胁迫、着色期胁迫)和1个对照处理(充分灌溉田间持水量的90%)。结果表明:水分胁迫降低了葡萄叶绿素相对含量、Fv/Fm(最大光化学效率)、Y_((2))(光化学量子产量)、q^(N)(非光化学淬灭系数)、q^(P)(光化学淬灭系数)、ETR(电子传递速率)等光合叶绿素荧光参数指标,复水后均有所恢复,但全生育期和膨大期水分胁迫对植株造成了不可逆的影响,显著降低了果实单粒重和穗重,导致减产13.53%和11.70%;而萌芽期水分胁迫并未显著降低叶绿素相对含量,最终实现增产9.87%。萌芽期水分胁迫复水后会引起生理指标的反弹,实现葡萄的节水增产。

不同水盐生境下小叶碱蓬叶绿素荧光参数特征及其对土壤因子的响应

【目的】研究干旱区盐生植物光合响应机理,为土壤盐渍化生物修复技术提供理论和科学支撑。【方法】以新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区典型盐生植物小叶碱蓬(Suaeda microphylla Pall.)为研究对象,选取保护区内高水高盐(生境Ⅰ)、低水中盐(生境Ⅱ)和高水中盐(生境Ⅲ)三种生境类型,测定其小叶碱蓬叶绿素荧光参数,分析三种生境下小叶碱蓬叶绿素荧光参数特性变化,研究三种生境下土壤因子对小叶碱蓬叶绿素荧光特性的影响。【结果】三种生境下小叶碱蓬各叶绿素荧光参数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中F_(o)、F_(m)和NPQ随着生境的变化逐渐升高,最大值出现在生境Ⅲ(142.95、609.42和1.65),最小值出现在生境Ⅰ(87.6、358.06和0.96)。F v′/F_(m)′呈先升高再下降的趋势,最大值出现在生境Ⅱ(0.53),最小值出现在生境Ⅲ(0.39);F_(o)与F_(m)、NPQ呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其中F_(m)的相关系数最大,为0.99;筛选出F_(o)、F_(m)和NPQ三个与逆境胁迫相关性较好的叶绿素荧光参数,其公因子方差为0.947、0.969、0.824;盐分、速效磷和pH对小叶碱蓬叶绿素荧光参数变异起到了较好的解释,其解释量为17.2%、24.2%、13.5%,而水分未起解释作用。【结论】在高盐生境下,小叶碱蓬叶片PSⅡ的结构和生理状态受到损伤,光合作用受阻,最终植物生长受到抑制。

侧深施肥通过优化叶片功能与氮素积累来提高大豆产量

肥料为作物提供必要的营养元素,促进光合作用的进行,推动作物的生长和产量形成。黄淮海平原是我国优质大豆主要产区,优化该地区施肥技术对于提高大豆单产,缓解我国大豆进口压力具有重要意义。本试验设置不施肥(nofertilization,F0)、侧深施肥(sidedeepfertilization,F1)、等距施肥(equidistantdeepfertilization,F2)和地表撒施(surfacefertilization,F3)4个处理,研究不同施肥方式下大豆叶片生理指标、物质积累和产量构成的变化规律,旨在阐明施肥方式与大豆生产的相互关系,为黄淮海地区大豆绿色高效生产提供理论支撑。结果表明, F1处理增加了大豆荚粒期叶片的光系统Ⅱ潜在光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光淬灭系数(q_(P));相较于其他处理, F1处理大豆生育后期叶片的Y(Ⅱ)增加3.61%~22.86%。在抗氧化代谢方面, F1处理显著提高了大豆叶片的SOD和CAT活性,与其他处理相比,鼓粒后期F1处理叶片SOD和CAT活性分别提高6.32%~35.34%和1.93%~50.55%,进而促进了叶片净光合速率的提升(29.42%~70.10%)。F1处理光合功能的改善提升了生育中后期干物质(1.17%~101.18%)和氮素(1.01%~88.14%)的积累,为产量的增加奠定基础。施肥方式的改变(F1、F2处理)显著提高了大豆产量,较F3处理分别提高了10.66%和6.55%。进一步分析发现,大豆叶片F_(v)/F_(m)、Y(Ⅱ)、P_(n)、SOD和CAT活性与单株荚数、单株粒数和产量均呈显著正相关。综上,侧深施肥增强了大豆叶片后期抗氧化系统的功能,提升光合与物质积累,优化产量构成,促进大豆增产。

外源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌对玉米种芽萌发·幼苗生长与光合系统的影响

为探究外源贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(B.v.)对玉米种芽萌发、幼苗生长及光合系统的调控作用,以郑单958和京农科728为供试材料接种B.v.。结果表明:与CK相比,外源施加B.v.能显著促进玉米种芽萌发,有效提升幼苗株高、叶面积、鲜重、干重与根冠比;与芽孢杆菌菌剂相比,B.v.处理在促进玉米种芽萌发方面具有显著优势,株高、叶面积、干重、鲜重等农艺性状有关指标也与芽孢杆菌菌剂无显著差异。与CK相比,外源B.v.处理下的玉米幼苗P_(n)、T_(r)、G_(s)、WUE显著提升,C_(i)较CK显著下降;B.v.处理下的P_(n)、T_(r)和G_(s)与芽孢杆菌菌剂处理无显著性差异,但在C_(i)利用效能方面显著弱于芽孢杆菌菌剂。与CK相比,外源施加B.v.有助于提升玉米幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量并改善荧光特性,显著提升叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b、总叶绿素含量、F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(o)和q_(P),显著降低F_(o)和NPQ;B.v.处理下的叶片各叶绿素含量及总含量均显著高于芽孢杆菌菌剂处理,荧光参数整体与芽孢杆菌菌剂无显著差异,部分指标甚至优于芽孢杆菌菌剂处理。因此,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在玉米上有着良好开发前景和推广应用价值,具有进一步开发成新型菌剂的潜力。

红豆草幼苗叶片光合和叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的响应

为探究红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光在不同干旱胁迫下的响应和适应能力,以国内外20份红豆草为试验材料,用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫环境,在不同渗透浓度(0、−0.5、−1.0、−1.5和−2.0 MPa)处理下,研究干旱胁迫对红豆草幼苗光合作用、荧光参数及叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制了红豆草株高,随胁迫程度增加,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度均降低,水分利用效率上升,气孔限制值先升后降,在−1.0 MPa时最大,胞间CO_(2)浓度先降后升,在−2.0 MPa时最高,说明此时非气孔因素限制了光合作用;除非光化学猝灭系数上升外,其余荧光参数(潜在光化学活性、最大光化学效率、表现光合电子传递速率、光化学猝灭系数和光化学量子产量)均降低。经主成分分析及综合指标评价可知,新品系P1、GS和1626的耐旱性较强,材料1668、6和2049的耐旱性较弱。本研究结果为抗旱红豆草新品种选育提供了理论依据和种质材料。

基于光合突变池的雨生红球藻优异性状藻株挖掘

雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow)是天然虾青素的主要来源,其高成本、低效率的规模化生产难以满足市场需求。建立快速获得优质突变株的筛选策略有助于提高雨生红球藻的种质资源开发效率,获得虾青素高富集的优质藻株。以雨生红球藻NIES-144为出发藻株,通过甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methylsufone,EMS)诱变和高光处理获得光合突变池。以叶绿素荧光参数为检测指标能够快速筛选出生长速率和虾青素积累能力发生变化的突变藻株。结果显示,从该光合突变池中随机选取11株藻株的增殖能力和虾青素积累能力均与原始对照株存在不同程度的差异,45%的突变株在增殖能力和虾青素积累能力方面显著优于对照株。该结果表明雨生红球藻的光化学活性与增殖和其虾青素积累能力之间存在着紧密的联系,证实基于光合突变池挖掘优异性状雨生红球藻的策略具有可行性,为微藻优良藻株的获取提供新思路。

甲乙基化植物油对藻荧光法检测三嗪类除草剂阿特拉津、扑草净与特丁通生物毒性的增敏性能研究

为了提升藻叶绿素荧光对痕量三嗪类除草剂的检测效果,以蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和斜生四链藻为试验藻种,通过水样叶绿素荧光仪(WATER-PAM-WALZ)测量四个藻叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)、NPQ和qP作为毒性评价指标,研究微藻对阿特拉津、扑草净与特丁通三种三嗪类除草剂毒性的响应时间和甲乙基化植物油对藻荧光法检测除草剂生物毒性的增敏效果。实验结果显示:①蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和斜生四链藻对三种除草剂的生物毒性最佳响应时间分别为20、10和10 min;增敏效果最显著时甲乙基化植物油浓度分别为0.25%、0.5%和0.25%。②斜生四链藻对三种除草剂的响应敏感性最高,而铜绿微囊藻对除草剂的适应性和抗性较强,在20μg·L^(-1)的扑草净暴露下,实验组斜生四链藻和蛋白核小球藻的Fv/Fm抑制率均达到23%,而铜绿微囊藻Fv/Fm抑制率只达到8%。③甲乙基化植物油的作用下,Y(Ⅱ)和NPQ对除草剂的毒性响应灵敏度最高。40μg·L^(-1)的扑草净对斜生四链藻Y(Ⅱ)抑制效果达到了56%,对Fv/Fm抑制率最高达到41%,是对照组的2.5倍,而除草剂浓度至200μg·L^(-1)时,三种藻类NPQ值均提升了1.5倍以上,参数值qP的响应程度受甲乙基化植物油的增敏效果较小。实验结果表明甲乙基化植物油扩大了除草剂与藻细胞的接触面积,增强了除草剂的渗透力,提升了藻荧光对除草剂的毒性响应,可降低除草剂的检出限值。研究中首次将甲乙基化植物油应用于藻荧光法检测三嗪类除草剂中,并且在甲乙基化植物油的作用下,藻荧光法表现出良好的检测效果,解决了某些情况下叶绿素参数响应不灵敏的问题,为快速、灵敏地检测环境中的痕量三嗪类除草剂的生物毒性提供了一种新的方法。

黔南山地烤烟合理群体结构的光合机制研究

为研究不同群体结构下烤烟的光合响应机制,本试验采用裂区设计,以行距为主区(R1:100 cm;R2:110 cm),种植密度为副区(D1:15000株·hm^(-2);D2:18000株·hm^(-2);D3:21000株·hm^(-2)),探究黔南山地适宜的烤烟群体结构。结果表明,R2行距较R1显著提高了烤烟群体叶面积指数(LAI),群体LAI随种植密度增加先增加后降低。中部叶向值随行距和密度增加而显著增大,下部叶则呈相反变化趋势;R2D2、R2D3处理上、中部与R1D2、R2D1处理下部的叶向值显著高于其他处理。R2行距较R1显著增加了中、下部叶透光率,上、中部叶透光率随密度增加而显著降低,R2D1处理中部叶的透光率显著高于其他处理,R1D3的中、下部叶透光率显著低于其他处理。D3下部叶的SPAD值显著高于D1;R2D3上部叶的SPAD值与R1D2差异不显著,显著高于其他四个处理,R2D3下部叶的SPAD值显著高于R2D2、R1D1。行距增加提高了光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ);密度增加降低了烤烟的实际量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、电子传递速率(ETR)和qP。R2D1的qP显著高于R1D2、R1D3和R2D3,R1D2的NPQ显著高于R1D3和R2D2。烤烟单株干物质积累量与上等烟比例随种植密度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势,而群体干物质积累量与产量则随种植密度的增加而提高。综上,在黔南山地植烟生态区,110 cm的行距和18000株·hm^(-2)的种植密度有利于合理群体结构的建成和干物质积累量的提高。本研究结果为黔南山地烤烟的优质适产提供了技术参考。