A Spectral Convolutional Neural Network Model Based on Adaptive Fick’s Law for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.

Chloride Diffusivity Analysis of Existing Concrete Based on Fick's Second Law

According to the existing concrete core samples obtained in site, chloride concentration and porosity of existing normal hydraulic concrete were measured, and chloride diffusivity in existing hydraulic concrete was studied. By Fick’s second law, the chloride diffusion coefficients in the steady diffusion area were calculated. The chloride diffusion of different mix proportion concrete was tested, and chloride diffusion coefficients and porosities of freshly concrete were measured, moreover, the relationship between diffusion coefficient and porosity was analyzed. The results show that the varying law of chloride diffusion coefficient with exposure time of existing concrete can be predicted in a better way by Fick’s second law and water-cement ratios or porosity of concrete and chloride concentration in existing concrete.

Exact Solution of Fractional Diffusion Model with Source Term used in Study of Concentration of Fission Product in Uranium Dioxide Particle

有一个地点无关的来源术语的部分散开模型的准确答案在球形的铀二氧化物(UO2 ) 在分裂产品的集中的学习使用了粒子被造。UO2 粒子的表面上的分裂产品的吸附效果和推迟的腐烂效果也被考虑。解决方案与有限 Hankel 不可分的转变和 Laplace 转变以 MittagLeffler 功能被给。最后，在一些特殊物理条件下面的答案的减少的形式，在原子工程被使用，被获得，相应讲话被给在核反应堆提供重要准确结果给原子分裂产品的集中分析。

BEHAVIOUR OF VACANCY INFLUENCE DURING DIFFUSION IN METALS

The effects of vacancies on diffusion of interstitial and substitutional atoms as well as interaction between them in metals were discussed.In the interstitial alloy,a coupling between interstitial atoms and vacancy is interrelated through the reaction of formation and dissociation of complex.For substitutional alloy with |E_b|<kT,if the atom diffusion is of the vacancies exchange mechanism,the vacancies may considerably affect atom diffusion.Based on the micromechanism of diffusion in these two alloys,their diffusion equations under general condition may be obtained,and the second Fick' s law is only an approximate form when neg- lecting vacancy influence.

Visual analysis of flow and diffusion of hemolytic agents and hematomas

The elimination of intracranial hematomas has received widespread attention and the interactions between hemolytic agents and hematomas have become a hot research topic.In this study,we used the Navier-Stokes equation to describe the flow control equation for hemolytic agents in a tube and used Fick’s law and the Maxwell-Stefan diffusion theory to describe the diffusion and mass transfer of hemolytic agents and hematomas.The physical fields and initial boundary conditions were set according to the parametric properties of the fluid and drainage tube.The COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to simulate the streamline distribution of hemolytic agents in a bifurcated drainage tube.Additionally,the diffusion behaviors of the hemolytic agents into hematomas were simulated and visual analysis of coupled multiphysics was performed to realize the digitization and visualization of engineering fluid problems and contribute to the field of medical engineering.

Simplification and Application of Boyd Membrane-diffusion Equation

The havirng-been-used-for-50-year Boyd membrane diffusion Equation - In( 1 - F) = R t can be deduced into F = kt through using Maclanrin expansion equation and the Lagerange remainders. The latter is a simple membrane diffusion equation, which is available to judge if the exchanging course of the resin obeys the rules of membrane-diffusion mechanism more conveniently.

Diffusion Analysis and Modeling of Potassium Sorbate in Gelatin Based Antimicrobial Film

The diffusion of potassium sorbate incorporated into gelatin based antimicrobial film was measured. Fick’s second law was applied to investigate the mechanism of potassium sorbate released from the films. The mathematical model was established. The result showed that the diffusion coefficient D increased with the increase of potassium sorbate concentration. The effects of temperature 5?C, 25?C and 35?C on diffusion were investigated. The mechanisms of potassium sorbate diffusion through gelatin films were mainly Fickian and determined by the power law model Mt/M∞ = k × tn. A decrease in temperature from 35?C to 5?C resulted in a reduction of diffusion coefficients from 5.20 × 10?12 to 1.36 × 10?12 m2/s. The diffusion coefficient of potassium sorbate is influenced by receiving solution pH values.

A novel image encryption scheme based on Keplers third law and random Hadamard transform

In this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on Keplers third law and random Hadamard transform is proposed to ensure the security of a digital image. First, a set of Kepler periodic sequences is generated to permutate image data, which is characteristic of the plain-image and the Keplers third law. Then, a random Hadamard matrix is constructed by combining the standard Hadamard matrix with the hyper-Chen chaotic system, which is used to further scramble the image coefficients when the image is transformed through random Hadamard transform. In the end, the permuted image presents interweaving diffusion based on two special matrices, which are constructed by Kepler periodic sequence and chaos system. The experimental results and performance analysis show that the proposed encrypted scheme is highly sensitive to the plain-image and external keys, and has a high security and speed, which are very suitable for secure real-time communication of image data.

Phenomenological models of diffusivities based on local composition

In phenomenological models,diffusivity is at least a function of composition and the diffusivities at infinite dilution.An additional parameter(?),which can be determined by diffusivity in midpoint,are specially brought forward as token of fractional friction related with the interactions of same molecules in this paper,to extrapolate a new correlative equation for the mutual Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities.Furthermore,the correlative equation can be extended to calculate diffusivities in multicomponent mixtures based on binary data alone.The theoretical calculations are evaluated with published experimental data.The M-S diffusivities in a three-component liquid system are regarded as binary coefficients,the predictive results also agree with the experimental data.Results indicate that the model with additional coefficients is superior to currently used Darken methods,especially for systems of polar organic-water and those containing associative component.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能及氯盐侵蚀行为

为探究氯盐侵蚀对玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能的影响及氯盐在混凝土中的侵蚀行为,以抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、氯离子沉积量为表征手段进行盐雾侵蚀试验,并根据Fick第二定律计算得到不同侵蚀龄期下氯离子扩散系数。结果表明:混凝土强度在氯盐侵蚀过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势;通过氯盐侵蚀的玄武岩纤维与普通混凝土相比,能有效提高混凝土的抗压及劈裂抗拉强度,降低混凝土劣化速率;在相同深度及侵蚀龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子含量均低于普通混凝土;此外,氯离子扩散系数随着侵蚀龄期的增加而降低,且相同龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数均低于普通混凝土。

纸质玩具中BPA和BPS化合物的迁移

目的研究纸质玩具中双酚A(BPA)和双酚S(BPS)经口暴露途径下的迁移规律,并考察BPA和BPS迁移的适用性。方法采用间接酶联免疫(IC-ELISA)检测方法和Fick第二定律研究不同温度(4,37,60℃)、盐浓度(0.001,0.01,0.1 mol/L)、pH(4,7,9)条件下双酚类物质经口暴露下的迁移规律,模拟纸质玩具中BPA和BPS的迁移过程。结果双酚类物质迁移量与温度和盐离子浓度呈正相关,且在酸性和碱性条件的模拟液中溶出增加,纸质玩具中BPA和BPS经口暴露途径下的迁移规律符合Fick第二定律。正常迁移模拟条件下(37℃、盐浓度0.01 mol/L、pH=7的唾液模拟液)测得BPA和BPS的迁移系数分别为1.3×10^(-17),6.6×10^(18)cm^(2)/s。结论基于酶免疫检测方法,构建了纸质玩具中BPA和BPS的迁移模型,并成功应用于预测纸质玩具中双酚类化合物的迁移情况,根据纸质玩具中双酚类物质的迁移模拟实验,计算双酚类物质在不同条件下的扩散系数,并拟合迁移模型,预测盲样中BPA和BPS的迁移情况,与实际迁移情况对比,结果表明理论预测值与实际迁移量基本一致,此项工作对于儿童纸质玩具中双酚类物质的风险性评估具有重要意义。

多孔固体表面扩散问题中Fick定律交叉项扩散系数的确定

对多孔固体表面扩散二元系统给出Fick定律交叉项扩散系数矩阵形式的计算式,并将其推广到三元及多元扩散系统,得到Fick定律交叉项扩散系数普遍化的计算式。

基于VTK的Fick第二定律动态扩散过程模拟

Fick第二定律是固体物理学中关于非稳态条件下的扩散宏观理论基础,动态扩散过程的可视化模拟将有助于研究人员直观快捷地了解和掌握物质扩散对周围物质和环境的影响.使用VTK实现了Fick第二定律在一维条件下动态扩散过程的可视化模拟,为研究人员应用Fick第二定律以及迅速地直观了解扩散结果提供了有益的参考和方法.

存在均相化学反应的瞬态扩散传质问题中的非Fick效应

以通用Ｆｉｃｋ第一定律为基础，对伴有一级均相化学反应的瞬态扩散传质问题进行了非Ｆｉｃｋ分析，本文结果与不计非Ｆｉｃｋ效应情况下伴有一级均相化学反应的一维瞬态扩散传质问题的结果相比表明：对伴有一级均相化学反应的瞬态扩散传质问题。

Fick第二定律的应用研究现状与展望

Fick第二定律通常被用来描述氯离子在混凝土中的扩散性质,对于Fick第二定律在钢筋混凝土结构寿命预测的应用,已经有许多学者对其进行了研究。本文总结了他们的研究成果,分别从Fick第二定律公式中的各个影响参数出发,对公式进行讨论,并且根据公式中各个参数的不确定性,提出了Fick第二定律应用发展方向,即应用随机微分方程理论建立随机模型。

基于Fick扩散理论的气相腐蚀环境氯离子传感器

根据海洋气相盐雾腐蚀微液膜环境特征,提出了一种基于Fick扩散理论的全固态叉指状氯离子传感器。通过测量电极过渡时间来间接测量微液膜氯离子浓度,并给出了氯离子传感器叉指电极设计规则。该型传感器依次通过溅射、光刻、化学镀膜以及电镀法镀膜等多种工艺制作而成,在0. 1~1 mol/L氯化钠微液膜范围内的校准曲线线性度约为0. 972 5,灵敏度达到2. 38 s1/2/(mol/L),72 h内氯离子浓度测量误差小于4. 2%,呈现良好的稳定性和感知能力。pH值干扰实验结果显示:传感器在pH值2~9范围内测量误差小于7%,表明:该传感器具有较强的抗干扰能力。

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled hightemperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant, as well as the activation of coolant and impurities, were analysed for a fluoride saltcooled high-temperature reactor(FHR) system, and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated. The release rate(release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code, which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law, while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code. The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model, which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides. The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown. In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as ~3H, and ^(14)C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,~6Li and ^(14)N are the dominant ~3H production source and ^(14)C production source, respectively. Considering the high production rate,~3H and ^(14)C should be treated before being released to the environment.

Brownian Motion of Decaying Particles: Transition Probability, Computer Simulation, and First-Passage Times

Recent developments in the measurement of radioactive gases in passive diffusion motivate the analysis of Brownian motion of decaying particles, a subject that has received little previous attention. This paper reports the derivation and solution of equations comparable to the Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations for one-dimensional diffusion and decay of unstable particles. In marked contrast to the case of stable particles, the two equations are not equivalent, but provide different information regarding the same stochastic process. The differences arise because Brownian motion with particle decay is not a continuous process. The discontinuity is readily apparent in the computer-simulated trajectories of the Langevin equation that incorporate both a Wiener process for displacement fluctuations and a Bernoulli process for random decay. This paper also reports the derivation of the mean time of first passage of the decaying particle to absorbing boundaries. Here, too, particle decay can lead to an outcome markedly different from that for stable particles. In particular, the first-passage time of the decaying particle is always finite, whereas the time for a stable particle to reach a single absorbing boundary is theoretically infinite due to the heavy tail of the inverse Gaussian density. The methodology developed in this paper should prove useful in the investigation of radioactive gases, aerosols of radioactive atoms, dust particles to which adhere radioactive ions, as well as diffusing gases and liquids of unstable molecules.

基于Fick-小波包变换方法对土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的去噪处理

土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的数据质量易受到外界环境及土壤监测仪质量的影响,导致不能精确的测定土壤呼吸。针对土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的数据质量问题,本文提出小波包变换和Fick第二定律结合的方法对时间序列进行去噪分析。实验结果显示,无论从均值,信噪比,均方根误差和斜率距离来看,本文算法都优于由传统方法计算得到的结果。同时,在研究区域分别测量了早中晚三个时间段的土壤CO_2浓度,对其进行去噪处理之后,利用Fick第一定律计算获得的土壤碳通量与LI-8100测得的仅相距1μmol/m^2/s左右。说明通过本文算法不仅精确算得了开放型气室内任意时间任意位置的CO_2浓度时间序列,并且通过计算处理后的时间序列获得了与LI-8100相近的土壤碳通量。