Is magnesium deficiency the major cause of needle chlorosis of Pinus taeda in Brazil?

Needle chlorosis(NC)in Pinus taeda L.systems in Brazil becomes more frequent after second and third harvest rotation cycles.In a study to identify factors contributing to yellowing needle chorosis(YNC),trees were grown in soils originating from contrasting parent materials,and soils and needles(whole,green and chlorotic portions)from 1-and 2-year-old branches and the first and second needle flush release at four sites with YNC on P.taeda were analyzed for various elements and properties.All soils had very low base levels(Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and K^(+))and P,suggesting a possible lack of multiple elements.YNC symptoms started at needle tips,then extended toward the needle base with time.First flush needles had longer portions with YNC than second flush needles did.Needles from the lower crown also had more symptoms along their length than those higher in the canopy.Symptoms were similar to those reported for Mg.In chlorotic portions,Mg and Ca concentrations were well below critical values;in particular,Mg levels were only one third of the critical value of 0.3 g kg^(-1).Collectively,results suggest that Mg deficiency is the primary reason for NC of P.taeda in various parent soils in Brazil.

Transmission characteristics of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) by Bemisia tabaci MED and its effects on host preference of vector whitefly

The epidemiology of Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV)in China is closely associated with its vector whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)MED.However,the transmission characteristics of ToCV by B.tabaci MED remain poorly understood.In this study,we analyzed:1)the horizontal and vertical transmission of ToCV by B.tabaci MED whiteflies;2)the acquisition of ToCV by male and female B.tabaci MED whiteflies after different feeding durations;3)the transmission efficacy of viruliferous male and female B.tabaci MED whiteflies after different inoculation access periods(IAPs);4)the retention of ToCV by viruliferous male and female B.tabaci MED whiteflies after a 48 h acquisition access period(AAP);and 5)the effects of ToCV on host choice of healthy or ToCV-infected tomato plant of viruliferous and non-viruliferous B.tabaci MED at different time points.Our results showed that:1)viruliferous males could not transfer ToCV to non-viruliferous females,and vice versa,viruliferous females could not pass on ToCV to non-viruliferous males.ToCV could not be detected in the F1 generation adults;2)ToCV could be detected within 4.0%of females or males after a 20 min AAP;3)ToCV could be detected in 33.3%of tomato plants inoculated by 10 viruliferous males or females with IAPs of 20 or 30 min;4)the maximum retention time in females was 7 and 5 days in males;and 5)non-viruliferous B.tabaci MED did not show a preference for ToCV-infected tomato plants or healthy tomato plants.However,viruliferous B.tabaci MED whiteflies did prefer to settle on healthy tomato plants over ToCV-infected tomato plants.These findings will be helpful to better understand the epidemiology of the recently emerged plant virus,ToCV,in tomato fields in China.

Effect of slow-release iron fertilizer on iron-deficiency chlorosis, yield and quality of Lilium davidii var.unicolor in a two-year field experiment

Iron deficiency chlorosis of Lilium davidii var. unicolor is often the case in practice in alkaline soils of northwest region of China. It is difficult to control iron chlorosis because of high cost and short effective work time of conventional iron fertilizers. In this study, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two slow-release fertilizers on the suppression of iron deficiency chlorosis, soil chemical properties, and the yield and quality of L. davidii var. unicolor. Results show that both coated slow-release iron fertilizers and embedded slow-release iron fertilizer effectively controlled iron-deficiency chlorosis. The application of slow-release iron fertilizers significantly increased plant height and chlorophyll content of L. davidii var. unicolor at different growth stages. Furthermore, coated iron fertilizer application significantly increased starch, protein, soluble sugar and vitamin C content of L. davidii var. unicolor, and it also significantly improved total amino acid content, with increases in essential amino acids(Trp, Leu, Lys, Phe, Val, and Thr contents) and in nonessential amino acids(Asp, Glu, Cit, Ihs, Acc, Ala, Pro, and Cys contents). It was concluded that application of coated slow-release iron fertilizer could be a promising option for suppression of iron deficiency chlorosis and deserves further study.

Measuring leaf necrosis and chlorosis of bamboo induced by typhoon 0613 with RGB image analysis

Symptoms of leaf necrosis or chlorosis of bamboo induced by Typhoon 0613 （T0613） were analyzed using RGB image analysis in Yamaguchi city, Japan. Results showed a closely positive relationship between Green/Red （G/R） value for indoor taking images of bam- boo individual leaves and chlorophyll meter value （SPAD） with regression coefficient of 0.961. The relation between G/R value of room taking images and Necrotic Area Percentage （NAP） for bamboo individual leaves showed an inverse logistic function relationship, with the correlated coefficient equaling to 0.958. Both leaf chlorosis and necrosis can be quantitatively estimated by RGB image analysis. Moreover, the variance of Green/Luminance （G/L） value for the same leaf was less than that of G/R for images taken in the conditions with large light difference, especially for green leaves. G/L value also exhibited a closer relationship with SPAD value of leaves with chlorosis than that of G/R values at the same condition. The relationship between G/L value for bamboo canopies and the Distance from Coastline （DC） was also closer than that of the G/R value for the images taken at field sites with big light difference.

Occurrence Reasons and Integrated Control of Physiological Chlorosis ofCinnamomum camphora L. in Urban Area of Pingdingshan City

The relevant factors for physiological chlorosis of Cinnamomum camphora L. in Pingdingshan were studied combining with references and production sur- vey. The resuhs showed that the disease was the integrated results of soil environment, planting situation, microenvironment construction and maintenance manage- ment. Therefore, the countermeasures of ＂prevention first, restore tree vigor; integrated control, enhance tree vigor＂ were proposed. Chlorosis of C. camphora had been basically controlled after four years, and the control effect was obvious.

Manganese toxicity-induced chlorosis in sugarcane seedlings involves inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis

Manganese(Mn)toxicity-induced leaf chlorosis limits crop production in acidic soils,but its underlying mechanisms remain unknown.The effects of excessive Mn on chlorophyll(Chl)biosynthesis in sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum L.)leaves were investigated.Under Mn treatment,Chl concentration decreased with Mn accumulation and chlorosis appeared in expanding leaves.Before that,levels of the initial Chl precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA)and its downstream intermediates decreased,whereas magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester(MgPME)accumulated.Overaccumulation of Mn in leaves downregulated the ALA biosynthetic gene GluTR(encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase)and MgPME conversion gene MgPMEC(encoding MgPME cyclase),upregulated the ALA biosynthesis inhibitor FLU(encoding FLUORESCENT),but had no significant effect on the expression of other Chl biosynthetic genes.The above Mn-induced changes of Chl precursors and expression of corresponding genes commenced before the Chl decline and leaf chlorosis,and were reversed by ALA supplementation.Thus,excessive Mn-induced chlorosis in sugarcane is mediated by a Chl-biosynthesis disorder resulting from the inhibition of ALA synthesis and MgPME conversion.

How Raised Beds and Fe-Chelate Affect Soybean Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Yield

Water-logging and the inability to take up sufficient iron (Fe), causing iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in soybean (Glycine max, L. Merr.), can be major yield reducing factors in certain soils in the northern USA and Manitoba, Canada, soybean growing regions. The objective of this research was to evaluate soybean IDC, biomass production, and yield with seeding on raised beds and seed application of the Fe-chelate compound ortho-ortho-Fe-EDDHA. In six environments, soybean were seeded on raised beds and conventionally prepared seedbeds (flat) and with a factorial arrangement of five cultivars (within adapted maturity group 0.1 to 0.9 and variable IDC tolerance) and seed applied Fe-EDDHA using rates of 0 kg·ha−1 and 3.36 kg·ha−1. There were no significant interactions between the factors tested. The plant population was 27% higher on the raised beds compared with flat, and yield was 6.3% higher (2893 kg·ha−1 vs. 2722 kg·ha−1). Total dry plant biomass on raised beds was 9.8% greater compared with flat. The plant population with seed applied Fe-EDDHA was 10.6% lower compared with no application. However, the IDC score was significantly lower 2.2 vs 2.4 (1 = green, 5 = dead) for Fe-EDDHA seed application. Yield and plant biomass were not significantly different between Fe treatments. Raised beds offer an opportunity for soybean growers to reduce the negative influence of excessive water. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effect of raised beds on plant development, IDC expression, and yield. The application of Fe-EDDHA remains a partial solution and should therefore be combined with other methods to reduce IDC. Further research should study other Fe-EDDHA application rates and methods.

‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄黄化现象及防治技术

‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄因具有优良的品质和较高的栽培效益,近年来种植面积迅速增加,已成为我国葡萄主栽品种之一。然而在栽培过程中黄化现象时有发生,严重影响了产量和品质。为此,在生产实践基础上,结合前人的研究,本文针对‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄黄化的成因和造成的危害,提出了防治黄化现象的技术措施,以期为‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄生产提供支撑。

基于缺铁诊断指标筛选的猕猴桃叶片黄化诱因分析

[目的]筛选适宜的缺铁诊断指标,据此分析导致陕西关中地区猕猴桃园叶片黄化的主要因子,并利用施肥矫治试验对该因子进行验证,为猕猴桃叶片黄化防控提供理论依据。[方法]在陕西关中地区,依据叶片黄化后土施Fe-EDDHA可以复绿确定了3个缺铁猕猴桃果园,采集当年强旺营养枝顶端第2~3个叶片,共采集不同黄化度叶片64份,缺铁叶片样品的黄化度以SPAD值表征,将SPAD值与5个缺铁诊断指标进行相关分析。在关中地区选择5个健康果园、80个出现不同程度黄化症状的猕猴桃果园,采集叶片样品,将黄化果园叶片按照黄化程度分为绿叶、轻度黄化叶和重度黄化叶,测定12种元素、活性铁和硝态氮含量及SPAD值,并将其与SPAD值进行相关分析。在85个果园各采集1份土壤样品,分析其基础理化性状。选择两个黄化果园进行施肥矫治效果验证。[结果]64份缺铁黄化叶片中,鲜样邻二氮菲浸提铁与其SPAD值的相关性明显高于干样全铁、0.1 mol/L盐酸浸提铁、1 mol/L盐酸浸提铁和鲜样1 mol/L盐酸浸提铁,说明鲜样邻二氮菲浸提铁最适于猕猴桃缺铁的黄化诊断。健康园绿叶和黄化园绿叶中所测的12种元素、活性铁和硝态氮含量均无显著差异。SPAD和邻二氮菲浸提铁含量的顺序为黄化园绿叶>轻度黄化叶>重度黄化叶,而叶片硝态氮、磷、钾和硼含量则相反。轻度和重度黄化叶钙、全铁和锰含量低于绿叶。相关分析表明,猕猴桃叶片SPAD与叶片邻二氮菲浸提铁、全铁、锰和钙含量正相关,而与叶片钾、磷、硝态氮、全氮、硼、铜等含量负相关。随机森林和通径分析进一步表明,与猕猴桃叶片黄化关系最密切的指标为邻二氮菲浸提铁、钾及硝态氮。线性加平台函数拟合表明,邻二氮菲浸提铁5.084 mg/kg是猕猴桃叶片缺铁黄化诊断的临界值。土壤分析结果表明,黄化园土壤pH和碳酸氢根含量均偏高,而速效钾和硝态氮含量均适宜,说明土壤重碳酸盐诱发缺铁很可能是导致叶片黄化的主要原因。与健康园相比,黄化园土壤阳离子交换量偏低,说明叶片黄化还与土壤阳离子交换能力不足有关。施用Fe-EDDHA和蓝铁矿[Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)·8H_(2)O]均可提高叶片SPAD和邻二氮菲浸提铁含量,降低叶片钾和硝态氮含量,从而矫治猕猴桃叶片缺铁黄化。[结论]叶片鲜样中邻二氮菲铁最适于猕猴桃缺铁黄化诊断,其临界浓度为5.084 mg/kg。陕西关中地区猕猴桃园叶片黄化主要是由土壤重碳酸盐诱发缺铁所致,且与土壤阳离子交换能力不足有关;黄化叶中钾和硝态氮的累积是由缺铁造成的。因此,生产上应注意黄化园铁肥的补充和土壤阳离子交换能力的提升。

警惕番茄褪绿病毒在我国的传播和危害

番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)侵染番茄引起番茄褪绿病毒病。发病植株下部叶片黄化、脉间褪绿、边缘轻微卷曲,叶片光合作用显著降低,果实变小,产量和品质明显下降。该病毒最早于1998年在美国佛罗里达州发现,随后在世界多地陆续报道。我国首先于2004年在台湾报道,2013年又在北京和山东发现并鉴定了该病毒,同时在辣椒上检测到该病毒。ToCV属于长线形病毒科(Closteroviridae)毛形病毒属(Crinivirus)成员,基因组为二分体正义单链RNA,由粉虱传播。经初步调查和检测,ToCV在我国北京、山东、河北、天津等省市相继发生,给当地番茄生产造成了严重危害。ToCV传播迅速,成为我国番茄生产中又一重要病毒,防控形势严峻。基于以上原因,建议有关部门立即采取相应预防和防治措施,组织开展相关研究和攻关,控制该病毒在我国的传播和危害。

植物吸收利用铁的机理

根据植物铁营养的一些研究进展 ,论述了植物对铁的吸收和运输机理以及 HCO- 3 、N。

不同铁制剂对石灰性土壤条件下猕猴桃缺铁黄化的矫治效果

为明确陕西杨凌渭河滩地猕猴桃出现黄化现象的原因,通过对喷施铁制剂矫正效果的比较,筛选出理想的铁制剂用于果树缺铁黄化病防治。以陕西杨凌西桥村出现缺铁黄化的猕猴桃园为研究对象,采用土壤诊断和叶片诊断等方法确定黄化的原因,并以清水为对照,喷施不同铁制剂(硫酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁、复合氨基酸铁、乳酸亚铁和腐殖酸铁)进行矫治,检测其对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素和有效铁含量及果实品质的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃黄化原因不仅仅是由于土壤有效铁含量低,还与植株吸收能力不同有关。由于植株过多吸收P、K、Zn、Mn等元素,引起养分不平衡而导致对铁吸收产生拮抗作用也是产生缺铁黄化的原因之一。不同铁制剂对猕猴桃黄化的矫治效果有差异,其中以柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁的处理效果最好,显著提高了猕猴桃叶片的叶绿素和有效铁含量以及果实中维生素C、可溶性固形物、全铁的含量,有效改善了果实品质。在供试的几种铁制剂中,柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁是矫治果树缺铁黄化的最理想制剂。

甘蔗幼苗失绿的土壤营养特性初探

【目的】研究影响甘蔗幼苗失绿的土壤因素,为克服失绿现象提供科学依据。【方法】对广西南宁、崇左、来宾等地甘蔗发生幼苗失绿问题的土壤营养进行调查研究,分析土壤pH值、铁、铝、锰和有机质含量等与甘蔗失绿现象的关系。【结果】甘蔗幼苗失绿病发土壤多属强酸性土壤,活性铝、交换性锰水平较高;土壤有机质、氮磷钾全量和有效水平总体上属于中高等水平;土壤有效铁含量不高,而与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关。【结论】甘蔗幼苗失绿可能与强酸性土壤中过多的活性铝、锰及高效整合铁有关。

不同砧木伏令夏橙对土壤pH值的适应性

本试验研究了紫色土pH值对枳砧、红桔砧和香橙砧伏令夏橙吸收Fe、叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性以及植株生长的影响。结果表明,香橙砧最耐碱;红桔砧其次;枳砧最不耐碱;而耐酸性无大差异。其最适pH依次为6.2、5.7、5.7,pH8时的生长量相当最适pH时的84、50、38％。香橙很有希望在四川作pH>6.5的紫色土柑桔园的砧木。pH4时的生长量依次相当最适pH时的74、71、67％,枳仍是酸性土壤的最优砧木。

锰胁迫对甘蔗幼苗缺铁和失绿的影响

近年来,甘蔗主产区的甘蔗幼苗出现严重的缺铁失绿问题,影响了我国甘蔗生产及食糖安全。为了揭示锰诱导甘蔗幼苗缺铁失绿机制,该研究采用水培试验法,对过多锰诱导的甘蔗幼叶失绿及其与铁素营养的关系进行了探讨。结果表明：过多锰胁迫下随着甘蔗中锰含量的增加,幼叶明显失绿。250、500、750μmol·L-1处理10 d后,幼叶中的叶绿素含量分别从对照处理的1.71 mg·g-1FW下降至0.86、0.85、0.64 mg·g-1FW。过多锰抑制甘蔗对铁的吸收,每株植株对铁吸收量（3.22~4.40 mg）显著减少。幼叶中铁含量（116.8~128.6 mg·kg-1DW）也随着锰处理浓度的增加而显著降低。250~750μmol·L-1处理的甘蔗幼叶中铁的含量仅相当于对照处理的89.4%~81.2%。相反,锰处理后根和茎中铁的含量却显著增加。锰胁迫下幼叶中活性铁含量和活性铁与全铁比值（0.14~0.21）也显著降低。高锰胁迫下,幼叶中的活性铁含量（4.1~6.9 mg·kg-1FW）相当于对照处理的25.5%~55.2%。相关分析结果显示,锰胁迫下的甘蔗叶片中活性铁含量与叶绿素含量呈显著的正相关;锰处理后幼叶中活性铁与锰含量的比值从对照的0.71下降至0.04~0.01。这说明过多的锰可诱导甘蔗幼叶失绿,而失绿与过多的锰胁迫下甘蔗对铁的吸收、运输受阻及铁的钝化有关。

陕西关中猕猴桃产区缺铁性黄化病发生原因研究

调查发现关中猕猴桃产区渭河两岸的河滩地及低洼地果园缺铁性黄化病发生普遍 ,程度严重 ;距离渭河滩较远的二级阶地及台塬地上的果园发病较轻 ;位于秦岭山脚的山前洪积扇地区果园基本上无黄化病发生。导致猕猴桃缺铁性黄化病发生的因素主要有土壤 p H偏高 ,树体严重超载 ,灌水过多及其他栽培因素 ;美味猕猴桃对黄化病的抵抗力较中华猕猴桃强 ,海瓦德品种及陕猕 1号的抗性优于秦美品种 ;

水稻苗期低温失绿的遗传分析及基因定位

在早季低温条件下,籼稻品种Dular的幼苗表现出白化失绿,而粳稻品种Lemont幼苗表现正常绿色。以Lemont和Dular作亲本构建一个F2群体,通过该群体在早季低温条件下性状的表现,发现Lemont和Dular苗期耐冷性的差异受单个主基因控制,低温下白化失绿等位基因为隐性。将该基因暂时命名为cisc(t)。利用该F2群体,采用集团分离分析(BSA)法将cisc(t)定位在9号染色体上。经过对F2群体中100个典型的白化单株的简单序列长度多态性分析,将该基因定位在5.5cM的区间内,分别与微卫星标记RM257和RM242相距3.9cM和1.6cM。

植物黄化与氮磷钾营养的关系

土壤氮、磷、钾养分状况对石灰性土壤地区植物缺铁黄化发生有重要影响。硝态氮通常与重碳酸根共同作用,成为石灰性土壤地区植物黄化的重要原因。磷从土壤、植物两个方面影响铁的移动性,使进入叶绿体的铁数量减少。盆栽试验中,当钾以中性盐的形态供给时,植物的黄化症状减轻,而以磷酸盐或重碳酸盐的形式供给时,植物发生黄化或黄化加重;在水培试验中,当培养液中有重碳酸根存在时,供应非重碳酸盐态钾时,黄化加重。钾素营养影响黄化的机理仍不完全清楚。

铁肥品种和施肥方式对黄化苹果树复绿和铁含量的影响

铁胁迫致苹果黄叶时，对根系输铁液能在较短时间内提高叶片叶绿素和铁的含量，从而达到复绿的效果。在ＦｅＣｉｔｒｉｃ ａｃｉｄ、ＦｅＥＤＴＡ 和ＦｅＮ 三种铁肥中，ＦｅＮ 是适宜根系输液的铁肥品种，主干强力高压注射铁肥复绿较慢，叶面喷布效果不显著。

根际操作施肥矫正苹果缺铁黄叶病的研究

采用根部输硫酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁、ＥＤＴＡ铁、根际施硫酸亚铁和自制专用肥的方法对苹果黄叶病进行矫正。结果表明：各种补铁措施均可提高叶片中活性铁及叶绿素含量，使黄叶病树病梢率和失绿级数下降。与对照比较，根际施硫酸亚铁效果差。各输液处理间没有明显差异，表现叶片复绿较快，但肥效持续时间短，操作困难，输用浓度为０．０２７ｍｏｌ· Ｌ－１铁液，果树幼嫩叶片有轻度卷曲的受害症状。自制专用肥效果最好，经一年春、秋２次施用，病梢率下降 ７０％～８０％，失绿下降 ２级，使中度缺铁黄叶病树完全复绿，黄叶病 ２ａ内未见复发。研究还表明，叶片中活性铁与叶绿素含量呈显著直线正相关。叶片中活性铁含量可较好反映树体铁营养状况。