Effects of high‑grain diet feeding on fatty acid profiles in milk,blood,muscle,and adipose tissue,and transcriptional expression of lipid‑related genes in muscle and adipose tissue of dairy cows

Background High-grain(HG)diets affect lipid metabolism in the liver and mammary tissue of dairy cows,but its effects on muscle and adipose tissue have not been wide evaluated.Thus,the aim of this study is to clarify this issue.Methods Twelve Holstein cows were randomly divided into two groups:conventional diet group(CON,n=6)and the HG diet group(n=6).On day 7 of week 4,rumen fluid was sampled to measure pH,milk was sampled to meas-ure components,and blood was sampled to measure biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition.After the experiment,cows were slaughtered to collect muscle and adipose tissue for fatty acid composition and transcriptome analysis.Results HG feeding decreased the ruminal pH,milk’s fat content and long-chain fatty acid proportion(P<0.05)and increased the proportion of short-and medium-chain fatty acids in the milk(P<0.05)as compared with CON diets.The concentrations of blood cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein,and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the HG cows were lower than those in CON cows(P<0.05).In muscle tissue,HG feeding tended to increase the triacylglycerol(TG)concentration(P<0.10).Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the biosynthesis of the unsaturated fatty acids pathway,the regulation of lipolysis in the adipocytes pathway,and the PPAR signalling pathway.In adipose tissue,HG feeding increased the concentration of TG and decreased the concentration of C18:1 cis9(P<0.05).At the transcrip-tome level,the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway,linoleic acid metabolism pathway,and PPAR signalling pathway were activated.Conclusion HG feeding leads to subacute rumen acidosis and a decreased milk fat content.The fatty acid profiles in the milk and plasma of dairy cows were changed by HG feeding.In muscle and adipose tissue,HG feeding increased TG concentration and up-regulated the expression of genes related to adipogenesis,while down-regulated the expression of genes related to lipid transport.These results complement our knowledge of the fatty acid composi-tion of muscle and adipose tissue in dairy cows and expand our understanding of the mechanisms by which HG diets affect lipid metabolism in muscle and adipose tissue.

The effect of ensiled paulownia leaves in a high-forage diet on ruminal fermentation,methane production,fatty acid composition,and milk production performance of dairy cows

Background:The use of industrial by-products rich in bioactive compounds as animal feeds can reduce greenhouse gas production.Paulownia leaves silage(PLS)was supplemented to dairy cows'diet and evaluated in vitro(Exp.1;Rusitec)and in vivo(Exp.2,cannulated lactating dairy cows and Exp.3,non-cannulated lactating dairy cows).The study investigated the PLS effect on ruminal fermentation,microbial populations,methane production and concentration,dry matter intake(DMI),and fatty acid(FA)proportions in ruminal fluid and milk.Results:Several variables of the ruminal fluid were changed in response to the inclusion of PLS.In Exp.1,the p H increased linearly and quadratically,whereas ammonia and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)concentrations increased linearly and cubically.A linear,quadratic,and cubical decrease in methane concentration was observed with increasing dose of the PLS.Exp.2 revealed an increase in ruminal p H and ammonia concentrations,but no changes in total VFA concentration.Inclusion of PLS increased ruminal propionate(at 3 h and 6 h after feeding),isovalerate,and valerate concentrations.Addition of PLS also affected several populations of the analyzed microorganisms.The abundances of protozoa and bacteria were increased,whereas the abundance of archaea were decreased by PLS.Methane production decreased by 11%and 14%in PLS-fed cows compared to the control in Exp.2 and 3,respectively.Exp.3 revealed a reduction in the milk protein and lactose yield in the PLS-fed cows,but no effect on DMI and energy corrected milk yield.Also,the PLS diet affected the ruminal biohydrogenation process with an increased proportions of C18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15,conjugated linoleic acid,C18:1 trans-11 FA,polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),and reduced n6/n3 ratio and saturated fatty acids(SFA)proportion in milk.The relative transcript abundances of the 5 of 6 analyzed genes regulating FA metabolism increased.Conclusions:The dietary PLS replacing the alfalfa silage at 60 g/kg diet can reduce the methane emission and improve milk quality with greater proportions of PUFA,including conjugated linoleic acid,and C18:1 trans-11 along with reduction of SFA.

Different dietary starch sources alter the carcass traits, meat quality, and the profile of muscle amino acid and fatty acid in finishing pigs

Background: With increasing health awareness among consumers, the demand for healthier, tastier, higher quality and nutritional value pork is increasing. It has been shown that different dietary starch sources can alter the carcass traits and meat quality. However, research on the effects of different starch sources with clear different amylose/amylopectin ratio on the amino acid and fatty acid composition in Longissimus thoracis(L. thoracis) muscle of pigs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary starch sources on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition, and the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism and muscle fiber characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 Duroc × Landrace × Large White barrows were randomly allocated to 3 different dietary treatment groups with 8 replicate pens/group and 3 pigs per pen.Tapioca starch(TS), corn starch(CS), and pea starch(PS), with amylose/amylopectin ratio of 0.11, 0.25, and 0.44,respectively, were used as their dietary starch sources for 40 days.Results: Results showed that the PS diet significantly increased(P < 0.05) the final body weight, average daily gain,loin-eye area, and fat-free lean index compared with the TS diet, but significantly decreased(P < 0.05) the feed to gain ratio and backfat thickness. Compared with the TS diet, PS diet also increased(P < 0.05) the pH45 min, marbling scores, the content of intramuscular fat and inosine monophosphate in the L. thoracis, and decreased(P < 0.05) the drip loss and shear force. In addition, compared with the TS diet, PS diet increased(P < 0.05) the proportions of flavor amino acids, DHA, EPA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) in the L. thoracis compared with TS diet,but decreased(P < 0.05) the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. Furthermore, compared with the TS diet, PS diet also upregulated(P < 0.05) the lipogenic genes(FAS, LPL, SCD, ACCα) and myosin heavy-chain(MyHC)-IIa mRNA expression levels compared with the TS diet, but downregulated(P < 0.05) the CPT1 B and MyHC-IIb mRNA levels.Conclusions: In conclusion, these results provided compelling evidence that the different dietary starch source altered the carcass traits, meat flavor and quality in finishing pigs, and consumption of a diet with higher amylose/amylopectin ratio results in the production of a healthy, higher quality, and nutritional value pork.

Branched chain amino acids alter fatty acid profile in colostrum of sows fed a high fat diet

Background:Branched chain amino acids(BCAAs)are important substrates for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland,and are tightly related to lipid metabolism.No study has been performed examining the role of BCAAs with high fat diets on milk fat synthesis.This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary BCAAs on growth performance of piglets,progeny body weight,and milk fat composition in sows fed a high fat diet.Four diets(CON=control diet;HF=high fat diet with 8%soybean oil;HF-MB=HF plus 0.39%BCAAs;HF-HB=HF plus 0.78%BCAAs)were fed to sows from late gestation to weaning.Results:Compared to HF,BCAAs(HF-MB and HF-HB)increased the litter weight(P<0.05)and overall litter weight gain(P<0.05)at weaning and increased colostrum fat content by 27.3–35.8%(P<0.01).Fatty acid profiles between the two doses of BCAAs were similar.Compared with HF,HF-MB tended to decrease the percentage of C18:3n3(P=0.063)and increased the percentage of C18:1n9c(P=0.03).In addition,BCAAs in HF-MB increased the concentration of total fatty acid by 22.1%in colostrum(P=0.03)but decreased that in serum at parturition by 53.2%(P=0.027).The fatty acids in colostrum that increased with BCAAs were C15:0,C17:0,C20:3n6,C20:4n6,C20:5n3 and C22:6n3(P=0.00~0.04).Colostrum fatty acids of C20:0,C21:0,C22:0,C16:1,C20:1,C18:1n9c also tended to be increased(0.05<P<0.1)with BCAAs.The change in sow serum fatty acid profile due to BCAAs was different from that in colostrum.Conclusions:BCAAs in high fat diet of sows altered the fatty acid composition in colostrum and enhanced litter growth.Our study indicated that BCAAs supplementation can enhance mammary fatty acid uptake and mammary fat synthesis and that supplemental BCAAs and fat in late gestation and lactation diets for sows can improve reproductive performance.

Dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces lipid accretion by regulating fatty acid metabolism in Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)

Background: Excessive white fat accumulation in humans and other animals is associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. It is unknown whether dietary L-arginine supplementation reduces lipid deposition in high fat diet-fed Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).Results: In the present study, we found that dietary supplementation with 1% or 2% arginine decreased the deposition and concentration of fats in the liver;the concentrations of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein in the serum;and the diameter of adipocytes in intraperitoneal adipose tissue. Compared with the un-supplementation control group, the hepatic activities of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and hepatic concentration of malondialdehyde were reduced but these for catalase and superoxide dismutase were enhanced by dietary supplementation with 2% arginine. Arginine supplementation reduced the total amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids, while increasing the total amounts of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. These effects of arginine were associated with reductions in mRNA levels for genes related to lipogenesis(sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase α, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and fatty acid synthase) but increases in mRNA levels for genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation(carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α). In addition, hepatic mRNA levels for Δ4 fatty acyl desaturase 2 and elongase 5 of very long-chain fatty acids were enhanced by arginine supplementation.Conclusion: These results revealed that dietary L-arginine supplementation to tilapia reduced high fat diet-induced fat deposition and fatty acid composition in the liver by regulating the expression of genes for lipid metabolism.

Transcriptional proffling between yellow-and black-seeded Brassica napus reveals molecular modulations on flavonoid and fatty acid content

Brassica napus is an important cash crop broadly grown for the vegetable and oil values.Yellow-seeded B.napus is preferred by breeders due to its improved oil and protein quality,less pigments and lignin compared with the blackseeded counterpart.This study compared the differences in flavonoid and fatty acid contents between yellow rapeseed from the progenies of B.napus-Sinapis alba somatic hybrids and the black-seeded counterpart using RNA-seq analysis.Through HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)/MSanalysis,it was found that phenylpropanoids and flavonoids(i.e.,isorhamnetin,epicatechin,kaempferol,and other derivatives)in yellow seed were significantly lower than those in black seed.The fatty acid(FA)content in yellow rapeseed was higher than that in black rapeseed due to the variation of C16:0,C18:0,C18:1,C18:2,and C18:3 contents.RNA-seq analysis of seeds at four and five weeks after flowering(WAF)indicated that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between black and yellow rapeseeds were enriched in flavonoid and FA biosynthesis,including BnTT3,BnTT4,BnTT18,and BnFAD2.Also,genes related to FA biosynthesis,desaturation and elongation(FAD3,LEC1,FUS3,and LPAT2)in yellow seed were up-regulated compared to those in black seed,while genes involved in beta-oxidation cycle(AIM1 and KAT2)of yellow seed were down-regulated compared to those in black seed.The DEGs related to the variation of flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,and FAs would help improve the knowledge of yellow seed character in B.napus and promote rapeseed improvement.

Factors aff ecting lipid and fatty acid composition of Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring

The factors aff ecting lipid and fatty acid composition of copepod Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea(YS)and the East China Sea(ECS)were examined in this study.In spring,there were signifi cant diff erences between these two regions for both environmental conditions and food availability.Such regional diff erence signifi cantly infl uenced the lipid and fatty acid profi les of C.sinicus.Our results show that C.sinicus has a higher lipids content in ECS,especially for wax ester and triglyceride lipids,indicating a more active and effi cient predation.According to BIO-ENV analysis,the variation of lipids profi les may be infl uenced majorly by water temperature.Moreover,the fatty acids(FAs)profi les of C.sinicus were also diff erent between YS and ECS,especially in the four major contributors,C22꞉1ω11,eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA),docosahexenoic acid(DHA),and C20꞉1ω9.The considerable amounts of self-biosynthesized FAs of herbivorous copepod(C22꞉1ω11 and C20꞉1ω9)and low DHA/EPA ratio may indicate that C.sinicus in ECS feed mainly on phytoplankton comparing to those in YS.The fatty acid profi les of C.sinicus were aff ected by the diff erences in food availability.

Effect of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.supplementation on gut microflora and short chain fatty acid composition in Crj:CD-1 mice

We investigated the diversity and composition of microflora in feces of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.-fed mice.In addition,we evaluated the production of major cytokines(Interleukin-6 and-10)which are related to inflammation and fatty acid composition of several tissues.16S ribosomal DNA sequencing-based microbiome taxonomic profiling analysis was performed utilizing the EzBioCloud data base.Male mice fed on L.lucidus showed a significantly reduced number of lactic acid bacteria and coliform in the feces compared with the control group(p<0.05).16S rDNA sequencing analysis of fecal samples showed that L.lucidus supplementation decreased the community of harmful microflora(Enterobacteriaceae including Escherichia coli and Bacteroides sp.)in feces compared with the control group(p<0.05).There were no significant differences in mRNA expression of cytokine IL-6 and IL-10 between the control and L.lucidus fed groups.The fecal fatty acid composition in the L.lucidus group had percentages of 4:0,6:0,8:0 and 10:0 in the intestine but those short chain fatty acids were not detected in the control group.Our results showed that L.lucidus supplementation influenced gut environment by decreasing harmful microflora and increased the percentages of several short fatty acids.

Physicochemical properties, fatty acid and mineral content of some walnuts (Juglans regia L.) types

Some physical and chemical properties, mineral content and fatty acid compositions of kernel and oils of several walnut types (Büyük Oba, Kaman2, Kaman5) were determined. The oil yields from these kernels changed between 61.4% to 72.8%. The crude fibre contents of ker nels ranged between 3.77% and 3.80%. In add ition, crude protein contents of kernels ranged between 7.05% and 8.10%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 3.18 meq/ Kg and 3.53 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged be tween 0.35% and 0.56%. The main fatty acids of walnut kernel oils were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. Linoleic acid contents of ker nel oils varied between 49.7% and 55.5%. On the other hand, oleic acid contents ranged between 20.5% and 26.4%. As a result, the present study showed the walnut kernels of the researched species of walnut kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applica tions.

Association of Bovine Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Intramuscular Fatty Acid Composition in Japanese Black Steers

Beef from Japanese Black cattle (JBK), is popular in Japan and valued for its highly marbled fat content. In JBK, genes affecting oleic acid content in meat have been studied mainly to lower the fat melting point and improve tenderness;however, there has been no direct correlation demonstrated between beef taste and oleic acid. To investigate genes affecting other fatty acids other than oleic acid, polymorphisms of the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene were genotyped and associations with fatty acid profile in JBK beef were investigated. Amplifications of 5’-flanking regions, 12 exons, and 3’-untranslated regions of the FADS2 gene in three Japanese and five Western cattle breeds via PCR, were amplified, sequenced and SNPs were identified using specific TaqMan genotyping assay. Fatty acid composition of intramuscular adipose tissue of the Trapezius muscle was analyzed in JBK steers. Six of the 15 identified SNPs are novel and have never been registered in any public bovine SNP database. A non-synonymous SNP (rs211580559;C > T;294 Ala > Val) in exon 7 was examined in order to evaluate its association with fatty acid profiles. The data showed that highly significant association existed between rs211580559 and C18:2 (n-6) composition, and accounted for 22.3% of the variation. There were no significant relationships between rs2115-80559 and the other fatty acids. It was concluded that rs211580559 of the FADS2 gene may be a useful selection marker for reducing unfavorable volatiles generated from linoleic acid in JBK beef during the cooking process.

Comparative advantages of chemical compositions of specific edible vegetable oils

As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decidetheir development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oilswere investigated. The comparative advantages of chemical compositions of these edible oils were obtained asfollows: (1) camellia, tiger nut and almond oil were rich in oleic acid, the contents of which accounted for79.43%, 69.16% and 66.26%, respectively;(2) safflower oil contained the highest content of linoleic acid(76.69%), followed by grape seed (66.85%) and walnut oil (57.30%);(3) perilla seed, siritch, peony seed andherbaceous peony seed oil were rich in α-linolenic acid (59.61%, 43.74%, 40.83% and 30.84%, respectively);(4)the total phytosterol contents of these oils ranged from 91.46 mg/100 g (camellia oil) to 506.46 mg/100 g (siritchoil);and (5) The best source of tocopherols was sacha inchi oil (122.74 mg/100 g), followed by perilla seed oil(55.89 mg/100 g), peony seed oil (53.73 mg/100 g) and herbaceous peony seed oil (47.17 mg/100 g). Thecomparative advantages of these specific edible oils indicated that they possess the high potential nutritionalvalues and health care functions.

Biodiesel Production from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Larvae Oil: Physichochemical Properties and Acid Composition of Oil as Affected by Oil Extraction Protocol

Biodiesel, a renewable energy source made from natural oils and fats, can be produced using white raffia larvae as a raw material. These larvae have a high lipid content and a short life cycle, making them suitable for this purpose. One crucial step in biodiesel production is oil extraction, and this study aimed to investigate how the extraction protocol affects the fuel properties of the oil. To study the impact of solvent type, solvent volume, and residence time on oil yield, 200 grams of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus were used in a Soxhlet extractor. The researchers examined the physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the crude grease using the European biodiesel standard (EN14214) and gas chromatography methods, respectively. The study found that hexane as a solvent produced the highest oil yield (64.44%) during a four-hour extraction period with a solvent ratio of 300 ml. Furthermore, the hexane-extracted oil had the highest iodine number (3.02 g/100 g) and cetane number (55.69). These values indicate favorable properties for biodiesel production. The Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae oil proved to be a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (76%), which were found to be significantly affected by the solvent type. Based on quality assessment, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus can be suitable for biodiesel production. In summary, under the given operational conditions, hexane is the most suitable solvent for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus oil extraction for biodiesel production. Further research in optimizing the extraction process can contribute to the efficient utilization of renewable energy sources like white raffia larvae for biodiesel production.

Fermented mixed feed alters growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality and muscle fatty acid and amino acid profiles in finishing pigs

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented mixed feed(FMF)on growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality,muscle amino acid and fatty acid composition and mRNA expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism in finishing pigs.In the present study,144 finishing pigs(Duroc×Berkshire×Jiaxing Black)were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens per group and 12 pigs per pen.The dietary treatments included a basal diet(CON),a basal diet+5%FMF and a basal diet+10%FMF.The experiment lasted 38 d after 4 d of acclimation.The results showed that 5%and 10%FMF significantly increased the average daily gain(ADG)of the females but not the males(P<0.05),but FMF supplementation showed no impact on carcass traits.Moreover,10%FMF supplementation increased the meat color45 min and meat color24 h values,while it decreased the shear force relative to CON(P<0.05).In addition,10%FMF significantly increased the contents of flavor amino acids(FAA),total essential AA(EAA),total non-EAA(NEAA)and total AA relative to CON(P<0.05).Furthermore,the diet supplemented with 10%FMF significantly increased the concentration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),n-6 PUFA and total PUFA,and the PUFA to saturated fatty acids ratio(P<0.05),suggesting that FMF supplementation increased meat quality.Moreover,compared with the CON,10%FMF supplementation increased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes,including CEBPα,PPARγ,SREBP1 and FABP4,and upregulated the expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis(ACAA1 and FADS2).Together,our results suggest that 10%FMF dietary supplementation improved the female pigs’growth performance,improved the meat quality and altered the profiles of muscle fatty acids and amino acids in finishing pigs.This study provides a reference for the production of high-quality pork.

Lipo-nutritional quality of pork:The lipid composition,regulation,and molecular mechanisms of fatty acid deposition

Pork is one of the main meats consumed by people,and its nutritional value is closely related to human health.The lipid deposition and composition of pork not only affect the sensory quality but also determine the nutritional quality of pork.The lipids in pork include triglycerides(TAG)and a small amount of cholesterol and phospholipids.TAG are the main lipids in skeletal muscle fat,which is divided into intermuscular fat and intramuscular fat(IMF).In addition to TAG,IMF also contains phospholipids,which are important factors affecting pork flavour.There are three types of fatty acids in TAG:saturated fatty acids(SFA),monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA),and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).PUFA,such as n-3 PUFA,have a beneficial effect on health,including the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism and protection against cardiovascular diseases.Therefore,regulating lipid deposition,especially the fatty acid composition,in pork is important for improving the nutritional quality for hu-man health.Notably,several strategies,such as breeding,environmental control,and the nutritional regulation of lipid composition and deposition in pork,have been studied.More recently,faecal trans-plantation,molecular design breeding and non-coding RNA have been studied and proven useful for regulating lipid deposition in pigs.In this review,we mainly summarized and discussed the research findings to date on the lipid composition and regulation mechanisms of fatty acid deposition and provide new insights into efficient means of improving the lipid composition and lipo-nutritional quality of pork.

Effect of dietary incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich oil sources on fatty acid profile, keeping quality and sensory attributes of broiler chicken meat

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of commonly used vegetable oil(sunflower oil, SFO) with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) rich oil sources on broiler chicken performance, carcass yield, meat fatty acid composition, keeping quality and sensory attributes of meat. In the current experiment, 300 day-old Krishibro broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 5 dietary groups(50 replicates with 6 chicks in each) prepared by replacing SFO(2% and 3% of diet during starter and finisher periods, respectively) with n-3 PUFA rich soybean oil(SO), mustard oil(MO), linseed oil(LO) or fish oil(FO) on weight basis. Variation in oil sources had no influence(P > 0.05) on performance and carcass yield. Supplementation of MO, LO or FO significantly(P < 0.01) increased the n-3 PUFA, lowered the n-6 PUFA deposition and n-6:n-3 ratio in breast and thigh without affecting the organoleptic characters(appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability) of meat.However, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances concentration in meat was increased(P < 0.01) with LO and FO supplementation compared with SFO. It is concluded that, dietary incorporation of MO, LO or FO at 2% and 3% levels during starter and finisher phase can enrich broiler chicken meat with n-3 PUFA without affecting the bird's performance and sensory characters of meat.

Optimization of hot air drying process for tiger nut and analysis of fatty acid composition of tiger nut oil

Hot air temperature,hot air humidity,and hot wind speed were selected as independent variables of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test design through single factor test.Drying time,energy consumption,chromatism value,luminosity value,hardness,rehydration ratio,and other indexes of the product were used as the response value of the test.Response surface methodology(RSM)was used to analyze the effects of independent variables on the quality of tiger nut(Cyperus esculentus L.),and the process parameters were combined and optimized.The results show that the suitable technological conditions for hot air drying of tiger nut are as follows:hot air temperature of 63.15°C,hot air humidity of 44.92%,hot air wind speed of 2.48 m/s.Under these conditions,the product has the advantages of the short drying cycle,low energy consumption,good color and luster,low hardness and good rehydration performance.The fatty acid composition and content of tiger nut oil were determined by gas chromatography.The fatty acid composition and content of tiger nut oil were compared with those of soybean oil,olive oil,rapeseed oil and sesame oil,the results show that among the saturated fatty acids in tiger nut oil,palm oil had the highest content of 11.172%,which was between soybean oil and olive oil.The main composition of unsaturated fatty acids in tiger nut oil is oleic acid,with a content of 77.605%,which is 3.6 times higher than that of soybean oil,and even higher than that of olive oil.

A selected population study reveals the biochemical mechanism of intramuscular fat deposition in chicken meat

Background:Increasing intramuscular fat(IMF)is an important strategy to improve meat quality,but the regulation mechanism of IMF deposition needs to be systematically clarified.Results:A total of 520 chickens from a selected line with improved IMF content and a control line were used to investigate the biochemical mechanism of IMF deposition in chickens.The results showed that the increased IMF would improve the flavor and tenderness quality of chicken meat.IMF content was mainly determined both by measuring triglyceride(TG)and phospholipid(PLIP)in muscle tissue,but only TG content was found to be decisive for IMF deposition.Furthermore,the increase in major fatty acid(FA)components in IMF is mainly derived from TGs(including C16:0,C16:1,C18:1n9c,and C18:2n6c,etc.),and the inhibition of certain very-long-chain FAs would help to IMF/TG deposition.Conclusions:Our study elucidated the underlying biochemical mechanism of IMF deposition in chicken:Prevalent accumulation of long-chain FAs and inhibitions of medium-chain FAs and very long chain FA would jointly result in the increase of TGs with the FA biosynthesis and cellular uptake ways.Our findings will guide the production of high-quality chicken meat.

Maternal butyrate supplementation affects the lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition in the skeletal muscle of offspring piglets

Maternal sodium butyrate(SB)intake has important effects on offspring growth and development.This study aimed to investigate the impacts of maternal SB supplementation during gestation and lactation on fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism in the offspring skeletal muscle of pigs.Twenty sows(Yorkshire,parity 2 to 3)were assigned to the control group(diets without SB,n=10)and SB group(diets with 0.1%SB,n=10).The results showed maternal SB supplementation throughout gestation and lactation increased(P<0.05)body weight of offspring piglets at weaning.The concentrations of triglyceride in plasma and milk were enhanced(P<0.05).Maternal SB induced(P<0.05)lipid accumulation with increased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγ(PPARγ)by enrichment of the acetylation of H3 acetylation K27(H3 K27)in offspring skeletal muscle.Meanwhile,the concentrations of C18:2 n-6,C18:3 n-3,total polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA decreased(P<0.05)in skeletal muscle of weaning piglets derived from SB sows.Together,these results showed that maternal SB supplementation could influence offspring growth performance,lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle.

Comparison of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Pinus koraiensis L. Nut Oils from Different Extraction Technologies

In this study, the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol compositions of Pinus koraiensis L.nut oils were evaluated, and the impact of different extraction technologies on the overall quality of pine nut oil was assessed. All the pine nut oils had pleasant and characteristic odor and flavor of the pine nuts and the flavor of the oil from hot-pressing was strongest. The oils obtained by hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction had less deterioration, indicating hexane extraction and sub-critical extraction preserve the oil quality well. Gas chromatography showed that the predominant fatty acid was linoleic acid(45.36%–45.91%), followed by oleic acid(26.91%–27.10%), and pinolenic acid(13.33%–13.63%), respectively. The oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake and sub-critical extraction were richer in tocopherols and tocotrienols, namely, 37.52 and 36.18 mg/100 g, respectively, with α-tocopherol most abundant. The pine nut oils from hexane extraction of cold-pressed cake,hexane extraction, cold pressing, and sub-critical extraction had better oxidation stability with the oxidation induction times of 6.91, 5.27, 4.96 and 4.93 h, respectively. Based on its features, P. koraiensis nut oil may have the multiple application in edible oil, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. P. koraiensis can be one of the good woody candidates for closing the gap between the demand and production of vegetable oils.

Properties of Apricot Kernel and Oils as Fruit Juice Processing Waste

Recently, more attention has been focused on the utilization of food processing by products and wastes, as well as under-utilization agricultural products. Some physical and chemical properties, mineral contents and fatty acid composition of apricot kernel and oils were determined. The oil yields from kernels changed from 42.2% to 57.2%. The crude fibre contents ranged between 4.06% and 7.63%. In addition, crude protein contents ranged between 15.1% and 24.2%. While the peroxide values of kernel oils change between 0.834 meq/Kg and 8.294 meq/Kg, acidity values ranged between 0.279% and 0.700%. The main fatty acids in apricot kernel oils were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Oleic acid contents of kernel oils varied between 53.06% and 70.90%. On the other hand, linoleic acid contents ranged between 21.43% and 35,67%. As a result, the present study showed the apricot kernels of the researched species of apricot kernels from Turkey are a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applications.