Vector magnetometry in zero bias magnetic field using nitrogen-vacancy ensembles

The application of the vector magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy(NV)ensembles has been widely investigatedin multiple areas.It has the superiority of high sensitivity and high stability in ambient conditions with microscale spatialresolution.However,a bias magnetic field is necessary to fully separate the resonance lines of optically detected magneticresonance(ODMR)spectrum of NV ensembles.This brings disturbances in samples being detected and limits the rangeof application.Here,we demonstrate a method of vector magnetometry in zero bias magnetic field using NV ensembles.By utilizing the anisotropy property of fluorescence excited from NV centers,we analyzed the ODMR spectrum of NVensembles under various polarized angles of excitation laser in zero bias magnetic field with a quantitative numerical modeland reconstructed the magnetic field vector.The minimum magnetic field modulus that can be resolved accurately is downto~0.64 G theoretically depending on the ODMR spectral line width(1.8 MHz),and~2 G experimentally due to noisesin fluorescence signals and errors in calibration.By using 13C purified and low nitrogen concentration diamond combinedwith improving calibration of unknown parameters,the ODMR spectral line width can be further decreased below 0.5 MHz,corresponding to~0.18 G minimum resolvable magnetic field modulus.

The mechanism to reform dynamic performance of an elastic wave-front in a piezoelectric semiconductor by the wave-carrier interaction induced from static biasing fields

The propagation of an elastic wave(EW)in a piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)subjected to static biasing fields is investigated.It is found that there exist two coupling waves between electric field and charge carriers.One is stimulated by the action of the polarized electric field in the EW-front on charge carriers(EFC),and the other is stimulated by the action of initial electric field in biasing fields on dynamic carriers(IEC).Obviously,the latter is a man-made and tunable wave-carrier interaction.A careful study shows that IEC can play a leading role in remaking dynamic performance of the wave-front and an inter-medium role in transferring energy from biasing fields to EW-fronts.Hence,a method is proposed to reform the EW performance by biasing-fields:reforming the dispersivity of EW-fronts by promoting competition between IEC and EFC and inverting the dissipation by the IEC to transfer energy from biasing fields to EWfronts.The corresponding tuning laws on the phase-frequency characteristics of an EW show that the wave velocity can be regulated smaller than the pure EW velocity at a lowfrequency and larger than the pure piezoelectric wave velocity at a high-frequency.As for regulating the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the EW by the IEC,analyses show that EWs can obtain amplification only for those with relatively high vibration frequencies(small wave lengths).The studies will provide guidance for theoretical analysis of waves propagating in PSCs and practical application and design of piezotronic devices.

BASIC CURVILINEAR COORDINATE EQUATIONS OF ELECTROELASTIC PLATES UNDER BIASING FIELDS WITH APPLICATIONS IN BUCKLING ANALYSIS

The authors have developed a two-dimensional model for the extension and flexure response of electroelastic plates under biasing fields in a curvilinear coordinate system. Applications of the model in analyzing buckling of two circular piezoelectric plates, one single-layered and the other double-layered, are included. The analysis indicates that the piezoelectric coupling has a strengthening effect against buckling.

STUDY OF THE EXCHANGE BIAS FIELD OF NiFe/FeMn BILAYERS

The exchange bias field of NiFe/FeMn films with Ta/ Cu buffer was proved tobe lower than that of the films with Ta buffer. The crystallographic texture, surface roughness andelements distribution were examined in these two sets of samples, and there is no apparentdifference for the texture and roughness. However, the segregation of Cu atoms above NiFe surface inthe multilayer of Ta/Cu/NiFe has been observed by using the angle-resolved X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS). The decrease of the exchange bias field for NiFe/FeMn films with Ta/ Cu bufferlayers is mainly caused by the Cu atoms segregation at the interface between NiFe and FeMn.

WAVE PROPAGATION IN ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS UNDER BIASED FIELDS

Constitutive relations for nonlinear, isotropic, electroelastic solids quadratic in the ?nite strain tensor and the referential electric ?eld are derived from the full nonlinearity theory of electroelasticity by tensor invariants, which can describe the behavior of electrostrictive ma- terials. The equations are linearized for small, dynamic ?elds superposed on ?nite, static biased ?elds. These linear equations are used to study plane waves propagating in an electroelastic body under various mechanical and/or electric biased ?elds. It is shown that the speed of the acoustic waves exhibits a strong dependence upon those material parameters in the nonlinear constitu- tive relations. Experimental determination of these material parameters using this dependence is discussed.

Influence of temperature on thermal relaxation of exchange bias field in CoFe/Cu/CoFe/IrMn spin valve

A multilayered spin valve film with a structure of Ta(5 nm)/Co_(75)Fe_(25)(5 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/Co_(75)Fe_(25)(5 nm)/Ir_(20)Mn_(80)(12 nm)/Ta(8 nm)is prepared by the high-vacuum direct current(DC)magnetron sputtering.The effect of temperature on the spin valve structure and the magnetic properties are studied by x-ray diffraction(XRD),atomic force microscopy(AFM),and vibrating sample magnetometry.The effect of temperature on the exchange bias field thermomagnetic properties of multilayered spin valve is studied by the residence time of samples in a reverse saturation field.The results show that as the temperature increases,the IrMn(111)texture weakens,surface/interface roughness increases,and the exchange bias field decreases.Below 200℃,the exchange bias field decreases with the residence time increasing,and at the beginning of the negative saturation field,the exchange bias field Hex decreases first quickly and then slowly gradually.When the temperature is greater than 200℃,the exchange bias field is unchanged with the residence time increasing.

Excitation-wavelength-dependent THz wave modulation via external bias electric field

A theoretical model was proposed to describe the effects of external bias electric field on terahertz(THz)generated in air plasma.The model predicted that for a plasma in a bias electric field,the amplification effect of the THz wave intensity increases with the increase of the excitation laser wavelength.We experimentally observed the relationship between the THz enhancement effect and the electric field strength at different wavelengths.Experimental results showed a good agreement with the model predictions.These results enhance our understanding of the physical mechanism by which femtosecond lasers excite air to generate THz and extend the practical applications of THz generation and modulation.

基于决策场理论的多阶段动态应急决策方法

针对应急决策过程中决策主体的微观偏好波动,多阶段权重变化问题,并考虑决策主体认知偏差对方案的选择影响,提出一种基于决策场理论的多阶段动态决策模型。首先在微观视角下结合概率犹豫模糊集,构建以思考时间为自变量的动态偏好计算方法;然后依据应急决策的多阶段过程,提出以属性权重均值的转移来代替单一权重;其次为分析有限理性下决策主体认知偏差对方案选择的影响,通过设定不同顺序效应值来获取选择过程的差异;最后以实验室应急事件来验证方法的合理性。结果表明:在应急决策中随着决策主体思考时间的增加,方案偏好存在波动与反转,特别是在不同顺序效应影响下,决策过程存在明显的差别,并且在不同阶段其决策最低时间阈值也不一样。

Dual-Electrode Biasing Experiments in KT5C Device

Based on the single biasing electrode experiments to optimize the confinement of plasma in the device of KT-5C tokamak, dual-biasing electrodes were inserted into the KT5C plasma for the first time to explore the enhancing effects of biasing and the mechanisms of the biasing. By means of applying different combinations of biasing voltages onto the dual electrodes, the changes of Er, which are the key factor for boosting up the Er × B flow shear, were observed. The time evolution showed that the inner electrode played a major role in dual-biasing, which drew larger current than the outer one. The outer electrode produced little influence. It turned out that the dual-biasing electrodes were as effective as a single one in improving the plasma confinement, for the mechanism of biasing was essentially an edge effect.

磁致伸缩式三稳态振动收集系统的设计及特性分析

传统的振动收集系统存在共振频率高、频带窄、电压低等缺点,基于永磁体间的非线性磁力设计一种磁致伸缩式三稳态振动收集系统。利用磁偶极子模型对系统的势能和永磁体间的非线性磁力进行仿真分析。通过实验将三稳态与传统结构和双稳态输出响应进行比较,对不同永磁体间距三稳态的输出电压进行实验测试,引入偏置磁场增加电压输出效果,当自由端与固定端永磁体间距为10 mm,固定端永磁体间距为16 mm,系统输出电压达到868 mV。结果表明:磁致伸缩式三稳态振动收集系统可以有效改善传统的振动能量收集器的采集能力。

基于双层协调体系的多圆碟形AUG路径规划

为研究海流干扰和水下碍航物影响下欠驱动圆碟形水下滑翔机集群的三维路径规划问题。本文根据圆碟形水下滑翔机的设备配置和工作特点,建立了相应的能量消耗模型。提出了一种基于全局与局部双层协调的三维路径规划体系,采用最小一致偏差法完成了能耗最优目标下多圆碟形水下滑翔机的全局路径规划。根据避碰原则预测出全局路径中存在的航行危险碰撞区域,基于人工势场法进行局部路径规划,避免了滑翔机与碍航物以及不同优先级的滑翔机之间发生碰撞。仿真结果验证了所提基于双层协调体系的多圆碟形水下滑翔机三维路径规划方法的有效性。

圆柱壳中圆盘状晶体压力传感器的厚度剪切振动

以电弹性体中叠加于偏场之上的小增量场理论为基础,研究了固定在圆柱壳中的圆盘状晶体谐振器的厚度剪切振动问题,得到了环境压力所诱导的谐振器频率漂移的表达式,该表达式可用于指导压力传感器的优化设计.数值结果表明:频率漂移与环境压力成正比,并且外壳的刚度越小或者压电晶片与外壳厚度之比越小,则压力传感器的灵敏度越高.

基于瞬态场路耦合模型的变压器直流偏磁计算

利用变压器瞬态场路耦合模型,计算单相变压器的直流偏磁问题。对比在一次侧和二次侧注入直流时变压器的直流偏磁情况,结果说明两种注入方式下交流电流的波形基本相同。分析变压器直流偏磁时交流磁场和电路等效参数的变化,变压器直流偏磁时励磁电流波形畸变,其峰值与各次谐波含量均随直流电流增大而增加;动态电感取决于励磁的饱和程度,其波形在交流励磁的正负半周并不对称,两种运行方式下场路耦合参数受直流影响的变化规律相同。负载运行直流偏磁时动态漏电感波形畸变,外侧一次绕组的漏磁通增大。当直流电流超过一定值时,变压器发生偏磁时的励磁电流峰值与直流电流近似呈线性关系。最后,通过实验验证了瞬态场路耦合方法的准确性和可行性,为变压器直流偏磁计算提供新方法。

铁镓驱动弯曲圆盘换能器设计及振动特性研究

为了研究新型磁致伸缩材料——铁镓合金(Galfenol)在换能器中应用,本文设计了一种低频弯曲圆盘换能器。借助有限元软件仿真分析换能器振动模态,对换能器结构参数进行优化设计,并研制了换能器样品。利用激光测振仪测量了换能器空气中模态及不同电流驱动下振动位移,测得振动模态与仿真结果吻合,换能器空气中共振频率为913 Hz,辐射头能够产生的最大振动位移达到93μm,磁致伸缩材料达到饱和应变。结果表明:铁镓材料能够驱动弯曲圆盘换能器大振幅振动;铁镓作为磁致伸缩换能器驱动材料具有较好的应用前景。

磁性多层膜的X射线光电子能谱研究

用射频 /直流磁控溅射法制备了NiOx/Ni81Fe19和Co/AlOx/Co磁性薄膜。利用X射线光电子能谱研究了NiOx 对Ni81Fe19耦合交换场Hex与NiOx 化学状态的关系以及Co/AlOx/Co磁性薄膜中AlOx 对Co膜的覆盖状况。结果表明 :Hex的大小只与 +2价镍有关 ,单质镍和 +3价镍对Hex没什么作用 ;在Co/AlOx/Co磁性薄膜中 ,Al层将Co膜完全覆盖所需要的最小厚度为 2 .0nm ,用角分辨XPS测出的Al氧化厚度为 1

表面效应对偏场下介电高弹体表面波传播的影响

采用表面薄层模型考察偏场下介电高弹体的表面效应,针对不同边界情形,建立一阶等效边界条件.基于有限变形电弹性体的线性增量理论,利用Stroh公式和Ting方法,给出等效边界条件的严格推导过程.进一步利用Stroh公式,获得了偏场下具有表面效应的介电高弹体中表面波的频散方程.以可压缩Neo-Hookean介电高弹体为例,分析了表面效应对预变形和电学偏场作用下的介电高弹体表面波传播特性的影响.结果表明,通过施加适当的偏场,可以调控和优化纳米声表器件的性能.

基于平波电抗器模型的交直流混合激励条件下硅钢叠片磁性能的模拟与验证

基于一种外叠片框式平波电抗器模型,研究了交直流混合激励条件下硅钢叠片结构的三维瞬态电磁分析方法,考察了叠片框中的局部磁通密度与线圈表面的法向漏磁。提出了一种适合于工程应用的交直流混合激励条件下叠片框的非均匀磁损耗的简化计算方法,该方法通过为划分的各个子区域赋予相应工况的损耗曲线来考虑叠片框中偏磁磁场分布不均匀导致的局部损耗差异。通过对比磁场以及损耗的计算结果与实验结果,证明了磁场分析方法与所提出的损耗计算方法的有效性。

偏压电场对压电板中Lamb波相速度的影响

本文研究了偏压电场作用下,Lamb波在压电板中的传播行为。首先给出了偏压电场作用时压电板中的应力场及电位移场,然后通过求解含初应力及初电位移的小幅波动问题的耦合方程,分别给出了Lamb波的对称模态和反对称模态的相速度方程。以典型的PZT-5H压电陶瓷板为例进行了数值计算,并讨论了偏压电场对Lamb波相速度及频散曲线的影响。结果表明,偏压电场可以显著地改变Lamb波的传播速度,借此可使声波器件获得延时效果。

偏压电场作用下磁电弹板中Lamb波传播研究

基于磁电弹性材料的本构关系和运动微分方程,研究了磁电弹板中Lamb波的传播特性.在电磁开路和短路两种边界条件下,导出了偏压电场作用下磁电弹板中Lamb波的对称模态和反对称模态的相速度方程,求解了相应的应力场.通过数值算例分析了偏压电场对相速度和应力场的影响.结果表明,偏压电场对相速度有较大影响,对应力场几乎没有影响.研究成果可为设计磁电换能器提供一定的理论参考.

一种有撞击角和视场角约束的运动目标的偏置比例导引算法

针对以一定角度攻击运动目标问题,提出一种采用偏置比例导引的间接撞击角度控制方法。定义满足攻击角度约束的碰撞三角形概念,在这基础上给出了具有偏置比例导引形式的制导律。根据碰撞三角形要求的偏置项积分值设计两阶段和一阶段这两种计算偏置项的方法,其中两阶段方法不需要计算剩余时间,而一阶段方法能够攻击机动目标。考虑视场角和过载等约束条件限制,对偏置项进行三阶段改进,使导弹在满足这些约束条件的同时满足撞击角要求的偏置项积分值。为了适应机动目标的情况,考虑当前时刻导弹和目标运动信息,在线地偏置项进行实时更新。最后对运动目标和机动目标两种情况进行了仿真实验,验证了本文方法的有效性。