Method of Fault Area ＆ Section Location for Non-solidly Earthed Distribution System

中国中压配电网以架空线为主，多为小电流系统，单相接地故障占到电网故障总数的80％以上，但中国配网自动化系统基本上没有小电流接地故障定位功能，使配网自动化系统在提高可靠性的作用上大打折扣。给出一种小电流接地故障区段定位新方法，在线路上配置广域相量测量固定测点，获取小电流电网单相接地故障特征信息。基于测点相邻矩阵区段起始测点标识向量和故障路径标识向量概念，提出确定故障区间边界节点算法。物理模拟实验和挂网测试表明：该故障分区分段定位方法能够在线求解小电流接地故障段边界节点，缩小线路维护巡视范围。确定故障区间边界节点算法还可用于确定故障区相关负荷开关，为线路维护和馈线自动化提供依据。

Inversion of Stress Fields in the Middle Section of the Xiaojiang Fault and Its Adjacent Area

With waveform data of 613 earthquakes with ML ≥ 2. 5 in the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area which occurred during January,1998 to September 2007,focal mechanisms were calculated by the direct wave amplitude ratio of S /P in the vertical component and their characteristics were analyzed. According to regional tectonic features of the middle section of the Xiaojiang fault and its adjacent area,the study region was partitioned into two zones with the Xiaojiang fault as the boundary,e. g. zone A and zone B (including the Xiaojiang fault). In order to research the faults stress in detail,the Xiaojiang fault zone was picked out for independent analysis. The study region was also partitioned into 1°× 1° cells with a 0. 5° step. The stress fields of zone A,B and the fault zone were inverted with the FMSI method (Gephart,1990). The results show that first, the faults are mainly of strike-slip in the middle section and its adjacent area,amounting to 81. 28%,69. 23% and 72. 97% in the A,B and fault zones,respectively. Secondly,the stress inversion also indicates that the directions of maximum principal stress σ1 in the A, B,and fault zones are approximately NNW,NWW and NWW,the stress action is mainly horizontal,and strike-slip faulting is dominant in the study area. On the other hand,the direction of the principal stress field in the central Yunnan block changed from NNW to NWW,however,in the region between the Yuanmou and Pudu River faults,the azimuth of the main compressive stress shows that the north-south slip is obvious. While the direction of the main compressive stress of the Xiaojiang fault zone is nearly NW; in the east of the Xiaojiang fault,the direction of principal compressive stress is NW to NNW in the eastern Yunnan block.

A Study on the Tectonic Characteristics of Shallow Faults in the East of Zhengzhou City

Study on fault activity is a fundamental part of earthquake prediction and earthquake relief in big cities.In the active fault exploration in Zhengzhou,the spatial distribution,geological features and activity of the Huayuankou fault,the Shangjie fault and the Xushui fault were determined using the seismic prospecting method.New understanding about the characteristics of the faults was gained.This provides reliable basic data for future earthquake forecast and earthquake relief work in Zhengzhou.In addition,we proposed some ways to identify fault activity through analyzing the characteristics of the activity of a fault and raised an effective method for exploring active faults in big cities and exploring concealed faults in regions covered with thick overburdens.

The Acquisition Technique of High-resolution Seismic Data for the Prospecting of Active Faults

The high-resolution shallow seismic technique can be used for more accurately prospecting the position and property of faults and for the preliminary study of fault activity.The author obtains many high quality stack time sections through the prospecting methods of different seismic sources,different group intervals and different observation systems on the Xiadian fault.These sections clearly display the stratum structure and the structure characteristics from several meters to several hundred meters of the Xiadian fault.The resolutions of the different seismic sources,different group intervals and different observing systems are obtained.The prospecting methods and work parameters applicable for goal stratum of different depths and different accuracy requirements are proposed through the analysis of the stack time sections.This lays a good foundation for raising the prospecting resolution of the fault position and the latest active time of the fault.

钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工中若干问题探讨

基于《活动断层探测》GB/T 36072—2018、《活动断层探查钻探》DB/T 92—2022等现行规范规程,对跨隐伏活动断层的钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工的基本要求和存在的主要问题进行了探讨,认为现行技术标准存在的问题有:(1)对岩芯采取率的要求偏低;(2)对横跨隐伏逆断层的钻孔深度和钻孔之间距离的要求偏低.提出了下列改进措施:(1)各类岩土的岩芯采取率应大于现行技术标准要求的数值;其中,黏土的岩芯采取率应不小于99%;(2)对横跨隐伏逆断层的钻孔深度应大于现行技术标准要求的孔深;在第四系厚度较薄时,在逆断层上断点附近,位于逆断层上盘的钻孔在钻遇上盘的前第四系后,还应继续钻进,钻孔深度应达到能够揭露逆断层下盘的前第四系的深度;(3)当隐伏逆断层在第四系中的断距较小时,逆断层上断点两侧的2个相邻钻孔间距就需要1~3 m甚至更小的数值.补充了钻孔联合地质剖面探测中的钻孔布设方式、隐伏断层产状的求取方法.分析了在钻孔联合地质剖面探测的断层识别中存在的一些不确定性因素,并提出了相应对策.指出钻孔联合地质剖面探测施工是基于动态设计的信息化施工,现场技术负责人及其施工现场技术管理在钻孔联合地质剖面探测工作中起着重要作用.

Recent Activity of the Badu-Longwei Segment,Guguan-Xiangong Fault in Southern Liupanshan,Constrained by Rhythmic Sediment Lithology and Geomorphic Characteristics

This study＇s objective was to investigate the Guguan-Xiangong Fault, which lies in the southern Liupanshan area, through satellite image interpretation and field observations. Guguan- Xiangong Fault is divided into five subsegments; among these, the Badu-Longwei segment has been the most recently active. The geomorphic features of the Badu-Longwei segment are clearly displayed, including multiple high fault scarps with fresh bedrock free faces. There is significant evidence for Holocene activity of the three fault sections, located in Renhuashu, Tianjiagou, and Xinjiecun respectively. The three sections feature distinct episodic deposition and fault scratches. Based on 14C- dating and field observations on the three fault sections, two or more paleoearthquakes across the Badu-Longwei fault segment are ascertained, between 5874±116 and 5430±140 a BP, and after 2037±83 a BP respectively. The Badu-Longwei segment of the Guguan-Xiangong Fault is preliminarily extrapolated as the seismogenic structure of the 600 A.D. Qin-Long earthquake.

Characteristics of Late Quaternary Activity of the Luhuatai Buried Fault Revealed by Drilling

The Luhuatai fault is one of the important buried tectonics in the Yinchuan basin. Based on the results of shallow seismic exploration, we conducted composite drilling section exploration and dating of the samples from boreholes. Some useful data was obtained, such as the depth of the upper breaking point, the latest activity age, displacement in the late Quaternary, and slip rates, etc. This study shows that the activity is different between the north and south segment along the Luhuatai fault. The north segment is a Holocene fault, while the south segment is a late mid-Pleistocene fault. From north to south along the north segment of Luhuatai fault, the activity has been enhanced, and the faulting is stronger in late Pleistocene than Holocene.

Fault zone trapped waves at Longmenshan fault belt

Trapped waves in different sections of Longmenshan fault belt were observed, and the results show the difference between the northern and southern portions of this fault belt. Guanzhuang and Leigu surveying lines are located at the northern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 160 - 180 m. The center position of rupture zone underground corresponds to the surface breaking trace, and is equally distributed at the edges of the two fault walls. However, Hongkou surveying line is located at the southern portion of the fault belt, and the result indicates that the width of the rupture zone underground in this area is about 180 -200 m. The rupture zone underground is mainly distributed below fault scarp. The Wenchuan MsS. 0 earthquake and Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake both occurred at the Longmenshan fault belt. The results will provide information for the structure background of the two violent earthquakes.

柴达木盆地北缘断裂锡铁山-阿木尼克山段第四纪晚期古地震活动性

柴达木盆地北缘断裂带是青藏高原北部的一条区域性活动断裂带,构成了柴达木盆地北部和祁连山的边界断裂,研究其第四纪晚期古地震活动对于理解柴达木盆地北缘断裂带地震复发周期、地震危险性等具有重要意义。通过地质考察、遥感解译、探槽开挖及OSL地质测年、古地震期次分析等,对柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山-阿木尼克山段)古地震事件进行了研究。研究表明:探槽剖面共揭露了5次比较可靠的古地震事件,发震时间分别为:事件E1距今约60 a;事件E23.1±0.3~3.4±0.3 ka;事件E37.5±0.3~8.1±0.3 ka;事件E410.1±0.4~11.4±0.4 ka;事件E512.1±0.4~12.8±0.4 ka。利用古地震逐次限定法认为柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山-阿木尼克山段)地震复发周期为2.6~3.4 ka。阿木尼克山段最新离逝时间为60年前,锡铁山段最新离逝时间为3.1±0.3 ka,分析认为柴达木盆地北缘断裂锡铁山段未来遭遇破坏性地震的可能性大于阿木尼克山段。该结果可以更好地了解柴达木盆地北缘断裂的古地震期次、复发间隔等,对地震预报预测及评价该断裂未来地震危险性具有一定的指导意义。

Study on Injection-Production System Adjustment of Fault Block Reservoir Based on Equilibrium Displacement

This paper proposed a method of injection-production system adjustment to solve the problem that the water flooding effect was restricted because of the horizontal and vertical contradictions during the development process of fault block reservoirs. Considering the heterogeneity of reservoir, the Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory was applied to establish the relationship between the recovery and cumulative water injection. In order to achieve the goal of vertically balanced recovery of each section, the calculation method of vertical sectional injection allocation was proposed. The planar triangular seepage unit was assumed and sweep coefficients of different oil-water distribution patterns were characterized using multi-flow tube method. In order to balance and maximize the plane sweep coefficient, the calculation method of plane production system optimization was obtained. Then the injection-production system stereoscopic adjustment method based on equilibrium displacement was proposed with vertical sectional injection allocation and plane production system optimization. This method was applied to injection and production adjustment of BZ oilfield in southern Bohai. The effect of water control and oil increase was obvious. This method can greatly improve the effect of water flooding of offshore fault block reservoirs with the adjustment of injection-production system.

不同勘探方法对浅层小断距隐伏断裂探测效果

采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面勘探、槽探3种方法联合探测临汾盆地郭家庄断裂的空间位置,并研究其活动特征。结果表明,不同探测方法对断层信息的揭示存在很大差异,浅层地震勘探在探测具有一定断距的断层,同时地层存在一定物性差异的情况下能取得理想的效果,且不同的工作参数探测效果不相同;钻孔联合剖面勘探能提高对小断距断层的分辨率,但受地形及地层主观认别等因素的影响,可能会遗漏断距小、标识层薄的断层;槽探能较好地识别地表断层的微小断距,但受施工深度和施工条件影响。3种方法相结合,可以精确确定断裂的空间位置和活动特征。

太原盆地交城断裂带北段工程避让范围研究

在系统分析和整理交城断裂带北段探测成果的基础上,采用地质探槽剖面法、经验统计法及数值模拟法,预测评估交城断裂带北段在发生最大潜在震级M_(S)7.2地震时的同震地表破裂带宽度,探讨不同方法结果的精度和可靠性,并提出采用综合加权方法确定交城断裂带北段地表破裂带宽度。在此基础上综合考虑探测方法精度、断层上下盘效应等影响因素,确定交城断裂带北段工程避让区为F_(1)^(1)迹线西侧外延15.0m至F_(1)^(2)迹线东侧外延86.9m范围。该结果对交城断裂带沿线的国土规划利用、建(构)筑抗震设计具有一定的指导意义,该方法可为同类研究提供借鉴。

基于模型识别的有源配电网单相接地故障定位方法

分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)大量接入使配电网继电保护面临严峻挑战。单相接地故障发生概率大,但故障信息十分微弱,特别是在DG多样化故障输出特性的影响下,有源配电网单相故障定位的准确性常难以保证。为此,提出了一种基于模型识别的有源配电网单相接地故障定位方法。分析了配电网单相接地故障下DG的输出特性,建立了在不同故障位置下有源配电网的正序增广网络,构建了故障位置关于馈线出口以及DG输出电流的函数,建立了配电网单相接地故障位置模型,利用不同故障位置下短路电流矢量占比系数的差异性构建了新的故障定位判据。通过将单相接地故障定位问题转化为故障位置模型系数的求解问题,提高了故障定位的准确性和实用性。理论和仿真分析表明,在不同故障位置、不同过渡电阻下均能准确定位单相接地故障,具有原理清晰、故障特征量采集便捷、灵敏性和可靠性高的优点。

大青山山前断裂土右旗西段莲花山探槽揭露的古地震事件及年龄

大青山山前断裂位于河套盆地北缘,晚第四纪以来活动强烈,前人对该段古地震特征做过较多研究,但是因测年技术手段限制,以及在同一断层剖面拥有较多能有效约束古地震事件的测年数据较少、且能揭露出较多古地震事件的剖面偏少。本文通过对大青山山前断裂土右旗西段莲花山东侧古地震探槽的开挖,利用光释光年代学数据对古地震事件进行有效约束,并结合前人在该段探槽的年代数据,运用断层逐次限定法综合分析,得出土右旗西段断裂距今约11 500年发生了5次古地震事件,平均复发间隔2 260年。该段断裂5次古地震事件由新到老分别为:1.28~1.42 ka、3.41~3.60 ka、4.08~5.01 ka、8.26~9.32 ka和10.70~11.30 ka。最新一次活动事件应该为公元849年地震。同时,探槽揭露该段断层呈正断层性质,倾角在∠58°~∠77°之间。根据经验公式,包头段、土右旗西段和土左旗西段的潜在发震能力分别在M_W6.8~7.1、M_W6.8~7.1和M_W7.1~7.2左右。本文经验公式得出的震级偏小,可能存在级联破裂,后期需进一步结合其他手段对大青山山前断裂西段的危险性进行综合评价。

基于前后逐段逼近的含多分支配电网单相接地故障测距方法

随着配电网的发展,T接分支的大量接入使得配电网结构复杂,传统测距算法通常忽略分支,测距精度变低,研究含多分支配电网单相接地故障测距具有重要意义。为此,提出一种基于前后逐段逼近的含多分支配电网单相接地故障精确测距方法。首先,分析分布参数模型,根据零序电压、电流关系,提出故障区段判别系数,判别最小故障区段。其次,利用最小故障区段两端的零序电压、电流建立故障测距函数,采用梯度下降法求解精确故障点。最后,在PSCAD仿真平台上对所述方法进行验证。结果表明,所提方法可确定故障最小区段,精确计算出故障点,并具有较强的耐受过渡电阻能力,能较好适应高渗透率分布式电源的接入。

断层的地电响应特征及其在砂岩型铀矿地质解译中的作用——以巴楚隆起地区为例

砂岩型铀矿成矿理论认为,适宜的构造斜坡带可发展为有利的铀成矿区。斜坡带内受重力、挤压等因素形成的断裂对铀成矿和保矿都有非常重要的作用。北方沉积盆地内,利用大地电磁法进行断裂解译的精度不仅受沉积地层绝对电阻率的影响,也受地层间相对电阻率影响。为准确解译隐伏断裂,建立了不同电性差异下的正、逆断层地电模型,正反演模拟了不同电阻率差异及不同性质断层模型的一维、二维反演电阻率断面。正反演模拟结果表明:正、逆断层在反演地电断面上具有不同的特征,即正断层在断层斜面处呈倾斜形态,而逆断层在断层斜面处呈凹陷形态;一维反演结果对断裂的识别效果要优于二维反演结果。通过断层地电相应特征规律的总结,为巴楚隆起西部凹陷大地电磁剖面隐伏断裂的解译提供了依据与指导。

基于一维卷积和图神经网络的配电网故障区段定位方法

快速、准确地定位故障区段对配电网的安全运行至关重要。传统故障定位方法容错率低、耗费时间长,多数深度学习算法对拓扑变动的泛化性不足。基于此,提出了一种基于一维卷积神经网络(one-dimensional convolutional neural network,1D-CNN)和图神经网络(graph neural network,GNN)的配电网故障区段定位方法。该方法将配电网原始信息与GNN等深度学习算法相结合进行建模。首先利用基于注意力的时空图卷积网络从不同的时空尺度上对遥测数据进行故障特征提取,使用图注意力网络来融合多源遥信数据。然后,利用1D-CNN来调整特征输出维度以实现节点特征到故障支路的映射。最后,通过增设全连接网络来输出故障区段定位结果。依托于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建10 kV中性点不接地配电网系统进行仿真和测试。结果表明,所提方法具有优越的定位性能,能够灵活适用于各类低、中、高阻性接地故障场景,对系统拓扑变动具有强大的泛化能力以及对故障数据不完备的鲁棒性好。

巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其对小江断裂带北段活动性的指示

通过对巧家盆地第四纪洪积物沉积阶段及其沉积年代进行分析,为小江断裂带北段第四纪活动性研究提供沉积学证据。研究结果表明:巧家盆地形成于早更新世中期,平均断陷速率为0.59 m/ka,共发育了5个洪积相沉积层。第四纪以来小江断裂带北段处于构造平静期与活跃期相互交替的阶段,期间共经历了早更新世中期~1.6 Ma,0.81~0.79 Ma,0.65~0.59 Ma,0.48~0.4 Ma,0.12 Ma至今等5期构造活跃期,其中0.48~0.4 Ma和0.12 Ma至今为小江断裂带北段构造活动最强烈的阶段。小江断裂带北段活动性与新构造运动过程有着密切的成因联系,受控于青藏高原东南缘持续的侧向扩展挤出作用,但相较于断裂带中段活动性偏弱。

基于小波包变换的电力电缆单相接地故障区段自动定位方法

在电力系统中,由于噪声影响,故障特征信息的提取可能不准确,影响定位精度。为此,研究基于小波包变换的电力电缆单相接地故障区段自动定位方法,通过高精度传感器采集电缆故障信号,利用小波包变换进行多尺度分解和重构,以提取时域特征,并基于这些特征建立选线判据来确定故障区段。实验证明,此方法在金属性和非金属性接地故障中均能实现精确定位,为电缆故障的快速、准确检测提供了有效手段。

依兰—伊通断裂带舒兰段深部电性结构研究

依兰-伊通断裂带是划分我国中蒙和中朝2个活动地块的重要边界断裂,也是东北地区规模最大的断裂系统,以往研究认为该断裂活动较弱,但该断裂舒兰段在全新世有过强烈活动。针对这一问题,2021年在穿过依兰-伊通断裂带舒兰段位置布设了一条大地电磁剖面,对所获取的14个宽频测点数据进行了精细化处理和二维反演,获得了断裂带及其两侧地块的深部电性结构特征。结果表明:依兰-伊通断裂带舒兰段及其邻近地区电性结构表现为东西横向分块的特点,其中主断裂呈现延伸至中下地壳的中低阻条带,强度较弱,其东西两侧为高阻,强度较强。结合中国大陆其他活动断裂区的大地电磁探测结果,推测依兰-伊通断裂带舒兰段的电性结构分布特点有利于断层活动和形变累积,未来需要注意其地震孕育的风险。