MXene-based flexible pressure sensor with piezoresistive properties significantly enhanced by atomic layer infiltration

The flexible pressure sensor has been credited for leading performance including higher sensitivity,faster response/recovery,wider detection range and higher mechanical durability,thus driving the development of novel sensing materials enabled by new processing technologies.Using atomic layer infiltration,Pt nanocrystals with dimensions on the order of a few nanometers can be infiltrated into the compressible lamellar structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene,allowing a modulation of its interlayer spacing,electrical conductivity and piezoresistive property.The flexible piezoresistive sensor is further developed from the Pt-infiltrated MXene on a paper substrate.It is demonstrated that Pt infiltration leads to a significant enhancement of the pressure-sensing performance of the sensor,including increase of sensitivity from 0.08 kPa^(-1)to 0.5 kPa^(-1),extension of detection limit from 5 kPa to 9 kPa,decrease of response time from 200 ms to 20 ms,and reduction of recovery time from 230 ms to 50 ms.The mechanical durability of the flexible sensor is also improved,with the piezoresistive performance stable over 1000 cycles of flexure fatigue.The atomic layer infiltration process offers new possibilities for the structure modification of MXene for advanced sensor applications.

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of C-Cr-W-Mo-V-RE Fe-based hardfacing layer

After different heat treatment processes, the metal compound, the microstructure and the hardness of the C-Cr-W- Mo-V-RE Fe-based hardfacing layers are investigated by means of metallographic microscope, X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）, energy dispersive spectrum（ EDS ）, transmission electron microscope（TEM） and hardness tester. The results show that the hardfacing layers have higher tempering stability and secondary hardening property. After quenching at 820 ℃ ,the hardness value（ HRC37 ） and the microstructure of the layers are similar to that normalized at 820 - 1 000 ℃. The tempering stability and the hardness increases with increasing quench temperature, which is attributed to the amount of the alloy element in the matrix. These results are very helpful for improving the mechanical properties of the hardfacing layers.

Wear Performance of Ni/ZrO_2 Infiltrated Composite Layer

The Ni/ZrO2 was used as raw materials to fabricate the surface infiltrated composite layer with 1-4 mm thickness on cast steel substrate through vacuum infiltrated casting technology. The microstructure indicated that the infiltrated composite layer included surface composite layer and transition layer. Wear property was investigated under room temperature and 450 ~C. The results indicated that the abrasion volume of substrate was 8 times that of the infiltrated composite layer at room temperature. The friction coefficient of infiltrated composite layer decreased with the increasing load. The wear resistance of infiltrated composite layer with different ZrO2 contents had been improved obviously under high temperature. The friction coefficient of infiltrated composite layer was decreased comparing with that at room temperature. The oxidation, abrasive and fatigue abrasion was the main wear mechanism at room temperature. Oxidation abrasion, fatigue wear and adhesive wear dominated the wearin~ process under elevated temperature.

Effects of Typical Soil and Stratification Thickness on Water Infiltration Characteristics in Central Ningxia

In order to compare the influence of different soil types and stratification on water infiltration capacity,two main types of soil in the desert steppe,sierozem(S)and aeolian sandy soil(A),were selected,and infiltration simulation tests were conducted on homogeneous soil and layered soil(layer thickness 5,10,and 20 cm),respectively.The results show that during the whole experiment,there was a small difference between S5A95(aeolian sandy soil 95 cm thick was covered with sierozem 5 cm thick)and S10A90(aeolian sandy soil 90 cm thick was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick)in the wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration,but there was a significant difference between S5A95 and S20A80(aeolian sandy soil 80 cm thick was covered with sierozem 20 cm thick).In the initial infiltration stage,there was no significant difference between A5S95(sierozem 95 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 5 cm thick)and A10S90(sierozem 90 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 10 cm thick).However,with the increase of infiltration time,the wetting front process,A5S95,A10S90 and A20S80 had significant differences in terms of wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration.The infiltration capacity of A was significantly higher than that of S.Combined with linear R 2 value and model parameters,the three infiltration models were comprehensively compared,and the fitting process and results of the general empirical model for the infiltration process of homogeneous soil and layered soil showed good results.Three models were used to simulate the water infiltration process of layered soil with different textures,and the order of the effect is as follows:general empirical model>Kostiakov model>Philip model.Soil type and layer thickness had a great influence on water infiltration process.When sierozem was covered with aeolian sandy soil 20 cm thick,the infiltration capacity was the best.As aeolian sandy soil was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick,the infiltration effect was the worst.Therefore,once coarse graying occurs on the surface of sierozem(the thickness of sand is more than 20 cm)or when the content of fine particles overlying aeolian sandy soil(the thickness of silt and clay soil is more than 10 cm)during ecological restoration is high,the soil hydrological characteristics will change significantly,which may lead to changes in vegetation types and even ecosystem structure.

Tempering Stability of Fe-Base Hardfacing Layer Containing RE and Multiple Alloying

After tempering treatment at different conditions, the tempering stability of Fe-base hardfacing layer containing RE and multiple alloying was investigated. The results show that after heat preservation at 560 ℃ and tempering for 4 h the hardness value of Fe-base hardfacing layer containing RE and multiple alloying can reach HRC57; By repeatedly heating circle 700 ℃17 ℃ for 150 times, the hardness value of Fe-base hardfacing layer can reach HRC43, tempering stability is higher and causes the secondary hardening phenomenon. Reasons for higher tempering stability of Fe-base hardfacing layer were analyzed by means of metallographic, XRD, TEM and EDS.

Experimental investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in layered porous and fractured media

Layered structures with upper porous and lower fractured media are widely distributed in the world. An experimen- tal investigation on rainfall infiltration and solute transport in such layered structures can provide the necessary foundation for effectively preventing and forecasting water bursting in mines, controlling contamination of mine water, and accomplishing ecological restoration of mining areas. A typical physical model of the layered structures with porous and fractured media was created in this study. Then rainfall infiltration experiments were conducted after salt solution was sprayed on the surface of the layered structure. The volumetric water content and concentration of chlorine ions at different specified positions along the profile of the experiment system were measured in real-time. The experimental results showed that the lower fractured media, with a considerably higher permeability than that of the upper porous media, had significant effects on preventing water infil- tration. Moreover, although the porous media were homogeneous statistically in the whole domain, spatial variations in the features of effluent concentrations with regards to time, or so called breakthrough curves, at various sampling points located at the horizontal plane in the porous media near the porous-fractured interface were observed, indicating the diversity of solute transport at small scales. Furthermore, the breakthrough curves of the outflow at the bottom, located beneath the underlying fractured rock, were able to capture and integrate features of the breakthrough curves of both the upper porous and fractured media, which exhibited multiple peaks, while the peak values were reduced one by one with time.

Surface Infiltrating Composite of Fe-base Metal and Ceramics

1.IntroductionMetal matrix composites consist of afamily of advanced materials which mayhave attractive properties including highstrength,high specific modulus,lowcoefficient of thermal expansion,good wearresistance,and attractive high temperature

A dynamic infiltration technique to synthesize nanolayered cathodes for high performance and robust solid oxide fuel cells

Solution infiltration is a popular technique for the surface modification of solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)cathodes.However,the synthesis of nanostructured SOFC cathodes by infiltration is a tedious process that often requires several infiltration and high temperature(≥500℃)calcination cycles.Moreover,fabricating large-area nanostructured cathodes via infiltration still requires serious attention.Here,we propose a facile and scalable urea assisted ultrasonic spray infiltration technique for nanofabrication of SOFC cathodes.It is demonstrated that by using urea as a precipitating agent,the calcination after each infiltration cycle can be omitted and the next infiltration can be performed just after a drying step(≤100℃).Finally,the precipitates can be converted into a desired catalyst phase in single calcination thus,a nanostructured cathode can be fabricated in a much faster manner.It is also shown that the low calcination temperature of the cathode(≤900℃)can produce highly durable SOFC performance even without employing a Ce_(0.9)Gd_(0.1)O_(2)(GDC)diffusion barrier layer which provides the ease of SOFC fabrication.While coupling with an ultrasonic spray technique,the urea assisted infiltration can be scaled up for any desired cathode area.La_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.8)O_(3) nanolayered cathode was fabricated and it was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)techniques.SEM showed the formation of a nanolayer cathode just after 5 cycles of the urea assisted infiltration while the XRD and TEM confirmed the phase and stoichiometric uniformity of the 100 nm cathode nanolayer.The effectiveness of the newly developed technique was further verified by the stable operation of a GDC buffer layer free SOFC having an active cathode area of 25 cm^(2) during a 1200 h durability test.The research outcomes propose urea assisted ultrasonic spray infiltration as a facile,scalable,and commercially viable method for the fabrication of durable nanostructured SOFC cathodes.

青藏高原风火山流域多年冻土活动层土壤水分入渗特征及变化分析

坡向和坡位是影响坡面活动层土壤水分入渗的重要因素,然而当前对多年冻土区活动层土壤冻融循环影响下不同坡向、坡位土壤水分入渗特征的研究甚少。本文设置了不同时空条件的野外试验点,更加系统地分析了青藏高原多年冻土区活动层土壤水分入渗过程的时空差异性。选取青藏高原腹地风火山流域高寒草甸坡面活动层土壤为试验地,分别在不同的坡向(阳坡、阴坡)和坡位(坡顶、坡中)设置观测点,分析活动层土壤在完全融化期(7—8月)和开始冻结期(9—10月)坡面水分的入渗特征及其时空差异性,评估不同入渗模型在研究区的适用性。结果表明,多年冻土区坡面活动层土壤水分入渗特征具有较强的时空差异性。土壤水分入渗过程可以分为入渗瞬变阶段(0~30 min)、入渗渐变阶段(30~100 min)、入渗稳定阶段(>100 min)三个阶段,入渗速率的大小整体表现为阳坡>阴坡,坡顶>坡中,完全融化期>开始冻结期,瞬变阶段>渐变阶段>稳定阶段。五种模型对入渗过程的模拟结果显示,Horton模型对青藏高原多年冻土区土壤水分入渗过程的模拟效果最佳,而通用经验模型和蒋定生公式对入渗的拟合曲线和统计参数几乎完全相同,但模型表达式不同。本文研究结果可为不同时空条件下的陆地水文过程模型参数化提供数据支持。

降雨条件下凋落物层的水力特性研究

凋落物层水力特性能够显著影响坡地产流过程。选取不同凋落物组合(5 cm落叶层+5 cm分解层、10 cm落叶层),雨型(递增、递减和均匀)以及两种坡度(15°、20°),采用人工模拟降雨试验,对凋落物渗漏水和侧向径流水量进行分析。结果表明:①降雨强度越大,凋落物渗漏达到稳定所需时间越少,稳定渗漏率越大。②相同雨型及坡度条件下,平均渗漏率表现为5 cm落叶层+5 cm分解层>10 cm落叶层,侧向径流率表现为5 cm落叶层+5 cm分解层<10 cm落叶层。③与均匀雨型相比,5 cm落叶层+5 cm分解层递增雨型和递减雨型处理平均渗漏率减少了10.8%~36.4%,平均侧向产流率增加了14.3%~19.0%。各雨型基本表现为均匀雨型平均渗漏率最大且平均侧向产流率最小,递增和递减雨型处理没有显著性差异。④相同凋落物组合和雨型条件下,与15°相比,20°处理凋落物平均渗漏率减小了4.3%~35.9%(P<0.05),侧向径流率增大了6.0%~20.3%(P<0.05)。

紫鹊界梯田失稳机制

为厘清降雨入渗作用对花岗岩区梯田边坡稳定性的影响,本文以湖南省紫鹊界梯田为例,在分析紫鹊界梯田地质条件的基础上,基于有限元数值模拟软件Geostudio多模块的耦合,分析了不同边坡坡度和不同土层厚度在暴雨条件下的渗流场和稳定性。研究结果表明:在降雨强度为90 mm/d、降雨历时为5 d的工况下,坡度为35°和40°的边坡处于失稳状态,稳定性系数与边坡坡度负相关;全风化土层越厚的边坡稳定性系数越低;在降雨历时5 d后,不同土层工况下的稳定性系数相差不大,但无降雨时,全风化土层越薄的边坡明显更加稳定。

层状地质条件下注浆模型渗流场解析解

基于地下水动力学,将隧道注浆过程与地下水向完整井运动类比,并建立层状地质条件下渗流模型;通过保角变换法,将求解问题由平面径向流转换为平面均匀流,求解了层状地质条件渗流场解析解。在此基础上,将隧道注浆模型简化为三层地层,求解了隧道渗流量、注浆圈外水压力、衬砌外水压力解析解。为验证解的有效性,以团结隧道为背景,采用等效面积法进行数值模拟。结果显示:在注浆圈厚度增加、注浆圈渗透系数与衬砌渗透系数减小的情况下,隧道的涌水量及衬砌外水压力会减小,堵水率和注浆圈外水压力将增加。通过误差分析发现,与解析解相比较,同心圆断面误差随着注浆圈厚度误差增加,六心圆断面误差减小,模拟解两断面涌水量结果接近59%;随着注浆圈渗透系数的减小,模拟解与解析解涌水量相对误差均较大;随着衬砌渗透系数的减小,涌水量与衬砌外水压力的模拟解均大于解析解。

考虑降雨入渗的高边坡开挖支护稳定性分析

【目的】为研究降雨入渗对多级开挖支护后高边坡的稳定性,针对四川达州市某高边坡工程,基于ABAQUS软件并结合现场工程地质和水文地质条件,建立高边坡开挖降雨渗流模型。【方法】考虑不同降雨条件的影响,引入多层非饱和土计算方法,结合现场监测情况,对降雨工况进行研究,进而研究非饱和土边坡的稳定性。【结果】研究结果表明,孔隙水压、边坡位移与降雨强度和降雨持续时间呈正相关,长时间高强度降雨易使多级开挖的高边坡产生较大滑移。【结论】建议采取边开挖边支护的施工措施。研究成果可为高边坡多级开挖支护的稳定性研究提供一定的参考。

Effects of the sand content of muddy water content on one-dimensional vertical infiltration characteristics and dense layer formation characteristics

Muddy water irrigation,an effective water-saving irrigation method,has been widely used in the Yellow River Basin in China.To investigate the effect of sand content on water infiltration and dense layer formation under one-dimensional vertical infiltration of muddy water,muddy water infiltration experiments were performed in the laboratory,and five sand contents of muddy water(S=0%,3%,6%,9%,and 12%)were used.Models were established to describe the relationship between the cumulative infiltration amount[I(t)]and the infiltration duration(t);the relationship among the migration distance of the wetting front(Z),S,and t;the thickness of the sedimentary layer[H(t)];and the relationship between S and t.The results revealed that I(t)and Z decreased significantly with the increase of sand contents,while H(t)increased significantly with the increase of sand contents.I(t)and Z were in the range of 7 cm and 20 cm for each treatment,respectively.The variation in I(t)with t fitted Kostiakov and Philip models,and the coefficients of determination were all greater than 0.99.With the increase in S,the infiltration coefficient gradually decreased,the infiltration index gradually increased,and the sorptivity gradually decreased.The particle composition of the sedimentary layer was similar to that of the argillaceous sediment,and the content of particles with a size of less than 2 mm in the sedimentary layer was lower than that of the argillaceous sediment.Compared with the original soil,the content of particles with a size of less than 0.05 mm and physical clay particles(diameter less than 0.01 mm)in the soil with an infiltration depth of 0-2 cm increased.The retention layer was from the topsoil to the infiltration depth of approximately 2 cm.This study can provide a scientific basis for further research on soil infiltration mechanisms under muddy water.

夹砂层位置对膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗特性的影响

为了研究夹砂层位置对层状土膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗特性的影响,选用粉壤土和砂壤土,设置3个夹砂层位置进行膜孔灌自由入渗试验。结果表明,在夹砂层位置为距表层土5~10 cm,10~15 cm,15~20 cm的3种处理中,各处理的累积入渗量、湿润锋运移规律、湿润体内含水量、铵态氮和硝态氮分布规律均有所不同。夹砂层的位置越靠近表层,减渗效果越大,累积入渗量越小,水平方向湿润锋面运移距离越大;入渗过程可分为2个阶段,第1阶段是水分运动到土砂交界面之前,第2阶段是水分运动到土砂交界面后,利用Philip和Kostiakov入渗模型来描述累积入渗量与入渗历时之间的关系,模型拟合结果较好;层状土的土壤含水量分布具有不连续性,其铵态氮和硝态氮分布规律受夹砂层位置的影响较大。综上所述,夹砂层位置变化对膜孔灌氮肥自由入渗具有明显影响。

薄层电子计算机断层扫描+纹理技术联合微RNA-25对纯磨玻璃结节浸润性的诊断价值

目的探讨薄层电子计算机断层扫描(CT)+纹理技术联合微RNA-25(miR-25)对纯磨玻璃结节(pGGN)浸润性的诊断价值。方法选取2019年1月至2021年11月南京医科大学附属江宁医院pGGN病人115例,根据病理检查结果分为浸润前组、浸润性组,比较两组薄层CT征象与参数、纹理特征参数、miR-25,对数据进行统计处理。结果浸润性组圆度[(62.51±8.29)%]低于浸润前组[(78.64±10.03)%],平均CT值(-462.33±41.80)高于浸润前组(-462.33±41.80)(P<0.05);浸润性组表面积、最大有效长径、质量、体积、逆差距分别为(91.56±25.37)mm^(2)、(10.37±2.40)mm、(246.15±72.35)mg、(620.49±155.84)mm^(2)、(0.09±0.03),浸润前组表面积、最大有效长径、质量、体积、逆差距分别为(62.42±18.49)mm^(2)、(8.43±1.25)mm、(130.58±41.86)mg、(338.52±102.39)mm^(2)、(0.15±0.05),两组以上参数比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);浸润性组miR-25(1.69±0.34)高于浸润前组(1.18±0.27)(P<0.05);圆度、平均CT值、表面积、最大有效长径、质量、体积、逆差距均与pGGN浸润性独立相关(P<0.05);评估pGGN浸润性的AUC:圆度为0.81,平均CT值为0.80,表面积为0.71,最大有效长径为0.75,质量为0.81,体积为0.80,逆差距为0.72,各参数联合为0.89。结论薄层CT+纹理技术联合miR-25均与pGGN浸润性相关,联合应用可显著提高对pGGN浸润性的鉴别诊断价值,或可成为评估pGGN浸润性的一种无创、可靠方案,为临床治疗提供重要参考信息。

RX气+天然气渗碳工艺优化设计研究

目前RX气+天然气渗碳工艺在国内推广较晚,对其工艺设计研究较少。为验证该渗碳工艺在军品零部件上的适用性,并实现工艺过程和渗碳产品质量可控,研究了典型渗碳材料在RX气+天然气气氛下渗碳后的渗层和心部微观组织、渗层均匀性、渗层硬度梯度以及淬火后的硬度均匀性等情况。研究表明,通过对RX气+天然气气氛下渗碳工艺过程研究,材料为20Cr2Ni4A的试样在RX气+天然气气氛下渗碳微观组织能够达到一级水平;渗层均匀性在满足标准的前提下实现了提升;渗碳层与基体之间的过渡层碳浓度梯度平缓,硬度均匀性较好,该工艺可适应于普通耐磨要求的渗碳件,但由于硬度很难达到60 HRC以上,因此,不建议60 HRC以上硬度要求的零件采用该渗碳工艺。

Straw layer burial to alleviate salt stress in silty loam soils: Impacts of straw forms

Salt stress can be alleviated by straw layer burial in the soil, but little is known of the appropriate form of the straw layer for optimal regulation of soil water and salinity because of the uncontrollability of field tests. Here, the following four straw forms with compaction thickness of 5 cm buried 40–45 deep were studied: no straw layer(CK), segmented straw(SL, 5 cm in length), straw pellet(SK), and straw powder(SF). The three straw forms(SL, SK and SF) significantly delayed the infiltration of irrigation water down the column profile by 71.20–134.3 h relative to CK and the migration velocity of the wetting front under SF was the slowest. It took longer for the wetting front to transcend SK than SL but shorter for it to reach the bottom of soil column after water crossed the straw layer. Compared with CK, the average volumetric water content in the 0–40 cm soil layer increased by 6.45% under SL, 1.77% under SK and 5.39% under SF. The desalination rates at the 0–40 and 0–100 cm soil layers increased by 5.85 and 3.76% under SL, 6.64 and 1.47% under SK and 5.97 and 4.82% under SF. However, there was no significant difference among straw forms in the 0–40 cm soil layer. Furthermore, the salt leaching efficiency(SLE, g mm^–1 h^–1) above the 40 cm layer under SL was 0.0097, being significantly higher than that under SF(0.0071) by 37.23%. Salt storage under SL, SK and SF in the 40–45 cm layer accounted for 4.50, 16.92 and 7.43% of total storage in the 1-m column profile. Cumulative evaporation under SL and SF decreased significantly by 41.20 and 49.00%, with both treatments having the most significant inhibition of salt accumulation(resalinization rate being 36.06 and 47.15% lower than CK) in the 0–40 cm soil layer. In conclusion, the different forms of straw layers have desalting effects under high irrigation level(446 mm). In particular, SL and SF performed better than SK in promoting deep salt leaching and inhibiting salt accumulation on the soil surface. However, SL was simpler to implement and its SLE was higher. Therefore, the segmented 5 cm straw can be recommended as an optimum physical form for establishing a straw layer for managing saline soils for crop production.

Microstructure of Ni /WC Surface Composite Layer on Gray Iron Substrate

The surface infiltrated composite （Ni/WC） layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique （VICT） using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution and Ni （Fe） solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Fe） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution,Fe （Ni） solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.

考虑多层渗透的网络舆情受众参与行为靶向引导模型构建研究

[目的/意义]探究网络舆情受众参与行为规律,实现网络舆情受众参与行为精准靶向引导。[方法/过程]考虑舆情受众参与行为多层渗透及重叠的二值状态改进SIR模型,构建网络舆情受众参与行为靶向引导模型,提出了靶向引导度决策算法,展开了仿真研究。[结果/结论]初始靶向分量、舆情引导度对各层初始受众密度有一定影响,对总体初始受众比率影响不大。引导率变化对层间靶向转换有明显影响,中性层在舆情受众内驱行为中起桥梁作用。舆情受众内驱行为层面,以中性情感为舆情引导的最优靶向。