Ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer using a beam collimator and its application for ultrasonic imaging of seismic physical models

An ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer （FPI） is proposed and employed for ultra- sonic imaging of seismic physical models （SPMs）. The FPI comprises a flexible ultra-thin gold film and the end face of a graded-index multimode fiber （MMF）, both of which are enclosed in a ceramic tube. The MMF in a specified length can collimate the diverged light beam and compensate for the light loss inside the air cavity, leading to an increased spectral fringe visibility and thus a steeper spectral slope. By using the spectral sideband filtering technique, the collimated FP1 shows an improved ultrasonic response. Moreover, two-dimensional images of two SPMs are achieved in air by recon- structing the pulse-echo signals through using the time-of-flight approach. The proposed sensor with easy fabrication and compact size can be a good candidate for high-sensitivity and high-precision nondestructive testing of SPMs.

Reflective Ladder Topology Network Based on White Light Fiber-Optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

In order to improve the multiplexing capability of the optical sensors based on the lower interferential optic fiber sensing technology and the white light fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer,reflective ladder topology network ( RLT) with tailored formula was proposed. The topology network consists of 6 rungs sensing elements linked by 5 couplers. Two cases with different choices of couplers were contrasted: one is equal coupling ratio,and the other is tailored coupling ratio. Through the simulation of these two cases,the detailed multiplexing capability was analyzed,and accordingly the experiments were also carried out. The simulation results showed that,the tailored formula enhances the multiplexing capability of the structure. In the first case, the maximum number of sensors which can be multiplexed is 8,and in the other case is 12 fiber optic sensors. The experimental results have a good agreement with numerical simulation results. Thus,it is considered expedient to incorporate RLT into large-scale building,grounds,bridges,dams,tunnels,highways and perimeter security.

Fourier Spectrometer based on Wide-range and Phase-locked Michelson Interferometer with Femtosecond Laser Excitation

A wide-range and phase-locked Michelson interferometer technique is described. This technique combined with femtosecond laser is used to measure the spectrum of the rare-earth ion Nd：YVO4, which presents very high signal to noise ratio of interferometric intensity output and higher spectral resolution than traditional grating spectrophotometer.

Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer Based on a 120°-Phase-Difference Michelson Interferometer

A phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer （φ-OTDR） based on a 120°-phase-difference Michelson in- terferometer is proposed. The Michelson interferometer with arm difference of 4m is used to test the phase difference between the Rayleigh scattering from two sections of the fiber. A new demodulation method called the inverse transmission matrix demodulation scheme is utilized to demodulate the distributed phase from the backward scattering along the long fiber, The experimental results show that the 120°-phase-difference inter- ferometer φ-OTDR can detect the phase along the 3km fiber, and the acoustic signal within the whole human hearing range of 20 Hz-20 kHz is reproduced accurately and quickly.

LIGO Experiments Cannot Detect Gravitational Waves by Using Laser Michelson Interferometers—Light’s Wavelength and Speed Change Simultaneously When Gravitational Waves Exist Which Make the Detections of Gravitational Waves Impossible for LIGO Experiments

It is proved strictly based on general relativity that two important factors are neglected in LIGO experiments by using Michelson interferometers so that fatal mistakes were caused. One is that the gravitational wave changes the wavelength of light. Another is that light’s speed is not a constant when gravitational waves exist. According to general relativity, gravitational wave affects spatial distance, so it also affects the wavelength of light synchronously. By considering this fact, the phase differences of lasers were invariable when gravitational waves passed through Michelson interferometers. In addition, when gravitational waves exist, the spatial part of metric changes but the time part of metric is unchanged. In this way, light’s speed is not a constant. When the calculation method of time difference is used in LIGO experiments, the phase shift of interference fringes is still zero. So the design principle of LIGO experiment is wrong. It was impossible for LIGO to detect gravitational wave by using Michelson interferometers. Because light’s speed is not a constant, the signals of LIGO experiments become mismatching. It means that these signals are noises actually, caused by occasional reasons, no gravitational waves are detected really. In fact, in the history of physics, Michelson and Morley tried to find the absolute motion of the earth by using Michelson interferometers but failed at last. The basic principle of LIGO experiment is the same as that of Michelson-Morley experiment in which the phases of lights were invariable. Only zero result can be obtained, so LIGO experiments are destined failed to find gravitational waves.

Photoacoustic Detection in the Michelson Interferometer Cavity

For the first time, we report photoacoustic (PA) signal detection in a cell placed within the Michelson interferometer cavity in an attempt to relate photoacoustic effect to the Michelson fringe shift as a result of changes in the cell. Both detection schemes were investigated using IR absorption and their sensitivities compared. Signals related to Michelson interferometer fringe and PA effect have shown good correlations with each other using different samples including some essential oils and their corresponding plant part from which the essential oil is usually obtained. Results were encouraging and will open the door widely to use the combined Michelson interferometer-photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) in trace gas detection for different applications.

Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Michelson Interferometer

A new Michelson interferometer based on fiber Bragg grating（FBG） is demonstrated. FBCs are used as reflectors, and the laser is replaced by a broadband source as input light in this interferometer. To demodulate the signals, a 3 × 3 coupler is used as a splitter. By combining with software demodulation, the outer interference can be obtained from the outputs of the interferometer. This kind of interferometer can also be wavelength-multiplexed easily by composing a series Michelson interferometer. The experiment results show that the clear interference fringe can be obtained by adjusting the path difference to make it less than interference length of FBG. The signals are also demodulated.

Polarization Beam Splitter Based on a Self-Collimation Michelson Interferometer in a Silicon Photonic Crystal

A polarization beam splitter based on a self-collimation Michelson interferometer (SMI) in a hole-type silicon photonic crystal is proposed and numerically demonstrated.Utilizing the polarization dependence of the transmission spectra of the SMI and polarization peak matching method,the SMI can work as a polarization beam splitter (PBS) by selecting an appropriate path length difference in the structure.Based on its novel polarization beam splitting mechanics,the polarization extinction ratios (PERs) for TM and TE modes are as high as 18.4 dB and 24.3 dB,respectively.Since its dimensions are only several operating wavelengths,the PBS may have practical applications in photonic integrated circuits.

Reviewing Michelson Interferometer Experiment and Measuring the Speed of Starlight

The wave-aether model was proposed long time ago. We study Michelson interferometer experiment and find that its theoretical calculation erroneously neglected the aether drag effect. We take the drag effect into account and reanalyze the theoretical interference pattern shift. The result is null because the drag coefficient of aether is zero. Such that the wave-aether model fulfills all light propagation characteristics. We design and implement a system to measure the starlight speed by comparing to that from a local source. We observe that the arrival times are different. It implies the apparent speeds of starlights are not equal to c.

The Light Timing Calculations of the Interferometer in the Quest to Detect Light Speed Anisotropy and a Case Study of the Michelson-Morley and Miller Mt Wilson Experiments

This paper formulates the light timing calculations for each interferometer arm;one that is parallel to the direction of motion of the interferometer through space and the other that is perpendicular. The calculations are done for a vacuum-mode interferometer and then for a gas-mode interferometer. The calculations show that no light timing difference is detectable in a vacuum-mode interferometer, but once an optical medium is present in the light path down the arms of the interferometer, this is no longer the case and a timing difference is detectable. Further to this, the timing equations obtained from the analysis are used to model the historical experiments of Michelson-Morley and Miller (Mt Wilson) and predictions are made by the model that accurately match the actual recorded results from those experiments. Thus, this timing analysis confirms that there is a light speed anisotropy in a reference frame that is moving through space, indicating the presence of a preferred Aether reference frame through which the Earth is moving.

Strain measurement using frequency modulation fiber optic interferometer

The method for measuring the strain of an object using an optical fiber and a frequency modulation(FM) coupled cavity semiconductor laser is proposed.This method uses the coherent FM heterodyne principle of the Michelson interferometer and can avoid the π/2 nonreciprocal phase bias and phase shifting problem existing in general fiber optic interferential sensors, the maximum detection range is limited by the coherent length of the semiconductor laser and its relative factor.

光纤激光传感器结构发展综述

光纤激光传感技术是光纤传感技术中的重要组成部分。首先介绍了光纤激光传感技术的原理,然后分析了基于单一结构和双结构的10种光纤激光传感器的原理和特性,并对比了2种传感结构的应用情况和温度灵敏度,最后从解调方式、多参量测量以及提升检测范围等3个方面对光纤激光传感技术进行了总结和展望。

改进的迈克尔逊干涉仪测量钠黄光双线波长差

在迈克尔逊干涉仪实验教学及科学研究过程中发现齿轮经常脱扣的现象,这对测量结果产生了严重影响。本文中,我们将传统的齿轮咬合式迈克尔逊干涉仪改进为杠杆式迈克尔逊干涉仪,有助于避免齿轮咬合式迈克尔逊干涉仪中多个齿轮间容易脱扣的现象。利用钠光灯照射杠杆式迈克尔逊干涉仪,观察到了明显的光拍干涉图样,测量了钠黄光双线波长差。钠黄光双线波长差的测量结果为0.5953±0.0054(nm)。本文的研究有助于提升迈克尔逊干涉仪装置的测量稳定性,实现在光谱定标、光学传感、生化检测等领域的长期稳定使用;有助于提升学生发现问题、解决问题的能力;以及有助于学生提升将不同科目知识相结合的能力。

一阶光学游标效应的全光纤温度传感器

本文提出并制备了一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉计(FPI)和迈克尔逊干涉计(MI)并联的全光纤温度传感器,该传感器由单模光纤依次错位熔接一段悬浮芯光纤和一段单模光纤而成,熔接和切割形成的反射面构成了FPI干涉计和MI干涉计,且MI干涉计的光程约为FPI干涉计光程的2倍(略大于2倍),从而,两干涉计产生了一阶谐波游标效应。实验结果表明,该传感器干涉谱中出现了具有明显一阶谐波游标效应特征的双包络,且随着温度的升高,干涉谱双包络逐渐红移,红移量远大于单个MI干涉计;在20℃~120℃的温度范围内,该传感器的温度灵敏度为208 pm/℃,约为单个MI干涉计的20.8倍,约为单个FPI干涉计的245倍;升降温实验以及同一温度多次测量实验均表明,该传感器具有良好的重复性和稳定性。该传感器在同一根光纤内实现了FPI和MI并联,其传感头总长度仅约为584.4μm,且为全光纤尖端结构,因此,特别适合于小空间环境高温检测。

Michelson干涉仪式光纤空气声传感器

介绍了一种用于直升机等低空目标探测的光纤空气声传感器.该传感器基于光纤Michelson干涉仪的原理,结合弹性盘片的应力应变理论分析和光纤粘接的工艺设计,采用相位载波解调技术进行信号解调.对比实验测试验证了这种声音探测技术可行性.传感器理论灵敏度为2.38rad/Pa,实测灵敏度为1.5rad/Pa,采用PGC相位解调理论最小可探测的最小声信号为6.7μPa,即9.5dB.传感器在20～300Hz范围内响应基本平坦.结合声音传播规律分析并肯定其在实用中的可行性.

综合实验试题D:基于迈克耳孙干涉仪的液晶光学和光场相干性实验

介绍了第9届全国大学生物理实验竞赛综合研究性实验试题D的命题设计和实验内容,并给出参考解答以及竞赛结果分析.综合实验试题D基于迈克耳孙干涉仪实验系统,测量液晶双折射率的光学属性和电光调制效应,测量LED光源的相干时间,探究如何改善光场的空间相干性.竞赛结果表明:大部分考生对教学大纲中涉及迈克耳孙干涉仪中的基本实验内容掌握较好,但对常规仪器设备的扩展使用和应用能力尚存在不足,开放性的自主设计和搭建实验光路对培养学生完成既定实验目标的能力仍有待提高.

基于Michelson干涉仪的光纤分布式扰动传感器(英文)

提出并研究了基于Michelson干涉仪的应用于检测时变扰动的光纤分布式传感器。所提出的光纤传感器由两个Michelson干涉仪和一个光纤延迟环组成。扰动作用在传感光纤上,引起传输光波相位的调制作用,可以通过该传感器进行检测并得到扰动的位置信息。通过光电探测器对干涉信号进行接收。对接收到的信号进行隔直,并通过求取峰峰值的方法对隔直后的信号进行预处理。通过希尔伯特变换、相位去包裹和三角函数运算可以提取出预处理信号中包含的相位信息。最后,通过频谱分析和相应的数学运算可以实现扰动的定位。在20 km的监测距离内通过实验验证了传感器的可行性。所提出的光纤传感器具有实时性好、抗偏振性、低成本的独特优势。

利用迈克耳孙干涉仪研究光的时间和空间相干性

采用迈克耳孙干涉光路,搭配光电探测器和光纤光谱仪,分别测量时域和光谱信号.在光谱信号的辅助下,调节干涉光路准直和两臂光程差,快速定位白光干涉等光程点.利用压电位移台带动扫描镜在等光程点附近进行光学延迟扫描,测量时域干涉波形,实现对光源相干长度的测量.LED白光光源搭配带通滤光片,实现不同谱宽光源相干长度的测量对比.利用小孔光阑限制扩展光源的发光尺度,分析干涉条纹对比度,实现空间相干性的演示和测量.

“物理建模”实验教学模式的教学实践——以“迈克尔孙干涉仪测量激光波长”实验为例

在物理实验教学中发现,低年级本科生普遍缺乏物理建模思维,难以通过科学知识的建构历程获得对知识的深刻而全面的理解.为解决此问题,国防科技大学的大学物理实验课程以“物理建模”思想和“精益思想”创新教学模式,开展“物理建模”实验教学模式的教学设计,强化物理建模思维的培养.通过该教学模式在大学物理实验课程中的教学实践,以“迈克尔孙干涉仪测量激光波长”实验为例详细介绍“物理建模”实验教学模式的教学设计,为物理实验的教学改革提供借鉴.

利用光杠杆测透镜的曲率半径

基于光杠杆测量物体微小形变的思想,结合光杠杆与迈克耳孙干涉仪移动平台,搭建了测量透镜曲率半径的装置.利用光杠杆足尖位置和平凸透镜所在球面的几何关系,推导出曲率半径的测量公式,并测量了不同规格透镜的曲率半径.实验结果表明:使用该装置测量的曲率半径与利用牛顿环装置的测量值相近.