The Influence of Feeding Method on Fluidization Behavior of Fixed Fluidized Bed

An experimental installation of cold model simulation was set up to study the bed pressure drop in different regions of fixed fluidized bed reactor during top feeding and bottom feeding, respectively, at various gas velocities with the fluidization image of solid particles monitored at the same time. By comparing the changes in bed density and operating gas velocity in different regions of fixed fluidized bed reactor, the influence of top feeding and bottom feeding patterns on fluidization behavior could be investigated. The results showed that the bed density in top feeding reactor responded more stably to the change in gas velocity along with the advantage of working in a wider range of operating gas velocities. Based on this study, it is concluded that existing bottom feeding reactor configurations cannot meet the fluidization requirements; and optimization of bottom feeding reactor will be needed.

Feeding methods, sleep arrangement, and infant sleep patterns: a Chinese population-based study

Background:Findings from prior research into the effect of feeding methods on infant sleep are inconsistent.The objectives of this study were to examine infants'sleep patterns by feeding methods and sleep arrangement from birth to eight months old.Methods:This longitudinal cohort study enrolled 524 pregnant women at 34-41 weeks of gestation and their infants after delivery in 2006 and followed up until eight months postpartum.The study subjects were recruited from nine women and children hospitals in nine cities in China(Beijing,Chongqing,Wuhan,Changsha,Nanning,Xiamen,Xi'an,Jinan,and Hailin).Participating infants were followed up weekly during the first month and monthly from the second to the eighth month after birth.Twenty-four hour sleep diaries recording infants'sleeping and feeding methods were administered based on caregiver's self-report.Multivariable mixed growth curve models were fi tted to estimate the effects of feeding methods and sleep arrangement on infants'sleep patterns over time,controlling for maternal and paternal age,maternal and paternal education level,household income,supplementation of complementary food,and infant birth weight and length.Results:Exclusively formula fed infants had the greatest sleep percentage/24 h,followed by exclusively breast milk fed infants and partially breast milk fed infants(P<0.01).Night waking followed a similar pattern.However,the differences in sleep percentage and night waking frequency between exclusively formula and exclusively breast milk fed infants weakened over time as infants developed.In addition,compared to infants with bed-sharing sleep arrangement,those with room sharing sleep arrangement had greater daytime and 24-hour infant sleep percentage,whereas those with sleeping alone sleep arrangement had greater nighttime sleep percentage.Conclusions:Our data based on caregiver's selfreport suggested that partial breastfeeding and bedsharing may be associated with less sleep in infants.Health care professionals need to work with parents of newborns to develop coping strategies that will help prevent early weaning of breastfeeding.

Effects of Clenbuterol,Genotype,and Feeding Method on Bodyweight Gain of Meat Rabbits

Four-factor and three-level orthogonal experimental design(L9(34))was used in the experiment.The effects of three genotypes:Germany SAB three-bred-cross rabbits(S2),New Zealand purebred(N),and crossbred rabbits(ON);three levels of Clenbuterol treatment: 1 ng.g-1,2 ng.g-1and 3 ng.g-1,and three feeding methods:5-day,7-day and 10-day withdrawal period after two weeks of feeding Clenbuterol(CL)on bodyweight gain were evaluated.CL apparently improved average daily gain(ADG)of rabbits.70-day ADG of 5-day and 10-day withdrawal were higher than that of 7-day withdrawal,70-day ADG of S2 genotype was significantly higher than that of the control and N genotype was significant.Genotype,additive dose and feeding method had significant effects on overall-stage ADG.ON genotype,2 ng.g-1 dose and 5-day withdrawal feeding method was the best.Responses of different genotype to Clenbuterol appeared different at experimental prophase or whole experimental period.

Living Habits of Orient Fruit Fly in Taihu Area

[ Objective] The aim was to supply technical basis for developing quarantine and control techniques for orient fruit fly. [ Method] By utilizing facilities including rearing chamber and rearing cage, the population of orient fruit fly was established and sustained by using the methods of artificial feeding and fruit culture, and the continuous indoor biological observation was carried out. The isolated enclosure equipped with temperature and humidity recorder was established in Dongshan area of Taihu for cultivating various species of host plants, then the living habits of orient fruit fly were observed everyday. [ Result] Through feeding and observation in lab, the living habit of adult, larva, pupa and eggs of orient fruit fly were studied; the impact of soil depth on the emergence rate of pupa were conducted, and the result indicated that when the soil layer depth increased to 40 cm, there were still adults appeared and their emergence rate was 80%. The results of indoor trend test showed that the selectivity of orient fruit fly on fruits produced in Suzhou was sequenced from high to low as follows： tangerine, dates, pomegranate, peach, orange, pear and persimmon. While the sequence of fruit tree species were tangerine, dates, pomegranate, pears and persimmons according to damage rates of orient fruit fly from high to low under field isolation rearing conditions. In the local tangerine varieties, the damage rate from high to low were Dongting manda- rin, eady tangerine, Wen orange, Huangpi, Zaohong, Liaohong. [ Conclusion] Orient fruit fly artificial rearing facility was established, which laid the foundation for carrvina out bioloaical characteristics observation and biolooical exoeriments

Evaluation of Effects of Tea Saponin on Behavior, Growth and Development of Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to expand the insect resistance spectrum of tea saponin, and its control effect on Cylas formicarius and the potential as an insecticide for pest control were explored. [Methods] The olfactory avoidance rate of C. formicarius to tea saponin aqueous solution was determined by Y-type olfactometer;the feeding avoidance rate of C. formicarius to tea saponin was determined by the selective method;the antifeedant rate of C. formicarius to tea saponin was determined by non-selective method;and the development duration and mortality of C. formicarius under the influence of tea saponin were determined by artificial feeding method. [Results] C. formicarius had no significant olfactory tendency to every concentration of tea saponin, and the olfactory avoidance rate of 20.0% tea saponin aqueous solution was only 9.14%. Tea saponin had a feeding avoidance effect on C. formicarius, and the avoidance rate increased with the increase of tea saponin concentration. At 6 h, the feeding avoidance rates of 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0%, 10.0% and 20.0% tea saponin on C. formicarius were 58.14%, 77.77%, 88.23%, 95.00% and 97.65 %, respectively;and the feeding avoidance effect at 6 h was significant, and the feeding avoidance rate was higher than that of 1 h. Tea saponin had a significant antifeedant effect on C. formicarius, and the longer the feeding time, the higher the antifeedant rate. At 72 h, the antifeedant rates of 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0%, 10.0 % and 20.0% tea saponin to C. formicarius were 63.01%, 67.54%, 97.14 %, 96.42% and 98.57%, respectively. The larval development duration of C. formicarius was shortened with the increase of tea saponin concentration, and the larval death occurred. The development duration of larvae under the influence of 1.0% tea saponin was the shortest, which was 4.01 d shorter than that of the control, and the mortality was the highest, which was 26.65%. [Conclusions] Tea saponin had neither olfactory avoidance effect nor olfactory attracting effect to C. formicarius, but had obvious feeding avoidance effect and strong antifeedant effect. Tea saponin can shorten the development duration of the larvae of C. formicarius and cause the death of the larvae.

Effects of intelligent feedingmethod on the growth,immunity and stress of juvenile Micropterus salmoides

The feeding method is of great significance for aquaculture production and cost.In recent years,research on intelligent feeding,a method based on fish appetite,has been trending.Fewstudies,however,have focused on fish welfare issues that can result from intelligent feeding.In this study,an adaptive feeder based on a practical intelligent feeding method was designed to evaluate whether this intelligent feeding method would impair fish welfare compared to traditional automatic feeding.The results indicated that the amount of residual feed and size inhomogeneity in the traditional group was significantly higher than that in the intelligent group.The results of the growth indicator showed that theweight gain rate(WGR)in the intelligent feeding groupwas significantly higher(30.17%)than in the traditional feeding group.Although no significant differences were observed in the survival rate(SR),the condition factor(CF)and the hepatosomatic index(HSI),the specific growth rate(SGR)in the intelligent feeding group was significantly increased by 8.33%while the feed conversion rate(FCR)was reduced by a remarkable 17.07%compared to the traditional feeding group.Moreover,intelligent feeding significantly improved the pepsin activity of the bass.In terms of immunity and antioxidant capacity,however,the fish in the intelligent feeding group had a significantly lower lysozyme(LZM)level than those fed with the traditional method.For superoxide dismutase(SOD),the intelligent group also displayed a lower activity value,although it was not significant.The intelligent feeding group had 0.14 nmol/mg protein higher malondialdehyde(MDA)activity than the traditional group.Regarding stress,although no statistical significance was observed,the cortisol level in the intelligent group was 1.9 ng/ml higher than in the traditional group.Together,these data suggested that the intelligent feeding method can significantly improve fish growth but may also result in stress and suppress innate immunity.

Radiation characteristics of ring patch antennas with capacitive feed patch

Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive feed method is suitable for impedance matching.The effect of the size of the feed patch on the input impedance of the square ring patch antennas are analyzed and radiation patterns of the square ring patch antennas are compared to that of a square conventional patch antenna by the simulated results.

Bulk heterojunction thin film formation by single and dual feed ultrasonic spray method for application in organic solar cells

We here present a way of preparing the polymer： fullerene BHJ using dual feed method which can lead to formation of pure phases. In this report, we present results of our initial experiments in this direction.The effect of process parameters on the thickness and surface roughness of the active layer has been discussed.The structural and optical properties have been studied using the optical microscope, UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Significant PL quenching indicates efficient charge separation in the BHJ formed using this technique. We have also compared the BHJ thin films prepared with this dual feed ultrasonic technique with the single feed spray method. The BHJ formed using this technique has been used as an active layer in OSC.

Optimization on cooperative feed strategy for radial–axial ring rolling process of Inco718 alloy by RSM and FEM

During radial-axial ring rolling process, cooperative strategy of the radial axial feed is critical for dimensional accuracy and thermo mechanical parameters distribution of the formed ring. In order to improve the comprehensive quality of the ring parts, response surface method （RSM） is employed for the first time to optimize the cooperative feed strategy for radial-axial ring rolling process by combining it with an improved and verified 3D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model. The feed trajectory is put forward to describe cooperative relationship of the radial- axial feed and three variables are designed based on the feed trajectory. In order to achieve multi- objective optimization, four responses including thermo mechanical parameters distribution and rolling force are proposed. Based on the FEM results, RSM is used to establish a response model to depict the function relationship between the objective response and design variables. Through this approximate model, effects of different variables on ring rolling process are analyzed connect- edly and optimal feed strategy is obtained by resorting to the optimal chart specific to a constraint condition.