The Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base, China Meteorological Administration

Aiming at the needs of mechanism analysis of rainstorms and development of numerical prediction models in south China, the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration and the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences jointly set up the Longmen Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base,China Meteorological Administration. This paper introduces the instruments and field experiments of this base, provides an overview of the recent advances in retrieval algorithms of microphysical parameters, improved understanding of microphysical characteristics, as well as the formation mechanisms and numerical prediction of heavy rainfalls in south China based on the field experiments dataset.

Uncertainty aversion and farmers' innovative seed adoption:Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.

The Effect of Three New Fungicides against Rice Sheath Blight in Field Experiment

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of three new fungicides against rice sheath blight in field experiment. [Methods] The experiment set up 7 treatments with three times of repetition and designed by random grouping. By using 5 sampling points in each plot, and investigating continuous 4 holes of each point, total plants, diseased plants and disease degrees were recorded. Then disease index and control efficiency were calculated, and variance analysis was carried out. [Results] 300 or 450 ml/hm^2 azoxystrobin ＋ difenoconazole 325 g/L SC had better control efficiency to rice sheath blight and had no phytotoxicity effect, we should use it at the initial disease stage and continuously spray 2-3 times. [Conclusion] The experiment provided a theoretical basis for controlling rice sheath blight using fungicides.

Optimal design of vegetation in residential district with numerical simulation and field experiment

Vegetation plays a key role in improving wind environment of residential districts,and is helpful for creating a comfortable and beautiful living environment.The optimal design of vegetation for wind environment improvement in winter was investigated by carrying out field experiments in Heqingyuan residential area in Beijing,and after that,numerical simulation with SPOTE(simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment) experiments for outdoor thermal environment of vegetation was adopted for comparison.The conclusions were summarized as follows:1) By comparing the experimental data with simulation results,it could be concluded that the wind field simulated was consistent with the actual wind field,and the flow distribution impacted by vegetation could be accurately reflected;2) The wind velocity with vegetation was lower than that without vegetation,and the wind velocity was reduced by 46%;3) By adjusting arrangement and types of vegetation in the regions with excessively large wind velocity,the pedestrian-level wind velocity could be obviously improved through the simulation and comparison.

Field experiment of rainfall infiltration on a soil slope and simulations based on a water-air two-phase flow model

Rainfall infiltration on a soil slope is usually an unsaturated seepage process that can be described by a water-air two-phase flow model.The effect of pore air pressure on rainfall infiltration has been widely recognized and validated by means of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments.However,whether a slope can actually seal pore air continues to be debated by researchers.In this study,a water-air two-phase flow model is used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process on a soil slope,and a field experiment is conducted to realistically test the sealing conditions of a slope.According to the numerical simulation,the areas of water and air flow in and out on the slope surface are relatively stable and can be classified as the“inhalation zone”and“overflow zone”,respectively.Intermittent rainfall on the soil slope has an amplifying effect on pore air pressure because rainfall intensity is usually at the millimeter level,and it causes pore air pressure to reach the cm level.A field experiment was performed to determine whether a slope can realistically seal pore air and subsequently verify the regularity of rainfall infiltration.Air pressure sensors were buried in the slope to monitor the pore air pressures during the rainfall process.The monitoring results show that the pore air pressure in the slope changed,which indicates that the slope can seal air.Moreover,the amplification effects of intermittent rainfall on pore air pressure were observed for natural rainfall,which agrees well with the numerical simulation results.

Field experiments to improve the efficacy of gargoor (fish trap) fishery in Kuwait's waters

Fish traps were investigated to understand the effects of season, bait type, trap size, and trap soak time on catch rates, catch composition, and trap loss rates from March 2004 to September 2005, to improve the performance and management of Kuwait＇s gargoor （cage style fish trap） fishery, which used to be the nation＇s most important one in terms of value and landings volume. Catch rates were the highest in April/May （5 8 kg/trap haul） and again in December （7 kg/trap haul）. Bait type and trap size also affected catch rates and species composition. Of the seven baits tested, the best catch rates, 〉5 kg/trap haul, occurred with cuttlefish （Sepia pharaonis）, but wolf-herring （Chiroeentrus dorab） and mullet （Liza klunzingeri） also produced good results （4-5 kg/trap haul）. Within the five tested sizes, the two largest-sized traps captured more fish and larger size fish. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） showed significant differences of catch rate among traps with different baits as well as among traps of different sizes. Duncan test further revealed these differences between two specific baits and sizes. Cluster Analysis of species composition showed more differences among different baits than among different trap sizes. Longer soak times did not result in larger catch rates, but increased trap loss. About 10-day soak time resulted in trap loss 7%, while 40-day soak time could result in a loss of around 20%. Consequently, it is recommended that the gargoor be checked every 10 or fewer days. The average overall catch rate during the study period was lower than that of 1980s （4.5 vs. 5.8 kg/trap haul）, indicating a possible decline offish abundance in Kuwait＇s waters. It is recommended that the number of gargoor fishing boats and gargoors from each boat should be limited to allow stock rehabilitation.

Propagation Characterization and Analysis for 5G mmWave Through Field Experiments

The 5G network has been intensively investigated to realize the ongoing early deployment stage as an effort to match the exponential growth of the number of connected users and their increasing demands for high throughput,bandwidth with Quality of Service(QoS),and low latency.Given that most of the spectrums below 6 GHz are nearly used up,it is not feasible to employ the traditional spectrum,which is currently in use.Therefore,a promising and highly feasible effort to satisfy this insufficient frequency spectrum is to acquire new frequency bands for next-generation mobile communications.Toward this end,the primary effort has been focused on utilizing the millimeter-wave(mmWave)as the most promising candidate for the frequency spectrum.However,though the mmWave frequency band can fulfill the desired bandwidth requirements,it has been demonstrated to endure several issues like scattering,atmospheric absorption,fading,and especially penetration losses compared to the existing sub-6 GHz frequency band.Then,it is fundamental to optimize the mmWave band propagation channel to facilitate the practical 5G implementation for the network operators.Therefore,this study intends to investigate the outdoor channel characteristics of 26,28,36,and 38 GHz frequency bands for the communication infrastructure at the building to the ground floor in both Line of Sight(LOS)and Non-Line of Sight(NLOS)environments.The experimental campaign has studied the propagation path loss models such as Floating-Intercept(FI)and Close-In(CI)for the building to ground floor environment in LOS and NLOS scenarios.The findings obtained from the field experiments clearly show that the CI propagation model delivers much better performance in comparison with the FI model,thanks to its simple setup,accuracy,and precise function.

Do Aid Donors Plant the Grassroots？ Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment in the US and Uganda

Recent literature dealing with nongovemmental organizations （NGOs） claims that NGOs have little incentive to base their decisions and strategies on local needs and instead are governed largely by their current and prospective donors （McGann ＆ Johnstone, 2006; Prakash ＆ Gugerty, 2010; Bollen et al., 2005）. To test this claim, I have created a quantitative experiment in the US and Uganda in which organizations were randomly assigned to a control group or one of four treatment groups based on the main stakeholders of the NGO market---donors, local government officials, project beneficiaries, and NGO peers. In each group, organizations were invited to take a survey and were told that the results of their survey would be published to one of these four stakeholder groups. Thus, differences in response rates between groups are attributed to differences in the degree of concern that NGOs felt about the opinions of a given stakeholder. I hypothesized that NGOs care more about the opinions of their donors than other stakeholder groups and found support for this hypothesis among NGOs in the US.

Optimization of reverse circulation bit based on field experiment

By field experiment in Sandaozhuang W-Mo mining area in Luanchuan of Henan Province, the authors analyzed the Experimental result of reverse circulation bit on the basis of different structures and obtained the following conclusion: the design parameter of reverse circulation bit, the number, diameter and angle of the spurt hole can influence on the reverse circulation effect. The bit with inner spurt hole is better obviously than that one without inner spurt hole in reverse circulation, one or two right and the best choice of inner spurt hole is that the diameter is Φ8, the angle is 30° dip up and the suitable number is two to three.

Field test of high-power microwave-assisted mechanical excavation for deep hard iron ore

Microwave-assisted mechanical excavation has great application prospects in mines and tunnels,but there are few field experiments on microwave-assisted rock breaking.This paper takes the Sishanling iron mine as the research object and adopts the self-developed high-power microwave-induced fracturing test system for hard rock to conduct field experiments of microwave-induced fracturing of iron ore.The heating and reflection evolution characteristics of ore under different microwave parameters(antenna type,power,and working distance)were studied,and the optimal microwave parameters were obtained.Subsequently,the ore was irradiated with the optimal microwave parameters,and the cracking effect of the ore under the action of the high-power open microwave was analyzed.The results show that the reflection coefficient(standing wave ratio)can be rapidly(<5 s)and automatically adjusted below the preset threshold value(1.6)as microwave irradiation is performed.When using a right-angle horn antenna with a working distance of 5 cm,the effect of automatic reflection adjustment reaches the best among other antenna types and working distances.When the working distance is the same,the average temperature of the irradiation surface and the area of the high-temperature area under the action of the two antennas(right-angled and equal-angled horn antenna)are basically the same and decrease with the increase of working distance.The optimal microwave parameters are:a right-angle horn antenna with a working distance of 5 cm.Subsequently,in further experiments,the optimal parameters were used to irradiate for 20 s and 40 s at a microwave power of 60 kW,respectively.The surface damage extended 38 cm×30 cm and 53 cm×30 cm,respectively,and the damage extended to a depth of about 50 cm.The drilling speed was increased by 56.2%and 66.5%,respectively,compared to the case when microwaves were not used.

Biochar application significantly increases soil organic carbon under conservation tillage:an 11-year field experiment

Biochar application and conservation tillage are significant for long-term organic carbon(OC)sequestration in soil and enhancing crop yields,however,their effects on native soil organic carbon(native SOC)without biochar carbon sequestration in situ remain largely unknown.Here,an 11-year field experiment was carried out to examine different biochar application rates(0,30,60,and 90 Mg ha^(−1))on native SOC pools(native labile SOC pool I and II,and native recalcitrant SOC)and microbial activities in calcareous soil across an entire winter wheat-maize rotation.The proportions of C_(3) and C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization were quantified using soil basal respiration(SBR)combined with 13C natural isotope abundance measurements.The results showed that 39-51%of the biochar remained in the top 30 cm after 11 years.Biochar application rates significantly increased native SOC and native recalcitrant SOC contents but decreased the proportion of native labile SOC[native labile SOC pool I and II,dissolved organic carbon(DOC),and microbial biomass carbon(MBC)].Biochar application tended to increase the indicators of microbial activities associated with SOC degradation,such as SBR,fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity,and metabolic quotient(qCO_(2)).Meanwhile,higher biochar application rates(B60 and B90)significantly increased the C_(4)-derived CO_(2) proportion of the SBR and enhanced C_(4)-derived native SOC mineralization.The effect of the biochar application rate on the content and proportion of native SOC fractions occurred in the 0-15 cm layer,however,there were no significant differences at 15-30 cm.Soil depth also significantly increased native labile SOC pool Ⅰ and Ⅱ contents and decreased qCO_(2).In conclusion,the biochar application rate significantly increased native SOC accumulation in calcareous soil by enhancing the proportion of native recalcitrant SOC,and biochar application and soil depth collectively influenced the seasonal turnover of native SOC fractions,which has important implications for long-term agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration.

Influence of magnetic field on power deposition in high magnetic field helicon experiment

Based on high magnetic field helicon experiment(HMHX), HELIC code was used to study the effect of different magnetic fields on the power deposition under parabolic distribution. This paper is divided into three parts: preliminary calculation, actual discharge experiment and calculation. The results of preliminary calculation show that a magnetic field that is too small or too large cannot produce a good power deposition effect. When the magnetic field strength is 1200 Gs,a better power deposition can be obtained. The actual discharge experiment illustrates that the change of the magnetic field will have a certain influence on the discharge phenomenon. Finally, the results of verification calculation successfully verify the accuracy of the results of preliminary simulation. The results show that in the actual discharge experiment, it can achieve the best deposition effect when the magnetic field is 1185 Gs.

General structure design and field experiment of pneumatic rice direct-seeder

In order to meet the requirement of field direct seeding for super hybrid rice:1-3 seeds per hill,a pneumatic rice direct-seeder with six seeding metering devices was designed.Transmission system of pneumatic rice direct-seeder and seed metering device were analyzed in this study.And the pipeline structure and vortex pump were designed and selected.The pressure distribution of the pipeline was tested.The pressure value of each sub-pipeline under the conditions of different main pipeline pressure value was obtained and the reasons for pressure loss were analyzed.The results showed that the variation coefficient between sub-pipelines was less than 5%.The pipeline pressure could be evenly distributed.Further,the field experiments were carried out on super hybrid rice Peizataifeng using two-factor testing,by which the effects of different negative pressure and different forward speed(namely,rotational speed of suction plate)for seeding precision were studied.It found that:(1)the optimal negative pressure was 2 kPa;(2)under the optimal negative pressure,the probabilities of 1-3 seeds per hill for the direct-seeder were 93.41%,95.47%and 97.50%,respectively,when the forward speed of the direct-seeded was high,medium and low speed;(3)the probability of empty hole was less than 2%,which satisfied the field direct seeding requirements of super hybrid rice.Additionally,hill spacing was measured,and the factors affecting the hill spacing were analyzed.The results showed that the fluctuation of hill spacing in the small range will not affect the seeding effect.In this study,a new type of pneumatic rice direct-seeder was designed.The main working components were tested and analyzed.The best parameters of field work were obtained.It provides the basis for the field application of the pneumatic rice precision seeder.

Optimized design and field experiment of a staggered vibrating subsoiler for conservation tillage

Soil compaction is a common problem facing conservation fields that restricts crop root growth and causes yield decrease.Subsoil techniques have been developed to break up the compaction layer.However,subsoil implement requires large draft power that hampered the development of subsoil techniques for most of developing countries due to lack of large scale tractors.Aiming to optimize the penetration resistance of the subsoiler and create a good working environment for the operators,a staggered vibrating subsoiler was developed.A new staggered vibrating mechanism was designed to generate the staggered vibration of the shanks meanwhile the V-shape shanks arrangement was adopted to keep relative balance for the subsoiler.In order to obtain optimum working parameters of the vibration frequency and forward speed,the trajectory of shanks was simulated by using the MATLAB software.The forward speed of 2-3 km/h with vibration frequency of 12 Hz was recommended to acquire an effective decrease in draft force.Field performance of this subsoiler was evaluated in terms of the draft force,power requirement and tractor wheel slippage.By comparing the two operation modes,staggered vibrating(SV)and rigid(NV)of shanks,the decrease ratios of draft force for SV were determined by 16.97%,12.12%and 9.02%at forward speeds of 2.2 km/h,2.6 km/h and 3.1 km/h,respectively.This is better than the research for the 1SZ-460 vibratory subsoiler that was decreased by 9.09%in draft force.The power requirement for SV was not significantly greater than that for NV.The obviously decreased wheel slippage was observed for SV by decrease of 12.47%,17.96%and 21.79%at forward speeds of 2.2 km/h,2.6 km/h and 3.1 km/h,respectively.In conclusion,the staggered vibrating subsoiler presents preferable working performance and is recommended to be applied in subsoil tillage process for developing countries.

Observational results of electromagnetic radiation caused by explosion of small dimension rocks in field experiments

In order to probe the mechanism of the phenomena of seismic electromagnetic radiation (EMR), we have completed field experiment on EMR caused by explosiom of rocks. In the experiments, the data of medium low freguency (<5000 Hz) EMR caused by 26 explosion tests of small dimension rocks have been obtained. This paper shows some representative observational results of the field experiment. The observational results show that, nearly 20 points of the 26 explosive points, the EMR phenomena are recorded at various degrees in the related explosive processes. The EMR intensities decay with the distance from explosive origins and increase with the explosive energy. The EMR records have certain repeatability (under the same condition), complexity( multiple EMR effects caused by one explosion) and regional characteristics such as rock structure and observational direction etc.

The idea and project of the “Medium－Scale Experiment Field for Earthquake Prediction”──Research on observations and applications of mining earthquake in Mentougou Coal Mine

A brief account of the development of the research on mining earthquakes and the general situation of the Mentougou Coal Mine medium scale experiment field for earthquake prediction and the project of monitor and prediction is given. The differences of waveforms between mining earthquakes and natural earthquakes is discussed. The magnitude frequency distribution of the 79 000 mining earthquakes of over M L1.0 from 1984 to 1995 is summarized . Finally, taking PH and PV, the principal compressive stress components of the focal mechanism of the mining earthquakes, as the criteria, analyses the stress background of the 12 large mining earthquakes.

Efficacy of Some Botanical Extracts on the Control of Late Blight Disease in Experimental Potato Field

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary is the most devastating disease of potato. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of ten botanical extracts against the late blight disease incidence and severity in experimental potato field at University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh during 2019-2020. Crude aqueous extract of leaves of Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, Eucalyptus globusus, Carica papaya and Lawsonia inermis;fruits of Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula and Piper nigrum;flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum and cloves of Allium sativum were used at 5% (w/v) concentration for evaluation. Out of ten botanicals, Syzygium cumini leaves extract was found most effective in controlling the late blight disease incidence and severity up to 66 DAS (days after sowing) and increased the potato yield by 71.29% compare to untreated control. The efficacy of Lawsonia inermis extract against late blight disease was found promising and increased the potato yield by 48.51%. Other four botanical extracts (Terminalia chebula, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum and Carica papaya) showed moderate efficacy against the incidence and severity of late blight disease, and increased 30% more potato yield compare to control. These results suggest that botanical extract of Syzygium cumini has a great potential as an alternative of chemical fungicides to control the late blight disease of potato in eco-friendly way.

RECONSTRUCTION OF PART OF AN ACTUAL BLAST-WAVE FLOW FIELD TO AGREE WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA BY USING NUMERICAL METHOD WITH HIGH IDENTIFICATION

In this paper, on the basis of experimental data of two kinds of chemical explosions, the piston-pushing model of spherical blast-waves and the second-order Godunov-type scheme of finite difference methods with high identification to discontinuity are used to the numerical reconstruction of part of an actual hemispherical blast-wave flow field by properly adjusting the moving bounary conditions of a piston. This method is simple and reliable. It is suitable to the evaluation of effects of the blast-wave flow field away from the explosion center.

Experimental Detection of Depth of Field for a Thermal Light Lensless Ghost Imaging System

We propose optical experiments to study the depth of field for a thermal light lensless ghost imaging system. It is proved that the diaphragm is an important factor to influence the depth of field, and the ghost images of two detected objects with longitudinal distance less than the depth of field can be achieved simultaneously. The longitudinal coherence scale of the thermal light lensless ghost imaging determines the depth of field. Theoretical analysis can well explain the experimental results.