A super junction SiGe low-loss fast switching power diode

This paper proposes a novel super junction （S J） SiGe switching power diode which has a columnar structure of alternating p- and n- doped pillar substituting conventional n- base region and has far thinner strained SiGe p＋ layer to overcome the drawbacks of existing Si switching power diode. The SJ SiGe diode can achieve low specific on-resistance, high breakdown voltages and fast switching speed. The results indicate that the forward voltage drop of SJ SiGe diode is much lower than that of conventional Si power diode when the operating current densities do not exceed 1000 A/cm^2, which is very good for getting lower operating loss. The forward voltage drop of the Si diode is 0.66V whereas that of the SJ SiGe diode is only 0.52V voltages are 203 V for the former and 235 V for the latter. at operating current density of 10A/cm^2. The breakdown Compared with the conventional Si power diode, the reverse recovery time of SJ SiGe diode with 20 per cent Ge content is shortened by above a half and the peak reverse current is reduced by over 15%. The SJ SiGe diode can remarkably improve the characteristics of power diode by combining the merits of both SJ structure and SiGe material.

Global Synchronization of Directed Networks with Fast Switching Topologies

Global synchronization of a class of directed dynamical networks with switching topologies is investigated.It is found that if there is a directed spanning tree in the fixed time-average of network topology and the time-averageis achieved sufficiently fast,then the network will reach global synchronization for sufficiently large coupling strength.

Ferroelectric liquid crystals for fast switchable circular Dammann grating [Invited]

Diffractive optical elements attract a considerable amount of attention, mainly due to their potential applications in imaging coding, optical sensing, etc. Application of ferroelectric liquid crystals(FLCs) with photoalignment technology in diffractive optical elements results in a high efficiency and a fast response time. In this study we demonstrate a circular Dammann grating(CDG) with a diffraction efficiency of 84.5%. The achieved response time of 64 μs is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than the existing response time of nematic liquid crystal devices. By applying a low electric field(V = 6 V) to the FLC CDG, it is switched between the eight-order diffractive state and the transmissive diffraction-free state.

Stability and stabilisation of Markovian jump systems under fast switching: an averaging approach

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the problems of stability and stabilisation of Markovian jump systems(MJSs) with fast switching. First, a novel model by applying an averaging approach to the fastswitching is proposed. Then, a new method for constructing an auxiliary system is given to makethe stability analysis. It is proved that the stability of the originally fast switching MJS couldbe guaranteed by an MJS with an average switching, if the fast switching achieves its averageapproximation sufficiently fast. Based on the proposed results, some extensions about generally stabilising controllers are considered, where the fault-tolerant situation is involved too.All the conditions are presented in terms of LMIs. Finally, two numerical examples are used todemonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the method.

Study of the Fast-Closing Switch Used for Fault Current Limiters in Power System

This paper presents a new type of fault current limiter (FCL) based on fast closing switch, which is composed of a capacitor bank and a reactor in series. The main control component is a fast closing switch connected in parallel with the capacitors, which is driven by the electromagnetic repulsion force. It can response the order within 1 ms. When fault occurs, the switch closes and the capacitors are bypassed, and the fault current is limited by the reactor. Simulation analysis and experiment show that the electromagnetic repulsion force actuator can meet the demand of fast closing switch, it is feasible to develop the FCL with low cost and high reliability.

Research on a Fast-Closing Switch Based Fault Current Limiter with Series Compensation

A new type of fault current limiter (FCL) with series compensation based fast-closing switch is proposed. It is composed of a capacitor bank and a reactor in series. The main control component is a fast-closing switch connected in parallel with the capacitors, which is driven by the electromagnetic repulsion force. When fault occurs, the switch closes and bypasses the capacitors, and the fault is limited by the reactor then. Simulated analysis and experiments show that it is feasible to develop the FCL with low cost and high reliability. The effectiveness of transient stability for power system is evaluated by digital simulation.

人骨骼肌TnI-fast基因克隆和体外表达

目的 构建人骨骼肌TnI fast基因分泌型真核表达载体 ,为利用TnI fast基因进行抗肿瘤血管生成基因治疗奠定基础。方法 采用PCR和RT PCR制备TnI fastcDNA ,构建TnI fast基因克隆质粒 ,测序证实后将TnI fastcDNA插入到pSecTag2B构建分泌型重组真核表达质粒。然后用TnI fast基因重组表达质粒转染COS 1细胞 ,检测TnI fast基因体外表达。结果 DNA测序证实 ,我们从人骨骼肌总RNA和cDNA文库中扩增的TnI fastcDNA序列与NCBIGenebankTnI fastcDNA序列完全一致。ELISA检测证实 ,TnI fast pSecTag2B转染后目的基因可在真核细胞中分泌表达。结论 本研究成功地构建了TnI fast基因重组表达质粒 。

基于FastDTW的道岔故障智能诊断方法

道岔控制列车的行驶方向,是轨道交通系统的关键设备.文中采用ZD7型号道岔转辙机动作电流数据,提出基于快速动态时间规整算法(FastDTW)的道岔故障智能诊断方法.根据原始电流曲线特性将曲线分段处理,通过FastDTW计算待诊断电流曲线与模板电流曲线的扭曲路径距离,根据动态确定的最优阈值诊断故障.实验表明,该方法可适用于单动、双动型号道岔故障诊断问题,仅需200条道岔动作电流历史数据.该方法诊断准确率较高,时间较短,也适用于准确性、实时性要求较高的新型列控系统.

Vacuum Switching Technology for Future of Power Systems

Even though switching in vacuum is a technology with almost 100 years of history,its recent develop-ments are still changing the future of power transmission and distribution systems.First,current switch-ing in vacuum is an eco-friendly technology compared to switching in SF 6 gas,which is the strongest greenhouse gas according to the Kyoto Protocol.Vacuum,an eco-friendly natural medium,is promising for reducing the usage of SF 6 gas in current switching in transmission voltage.Second,switching in vacuum achieves faster current interruption than existing alternating current(AC)switching technolo-gies.A vacuum circuit breaker(VCB)that uses an electromagnetic repulsion actuator is able to achieve a theoretical limit of AC interruption,which can interrupt a short-circuit current in the first half-cycle of a fault current,compared to the more common three cycles for existing current switching technologies.This can thus greatly enhance the transient stability of power networks in the presence of short-circuit faults,especially for ultra-and extra-high-voltage power transmission lines.Third,based on fast vacuum switching technology,various brilliant applications emerge,which are benefiting the power systems.They include the applications in the fields of direct current(DC)circuit breakers(CBs),fault current lim-iting,power quality improvement,generator CBs,and so forth.Fast vacuum switching technology is promising for controlled switching technology in power systems because it has low variation in terms of opening and closing times.With this controlled switching,vacuum switching technology may change the“gene”of power systems,by which power switching transients will become smoother.

Influence of Series Choke on Damping of Switching Transients in Distribution Transformers

Distribution transformers operating in modern system grids or in industrial networks are subjected to many switching transients,which may occur due to routine operations,network reconfigurations or as reaction on protection signals.Depending on the network configuration and parameters,such events may lead to external overvoltages and result in additional stresses on the insulation system.This paper presents the influence of a series choke on damping of switching transients in distribution transformers.The impact of the choke is assessed by both amplitude and rise time reduction.The suppression of the transient rise time is shown for a test configuration involving distribution transformers connected to low loss cable lines and a medium voltage breaker.Such phenomena are especially typical for industrial networks where switching operations are very frequent.Both simulation and experiment results are given.Simulation results as well as measurement results confirmed that switching events can lead to high dU/dt and in consequence,can have adverse impacts on insulation system.Voltage escalation during switching event is strongly related with system conditions.The results obtained for presented mitigation method are promising and indicate significant dU/dt reduction as well as number of ignitions and voltage peak value.The protection of distribution transformers with a series choke is a new approach dedicated to environments prone to the occurrence of transients with high steepness.Experimental results show that the application of serial choke with suitable parameters realizes the reduction of dU/dt at the machines terminal from 24 kV/μs to 5 kV/μs,as well as the reduction of voltage peak value from 10 kV to 5 kV.The number of ignitions is also reduced.

Characteristics of SF_6 Switch with a Small Gap under High Pressure and Nanosecond Pulse

Structural design and tests on the characteristics of the SF6 gas switch with a small gap are presented. This kind of switch often works under high pressure and nanosecond pulse for getting pulse with faster risetime. The breakdown voltage and breakdown delay of a number of switches with different geometries, gas pressures and pulse waveforms were investigated. Experimental results suggested that the breakdown voltage increases linearly with the gas pressure, and the breakdown delay decreases with an increase in the gas pressure and a reduction in the gap distance of the switch under the same applied pulse. By using this kind of switch with a gap of 3 mm as a peaking switch, a pulse generator can provide an output voltage with a peak voltage of 300 kV and a risetime of 3 ns on a resistance load of 150Ω.

一种基于磁耦合转移原理的10kV直流断路器

直流电流没有自然过零点,因此开断直流短路电流比开断交流短路电流更为困难。本文介绍一种基于磁耦合电流转移原理的中压10kV直流断路器拓扑方案,该断路器可实现对15kA直流电流的快速开断。首先,对直流断路器原理和控制逻辑进行介绍;然后,根据拓扑方案提出快速机械开关、电力电子开关、磁耦合装置等核心部件的设计思路;最后,搭建仿真模型对该方案进行仿真分析,模拟不同工况下的开断情况,仿真结果验证了该方案的有效性。

基于阈值控制策略的Filippov Chay神经元动力学及其耦合同步

细胞内外带电离子的连续泵送和传递产生的电磁感应效应对神经元的电活动及模态转换会产生一定的影响,促使其展现出更加丰富的放电特性.文章基于电磁感应影响下的Chay神经元模型,引入了一种以膜电压为阈值的不连续控制策略,建立了相应的Filippov Chay神经元模型,探究了在阈值控制策略影响下的神经元放电节律转迁及相应的边界运动.首先,对系统的边界动力学及滑膜动力学进行了理论分析.其次,利用单双参数分岔图探究了系统多样的放电模式.再次,结合Matcont仿真及稳定性理论详细分析了系统的平衡点及其稳定性,并且利用快慢动力学分析法进一步研究了在阈值影响下所产生的滑膜动力学及各种边界运动的切换.最后,通过电突触耦合,对不同阈值条件下耦合神经元的同步问题进行了讨论.数值仿真结果表明,在阈值的调控下Filippov Chay系统会产生滑膜放电活动及相应的穿越运动和擦边运动,同时其放电周期数也会随着阈值呈现出不同的变化规律,且对于不同阈值下的电耦合情况而言,在系统实现完全同步后都会稳定在周期数较低的放电态.以上所得结果有助于更好地理解神经元滑膜的相关控制,对进一步探究生物神经系统中复杂放电活动和信息处理的动力学行为提供了一定的帮助.

直流快速开断技术研究进展和展望

由于直流电流无自然过零点且短路电流上升率高,直流电流快速开断与系统故障切除成为制约直流电力系统发展的一大瓶颈。该综述首先介绍了直流快速开断技术要求与难点。其次,详细分析了直流快速开断过程涉及的关键技术,包括电流转移技术、固态式直流开断技术、介质恢复技术和高速机械开关技术等,综述了各种技术的当前发展现状及其应用情况,对比了不同技术方案的特点及适应性。最后,对直流快速开断技术未来发展方向进行了讨论和总结,为小型化、高性能、低成本、高可靠快速直流断路器的研发及推广应用提供了新的技术思路。

支路开关自放电对大型多路并联FLTD脉冲源可靠性的影响

快脉冲直线型变压器驱动源(fast linear transformer driver,FLTD)是建设下一代大型Z箍缩装置最有前景的技术路线之一。大型FLTD脉冲源中数以万计气体开关的可靠运行是提高Z箍缩装置可靠性的重要因素。该文基于15 MAZ箍缩科学实验装置的FLTD脉冲源设计,采用Monte-Carlo方法建立考虑支路开关自放电及其载荷共享效应的FLTD脉冲源可靠性计算模型,分析开关故障模式及其触发策略对脉冲源可靠性的影响。结果表明,主支路开关自放电产生的故障电压会引起开关级联自放电,降低装置可靠性。若主支路开关工作系数设定在0.5~0.7范围内,FLTD脉冲源故障率可低于1×10^(-4)。此外,触发器及触发支路开关的高可靠性对于提升脉冲源可靠性至关重要,增加触发器脉冲数量、降低触发器自放电故障率能够有效提升脉冲源可靠性,当触发器脉冲数量提升至4倍后,FLTD脉冲源故障率有望降低至1×10^(-5)以下。研究结果为大型FLTD脉冲源的开关工作系数及触发策略的选取提供参考,具有重要的工程应用价值。

快脉冲直线变压器初级放电单元开关电容一体化设计

开关电容器组成的初级放电支路是快脉冲直线变压器(FLTD)的基本单元,在输出电流幅值和前沿不变的前提下,降低单元回路电感可有效减少放电支路及气体开关的使用数量,从而提高FLTD的整体可靠性。因此,设法降低初级支路电感是FLTD关键技术。基于开关电容一体化技术研制了一台低电感FLTD初级放电单元,采用环形高压脉冲电容器作为能量储能元件,其工作电压100 kV,电容量39.6 nF,内电感8.8 nH。实验测试了初级放电单元的工作特性,结果表明:在±50 kV工作电压下,初级放电单元的短路电流幅值40 kA,前沿50 ns,回路电感为101 nH;在±80 kV工作电压下,初级放电单元对匹配负载的输出电流幅值为30 kA,前沿66 ns。

基于虚拟电容的构网型MMC快速平滑切换策略

为减小构网型模块化多电平换流器黑启动完成后的并网瞬间冲击,提出一种综合考虑并网点电压的幅值、频率及相位的最优并网控制策略。通过实时检测并网两端的电压幅值、频率及相位,达到阈值后开始并网。同时,针对该策略同步时间过长的问题,提出一种基于虚拟电容的构网型模块化多电平换流器快速并网切换控制策略,在控制环节引入虚拟电容快速调节构网型模块化多电平换流器的电压相位,节省储能型模块化多电平换流器的备用容量。最后,通过搭建硬件在环测试平台验证最优并网控制和快速并网切换控制策略的有效性和正确性。

基于SD-WAN混合链路实现规模无关快速路由切换的设计

软件定义广域网(Software Defined Wide Area Network,SD-WAN)作为被应用于广域网连接的新型网络技术,使用混合链路为广域网流量提供多条Overlay转发路径,配合智能应用选路等技术为网络流量提供最优路径动态选择的能力。提出了一种基于混合链路多Overlay隧道实现网络规模解耦下快速路由切换的新型设计,在广域网链路中断后提供路由收敛时间确定性上界保证,给出关键的数据结构及工作流程,对相关工程实施具备较好的指导作用。

110 kV双断口快速开关效率优化分析

电磁斥力效率的优化研究,以往研究主要针对斥力盘、线圈等关键零件的结构优化和参数匹配,以及预充电电容的电压和容值的优化分析,很少有关于开关辅助支撑结构件对效率影响的分析研究。不同结构形式和材质的辅助支撑结构件对斥力盘效率有着不可忽视的影响。文中以快速开关支撑板作为分析研究对象,在不改变样机结构形式的前提下,提出了通过设计导磁板,对支撑板开槽等方式,降低支撑板的涡流损耗,提高电磁斥力效率。文章最后,基于仿真结果,对一款110 kV双断口快速开关样机进行了改造设计。试验结果表明,在容值不变情况下,增加导磁板或者支撑板开槽可以有效降低电容预充电压,提高斥力机构效率。

一种新型混合型超导限流器的设计与实验研究

为解决传统电阻型超导限流器因超导组件参与常态通流而产生的超导带材用量过多及电流引线漏热功率过大等问题,提出了一种适用于中压船舶直流电力系统短路故障保护的新型混合型超导限流器拓扑结构。对其基于IGBT、高速真空开关的联合换流过程进行了试验研究与理论计算,得出了电容、电感、电阻等参数对换流过程的影响规律;采用盘式无感绕制的方式制作了超导带材盘,组成的高温超导组件电感值仅2.9μH;介绍了限流器用高速真空开关的触头运动特性;最后对限流器样机进行了试验,样机成功将预期峰值为57.6 kA的短路电流限流至24 kA以内,完成了在短路电流上升率为34 A/μs条件下,7.7 kA电流的换流,换流时间仅为61μs,电容电压最大值为1170 V,并实现了高速真空开关无弧分断。