Fasting plasma glucose(FPG) as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) has had a checkered history. During the last three decades, a few initial anecdotal reports have given way to the recent well-cond...Fasting plasma glucose(FPG) as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) has had a checkered history. During the last three decades, a few initial anecdotal reports have given way to the recent well-conducted studies. This review:(1) traces the history;(2) weighs the advantages and disadvantages;(3) addresses the significance in early pregnancy;(4) underscores the benefits after delivery; and(5) emphasizes the cost savings of using the FPG in the screening of GDM. It also highlights the utility of fasting capillary glucose and stresses the value of the FPG in circumventing the cumbersome oral glucose tolerance test. An understanding of all the caveats is crucial to be able to use the FPG for investigating glucose intolerance in pregnancy. Thus, all health professionals can use the patient-friendly FPG to simplify the onerous algorithms available for the screening and diagnosis of GDM-thereby helping each and every pregnant woman.展开更多
Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this...Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.展开更多
A fast video camera is verified to be a powerful tool for observation of filaments/blobs near the last closed flux surface (LCFS).In order to extract the fluctuation component from the raw data of the fast camera,a pr...A fast video camera is verified to be a powerful tool for observation of filaments/blobs near the last closed flux surface (LCFS).In order to extract the fluctuation component from the raw data of the fast camera,a pre-processing technique,sliding time window averaging subtraction (STWAS) has been developed to remove the background of slowly varying emission from the bulk plasma.By using this pre-processing technique,the fast camera data are analyzed.A method to identify the filaments in the pre-processed image is also discussed.展开更多
Drift instability in plasma generated by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) in KT-5D device was investigated by using a fast camera and Langmuir probes.The similarity betweenthe distribution of light intensity from th...Drift instability in plasma generated by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) in KT-5D device was investigated by using a fast camera and Langmuir probes.The similarity betweenthe distribution of light intensity from the images and the plasma pressure indicates a nearly linearrelationship.The discharge images taken by the camera and the plasma parameters measured bythe probes also indicate the existence of low frequency turbulent events with a time scale less thana few mini-seconds.展开更多
目的:观察益气化聚方联合硫辛酸对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖、代谢指标及周围神经病变的影响。方法:选取2020年8月至2022年12月上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院收治的T2DM患者120例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察...目的:观察益气化聚方联合硫辛酸对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖、代谢指标及周围神经病变的影响。方法:选取2020年8月至2022年12月上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院收治的T2DM患者120例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组给予硫辛酸治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用益气化聚方治疗。比较2组患者在治疗后的临床疗效、血糖变化、代谢相关指标、周围神经病变及治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组患者治疗总有效率高于对照组,且高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平、总神经运动神经传导速度(MNCV)及感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)评分(正中神经和腓总神经)显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.05)。观察组治疗期间出现血小板功能异常2例、脸色苍白1例,对照组治疗期间出现血小板功能异常2例、脸色苍白2例,2组治疗后不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义。结论:采用益气化聚方联合硫辛酸治疗T2DM可更明显改善周围神经病变,降低血糖,控制血脂,且安全性良好。展开更多
目的分析糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)单一及联合检验诊断糖尿病的价值。方法以72例疑似有糖尿病的患者作为临床研究对象,均接受HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG检验,以糖耐量测定为诊断“金标准”。比较HbA1c、FPG、2 ...目的分析糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)单一及联合检验诊断糖尿病的价值。方法以72例疑似有糖尿病的患者作为临床研究对象,均接受HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG检验,以糖耐量测定为诊断“金标准”。比较HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG单一及联合检验的灵敏度、特异度、准确度。结果72例受检者中有58例患者确诊为糖尿病。联合检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为94.83%、92.86%、94.44%;HbA1c检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为75.86%、28.57%、66.67%;FPG检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为81.03%、35.71%、72.22%;2 h PG检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为77.59%、42.86%、70.83%。联合检验诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确度均高于其他HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG单一诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确度,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG联合检验相较单一检验诊断糖尿病具有较高的临床价值,能够为临床治疗提供有价值的参考依据。展开更多
Background: Fasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves...Background: Fasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves.However, the underlying metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure are not clear. This study investigated the differences in heat production(HP), respiratory quotient(RQ) and plasma metabolites in pigs in the fed and fasted state, using the techniques of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics.Methods: Nine barrows(45.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were fed corn-soybean based meal diets and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 14 d. After 7 d adaptation, pigs were transferred to respiratory chambers to determine HP and RQ based on indirect calorimetry. Pigs were fed the diet at 2,400 k J ME/(kg BW0.6·d) during d 8 to 12. The last 2 d were divided into 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting treatment, respectively. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava during the last 3 d(1 d while pigs were fed and 2 d during which they were fasted).The metabolites of plasma were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach.Results: Indirect calorimetry analysis revealed that HP and RQ were no significant difference between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting, which were lower than those of fed state(P < 0.01). The nitrogen concentration of urine tended to decrease with fasting(P = 0.054). Metabolomics analysis between the fed and fasted state revealed differences in15 compounds, most of which were not significantly different between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and Co A biosynthesis.Conclusion: These results suggest that the decreases in HP and RQ of growing pigs under fasting conditions were associated with the alterations of linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The integrative analysis also revealed that growing pigs under a 24-h fasting were more appropriate than a 48-h fasting to investigate the metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure.展开更多
The micro-impulse generated by ablating an aluminum target in double-pulse laser bursts with different interpulse delays was investigated using a torsion pendulum.The plasma plume was simultaneously visualized using h...The micro-impulse generated by ablating an aluminum target in double-pulse laser bursts with different interpulse delays was investigated using a torsion pendulum.The plasma plume was simultaneously visualized using high-speed photography to analyze the coupling mechanism of the ablation impulse.The experiment was carried out using a pulsed laser with a pulse width of 8 ns and a wavelength of 1064 nm.The experimental results show that an impulse with an interpulse delay of 60 ns is roughly 60%higher than that with no delay between the two pulses,when the energy of both laser pulses is 50 m J.Therefore,double-pulse schemes could enhance the ablation impulse under certain conditions.This is because the ablation of the first laser pulse changes the optical properties of the aluminum target surface,increasing the absorptivity.However,the ablation impulse is reduced with a time delay of 20 ns when the energy of both laser pulses is100 mJ or 150 mJ.It can be concluded that the plasma produced by ablating the aluminum with the first pulse shields the second laser pulse.To summarize,the experimental results show that different delay times in a double-pulse scheme have a significant effect on the ablation impulse.The study provides a reference for the optimization of the parameters when laser ablation propulsion with a double-pulse scheme is applied in the fields of space debris removal,laser ablation thrusters,and so on.展开更多
The effectiveness of the magnetic confinement of plasma can be improved by elongating the plasma cross-section in tokamak devices.But elongated plasma has vertical displacement instability,so a feedback control system...The effectiveness of the magnetic confinement of plasma can be improved by elongating the plasma cross-section in tokamak devices.But elongated plasma has vertical displacement instability,so a feedback control system is needed to restrain the plasma's vertical displacement.A fast control power supply is needed to excite the active feedback coils,which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma's displacement.With the development of EAST,the fast control power supply needs to keep on enhancing the fast response and output current.The structure of a new power supply is introduced in this paper.The method of multiple inverters paralleled with the current sharing reactor is presented to meet the need for large current and fast control.According to the design demands of the EAST fast control power supply,the adjuster of the current close loop is applied to the inverter,which can advance its ability to restrain the loop current in low frequency and DC output.The result of the experiment confirms the validity of the proposed scheme and control strategy.展开更多
A feedback control system is needed to restrain plasma vertical displacement in EAST(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak).A fast control power supply excites active feedback coils,which produces a magnetic f...A feedback control system is needed to restrain plasma vertical displacement in EAST(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak).A fast control power supply excites active feedback coils,which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma's displacement.With the development of EAST,new demands on the new fast control power supply have led to an enhanced ability of fast response and output current,as well as a new control mode.The structure of cascaded and paralleled H-bridges can meet the demand of extended capacity,and digital control can realize current and voltage mixed control mode.The validity of the proposed scheme is confirmed by experiments.展开更多
Radio waves are highly attenuated and distorted by turbulent plasma sheath around hypersonic vehicles in near space, leading to communication blackout. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the plasma channel cha...Radio waves are highly attenuated and distorted by turbulent plasma sheath around hypersonic vehicles in near space, leading to communication blackout. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the plasma channel characteristics and the communication performances over the channel. We treat the turbulent plasma medium as a fast fading wireless channel. The coherence time and the spectrum spread of the plasma sheath channel are obtained in terms of root-meansquare(RMS). Baseband simulation scheme is proposed based on a stratified model of the plasma flow field. Results indicate that the coherence time is on the order of milliseconds and decreases rapidly with the increasing electron density turbulence. The spectrum spread due to plasma turbulence is also significant. Extensive simulations have been carried out to make communication performance evaluations. Quantitative results show that error floor takes place for PSK and QAM, while FSK with noncoherent detection is a promising method to mitigate the blackout problem.展开更多
文摘Fasting plasma glucose(FPG) as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) has had a checkered history. During the last three decades, a few initial anecdotal reports have given way to the recent well-conducted studies. This review:(1) traces the history;(2) weighs the advantages and disadvantages;(3) addresses the significance in early pregnancy;(4) underscores the benefits after delivery; and(5) emphasizes the cost savings of using the FPG in the screening of GDM. It also highlights the utility of fasting capillary glucose and stresses the value of the FPG in circumventing the cumbersome oral glucose tolerance test. An understanding of all the caveats is crucial to be able to use the FPG for investigating glucose intolerance in pregnancy. Thus, all health professionals can use the patient-friendly FPG to simplify the onerous algorithms available for the screening and diagnosis of GDM-thereby helping each and every pregnant woman.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（51237006）.
文摘Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.
文摘A fast video camera is verified to be a powerful tool for observation of filaments/blobs near the last closed flux surface (LCFS).In order to extract the fluctuation component from the raw data of the fast camera,a pre-processing technique,sliding time window averaging subtraction (STWAS) has been developed to remove the background of slowly varying emission from the bulk plasma.By using this pre-processing technique,the fast camera data are analyzed.A method to identify the filaments in the pre-processed image is also discussed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10235010,10335060)grants from the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Drift instability in plasma generated by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) in KT-5D device was investigated by using a fast camera and Langmuir probes.The similarity betweenthe distribution of light intensity from the images and the plasma pressure indicates a nearly linearrelationship.The discharge images taken by the camera and the plasma parameters measured bythe probes also indicate the existence of low frequency turbulent events with a time scale less thana few mini-seconds.
基金supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China （973 program, No. 2009GB103000）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 10835009）, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences with grant ID of KJCX3.SYW.N4
文摘目的:观察益气化聚方联合硫辛酸对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖、代谢指标及周围神经病变的影响。方法:选取2020年8月至2022年12月上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院收治的T2DM患者120例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组60例。对照组给予硫辛酸治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用益气化聚方治疗。比较2组患者在治疗后的临床疗效、血糖变化、代谢相关指标、周围神经病变及治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组患者治疗总有效率高于对照组,且高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平、总神经运动神经传导速度(MNCV)及感觉神经传导速度(SNCV)评分(正中神经和腓总神经)显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与对照组比较显著降低(P<0.05)。观察组治疗期间出现血小板功能异常2例、脸色苍白1例,对照组治疗期间出现血小板功能异常2例、脸色苍白2例,2组治疗后不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义。结论:采用益气化聚方联合硫辛酸治疗T2DM可更明显改善周围神经病变,降低血糖,控制血脂,且安全性良好。
文摘目的分析糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)单一及联合检验诊断糖尿病的价值。方法以72例疑似有糖尿病的患者作为临床研究对象,均接受HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG检验,以糖耐量测定为诊断“金标准”。比较HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG单一及联合检验的灵敏度、特异度、准确度。结果72例受检者中有58例患者确诊为糖尿病。联合检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为94.83%、92.86%、94.44%;HbA1c检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为75.86%、28.57%、66.67%;FPG检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为81.03%、35.71%、72.22%;2 h PG检验的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为77.59%、42.86%、70.83%。联合检验诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确度均高于其他HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG单一诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确度,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HbA1c、FPG、2 h PG联合检验相较单一检验诊断糖尿病具有较高的临床价值,能够为临床治疗提供有价值的参考依据。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372317)Developing Key Equipment for Digital Management and Monitoring Environment in Animal Production(2013AA10230602)+1 种基金Prevention and Control of Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Livestock and Poultry(2016YFD0501204)the 111 Project(B16044)
文摘Background: Fasting is a simple metabolic strategy that is used to estimate the maintenance energy requirement where the energy supply for basic physiological functions is provided by the mobilization of body reserves.However, the underlying metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure are not clear. This study investigated the differences in heat production(HP), respiratory quotient(RQ) and plasma metabolites in pigs in the fed and fasted state, using the techniques of indirect calorimetry and metabolomics.Methods: Nine barrows(45.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were fed corn-soybean based meal diets and were kept in metabolism crates for a period of 14 d. After 7 d adaptation, pigs were transferred to respiratory chambers to determine HP and RQ based on indirect calorimetry. Pigs were fed the diet at 2,400 k J ME/(kg BW0.6·d) during d 8 to 12. The last 2 d were divided into 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting treatment, respectively. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava during the last 3 d(1 d while pigs were fed and 2 d during which they were fasted).The metabolites of plasma were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach.Results: Indirect calorimetry analysis revealed that HP and RQ were no significant difference between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting, which were lower than those of fed state(P < 0.01). The nitrogen concentration of urine tended to decrease with fasting(P = 0.054). Metabolomics analysis between the fed and fasted state revealed differences in15 compounds, most of which were not significantly different between 24 h fasting and 48 h fasting. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism, and pantothenate and Co A biosynthesis.Conclusion: These results suggest that the decreases in HP and RQ of growing pigs under fasting conditions were associated with the alterations of linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The integrative analysis also revealed that growing pigs under a 24-h fasting were more appropriate than a 48-h fasting to investigate the metabolic components of maintenance energy expenditure.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11502301 and 11602304)。
文摘The micro-impulse generated by ablating an aluminum target in double-pulse laser bursts with different interpulse delays was investigated using a torsion pendulum.The plasma plume was simultaneously visualized using high-speed photography to analyze the coupling mechanism of the ablation impulse.The experiment was carried out using a pulsed laser with a pulse width of 8 ns and a wavelength of 1064 nm.The experimental results show that an impulse with an interpulse delay of 60 ns is roughly 60%higher than that with no delay between the two pulses,when the energy of both laser pulses is 50 m J.Therefore,double-pulse schemes could enhance the ablation impulse under certain conditions.This is because the ablation of the first laser pulse changes the optical properties of the aluminum target surface,increasing the absorptivity.However,the ablation impulse is reduced with a time delay of 20 ns when the energy of both laser pulses is100 mJ or 150 mJ.It can be concluded that the plasma produced by ablating the aluminum with the first pulse shields the second laser pulse.To summarize,the experimental results show that different delay times in a double-pulse scheme have a significant effect on the ablation impulse.The study provides a reference for the optimization of the parameters when laser ablation propulsion with a double-pulse scheme is applied in the fields of space debris removal,laser ablation thrusters,and so on.
基金supported in part by the ITER Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011GB109002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11275056)
文摘The effectiveness of the magnetic confinement of plasma can be improved by elongating the plasma cross-section in tokamak devices.But elongated plasma has vertical displacement instability,so a feedback control system is needed to restrain the plasma's vertical displacement.A fast control power supply is needed to excite the active feedback coils,which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma's displacement.With the development of EAST,the fast control power supply needs to keep on enhancing the fast response and output current.The structure of a new power supply is introduced in this paper.The method of multiple inverters paralleled with the current sharing reactor is presented to meet the need for large current and fast control.According to the design demands of the EAST fast control power supply,the adjuster of the current close loop is applied to the inverter,which can advance its ability to restrain the loop current in low frequency and DC output.The result of the experiment confirms the validity of the proposed scheme and control strategy.
基金supported by ITER Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011GB109002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11275056)Hefei University of Technology Doctor Research Foundation of China(No.2011HGBZ1292)
文摘A feedback control system is needed to restrain plasma vertical displacement in EAST(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak).A fast control power supply excites active feedback coils,which produces a magnetic field to control the plasma's displacement.With the development of EAST,new demands on the new fast control power supply have led to an enhanced ability of fast response and output current,as well as a new control mode.The structure of cascaded and paralleled H-bridges can meet the demand of extended capacity,and digital control can realize current and voltage mixed control mode.The validity of the proposed scheme is confirmed by experiments.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB340206)partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61132002,No.61321061)
文摘Radio waves are highly attenuated and distorted by turbulent plasma sheath around hypersonic vehicles in near space, leading to communication blackout. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the plasma channel characteristics and the communication performances over the channel. We treat the turbulent plasma medium as a fast fading wireless channel. The coherence time and the spectrum spread of the plasma sheath channel are obtained in terms of root-meansquare(RMS). Baseband simulation scheme is proposed based on a stratified model of the plasma flow field. Results indicate that the coherence time is on the order of milliseconds and decreases rapidly with the increasing electron density turbulence. The spectrum spread due to plasma turbulence is also significant. Extensive simulations have been carried out to make communication performance evaluations. Quantitative results show that error floor takes place for PSK and QAM, while FSK with noncoherent detection is a promising method to mitigate the blackout problem.
