Battery pack capacity estimation for electric vehicles based on enhanced machine learning and field data

Accurate capacity estimation is of great importance for the reliable state monitoring,timely maintenance,and second-life utilization of lithium-ion batteries.Despite numerous works on battery capacity estimation using laboratory datasets,most of them are applied to battery cells and lack satisfactory fidelity when extended to real-world electric vehicle(EV)battery packs.The challenges intensify for large-sized EV battery packs,where unpredictable operating profiles and low-quality data acquisition hinder precise capacity estimation.To fill the gap,this study introduces a novel data-driven battery pack capacity estimation method grounded in field data.The proposed approach begins by determining labeled capacity through an innovative combination of the inverse ampere-hour integral,open circuit voltage-based,and resistance-based correction methods.Then,multiple health features are extracted from incremental capacity curves,voltage curves,equivalent circuit model parameters,and operating temperature to thoroughly characterize battery aging behavior.A feature selection procedure is performed to determine the optimal feature set based on the Pearson correlation coefficient.Moreover,a convolutional neural network and bidirectional gated recurrent unit,enhanced by an attention mechanism,are employed to estimate the battery pack capacity in real-world EV applications.Finally,the proposed method is validated with a field dataset from two EVs,covering approximately 35,000 kilometers.The results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits better estimation performance with an error of less than 1.1%compared to existing methods.This work shows great potential for accurate large-sized EV battery pack capacity estimation based on field data,which provides significant insights into reliable labeled capacity calculation,effective features extraction,and machine learning-enabled health diagnosis.

Effects of Meat and Phosphate Level on Water-Holding Capacity and Texture of Emulsion-Type Sausage During Storage

This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.

Bearing capacity of surface circular footings on granular material under low gravity fields

Low gravity fields have been simulated through magnetic acceleration to conduct experimental study on bearing capacity of circular footings on a type of crushable planetary regolith simulant,which has comparable density and particle size distribution of lunar soil.The loadesettlement responses of surface spread footings are obtained by investigating the relative density,footing size and gravity effects.Applying the hyperbolic asymptote method,normalised foundation stiffness and ultimate bearing capacity are obtained by curve fitting and predicted by power functions using multivariate nonlinear regression.The results show that the nonlinear gravity effect is not negligible,related to stress condition,soil dilatancy and mobilised friction angle.A cone penetration test(CPT)-based method for prediction of bearing capacity is proposed with correlations between ultimate bearing capacity of footings and shallow penetration stiffness of CPTs,avoiding the uncertainties of soil property estimations.Analyses of allowable bearing capacity and footing influence zone in consideration of footing size and gravity effects could therefore improve the design of shallow foundations on the Moon and Mars,and provide new understandings and potential implications to the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on crushable granular material in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial geotechnical engineering.

Epidural oscillating field stimulation increases axonal regenerative capacity and myelination after spinal cord trauma

Oscillating field stimulation(OFS)with regular alterations in the polarity of electric current is a unique,experimental approach to stimulate,support,and potentially guide the outgrowth of both sensory and motor nerve fibers after spinal cord injury(SCI).In previous experiments,we demonstrated the beneficial effects of OFS in a 4-week survival period after SCI.In this study,we observed the major behavioral,morphological,and protein changes in rats after 15 minutes of T9 spinal compression with a 40 g force,followed by long-lasting OFS(50μA),over a 8-week survival period.Three groups of rats were analyzed:rats after T9 spinal compression(SCI group);SCI rats subjected to implantation of active oscillating field stimulator(OFS+SCI group);and SCI rats subjected to nonfunctional OFS(nOFS+SCI group).Histopathological analysis of spinal tissue indicated a strong impact of epidural OFS on the reduction of tissue and myelin loss after SCI in the segments adjacent to the lesion site.Quantitative fluorescent analysis of the most affected areas of spinal cord tissue revealed a higher number of spared axons and oligodendrocytes of rats in the OFS+SCI group,compared with rats in the SCI and nOFS+SCI groups.The protein levels of neurofilaments(NF-l),growth-associated protein-43(marker for newly sprouted axons),and myelin basic protein in rats were signifiantly increased in the OFS+SCI group than in the nOFS+SCI and SCI groups.This suggests a supporting role of the OFS in axonal and myelin regeneration after SCI.Moreover,rats in the OFS+SCI group showed great improvements in sensory and motor functions than did rats in the nOFS+SCI and SCI groups.All these findings suggest that long-lasting OFS applied immediately after SCI can provide a good microenviroment for recovery of damaged spinal tissue by triggering regenreative processes in the acute phase of injury.

Field Capacity in Black Soil Region, Northeast China

In this work, 23 black soil profiles were surveyed and 113 soil samples were collected to determine the field capacity (FC) of the black soil in Northeast China. The effectiveness of three methods measuring FC, the Wilcox method (WM), the undisturbed soil pressure plate method (PUM) and the air-dried sieved soil pressure plate method (PDM) were compared to select a suitable laboratory measurement method. Results show that the FC values measured by PDM are greater than those measured by PUM, and the values measured by PUM are greater than those measured by WM. PUM is more suitable for the determination of FC in the study area. One regression equation between PUM and PDM has been established through which undisturbed soil can be replaced by air-dried sieved soil, which is easier to get, to measure FC. FCs vary from 23.50% to 37.00%, with an average of 31.65%, which differ greatly among the 23 black soil profiles. FC is found to be significantly positively correlated with the silt content, clay content and bulk density of the soil, but significantly negatively correlated with the sand content. An empirical pedotransfer function is established to estimate the FC using available soil physical and chemical properties.

MULTIPLE INTERSECTIONS OF SPACE-TIME ANISOTROPIC GAUSSIAN FIELDS

Let X={X(t)∈R^(d),t∈R^(N)}be a centered space-time anisotropic Gaussian field with indices H=(H_(1),…,H_(N))∈(0,1)~N,where the components X_(i)(i=1,…,d)of X are independent,and the canonical metric√(E(X_(i)(t)-X_(i)(s))^(2))^(1/2)(i=1,…,d)is commensurate with■for s=(s_(1),…,s_(N)),t=(t_(1),…,t_(N))∈R~N,α_(i)∈(0,1],and with the continuous functionγ(·)satisfying certain conditions.First,the upper and lower bounds of the hitting probabilities of X can be derived from the corresponding generalized Hausdorff measure and capacity,which are based on the kernel functions depending explicitly onγ(·).Furthermore,the multiple intersections of the sample paths of two independent centered space-time anisotropic Gaussian fields with different distributions are considered.Our results extend the corresponding results for anisotropic Gaussian fields to a large class of space-time anisotropic Gaussian fields.

CFD Prediction of Mean Flow Field and Impeller Capacity for Pitched Blade Turbine

This work focused on exploring a computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method to predict the macromixing characteristics including the mean flow field and impeller capacity for a 45° down-pumping pitched blade turbine(PBT)in stirred tanks. Firstly, the three typical mean flow fields were investigated by virtue of three components of liquid velocity. Then the effects of impeller diameter(D)and off-bottom clearance(C)on both the mean flow field and three global macro-mixing parameters concerning impeller capacity were studied in detail. The changes of flow patterns with increasing C/D were predicted from these effects. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results in published literature.

A simplified dynamic method for field capacity estimation and its parameter analysis

This paper presents a simplified dynamic method based on the definition of field capacity. Two soil hydraulic characteristics models, the Brooks-Corey （BC） model and the van Genuchten （vG） model, and four soil data groups were used in this study. The relative drainage rate, which is a unique parameter and independent of the soil type in the simplified dynamic method, was analyzed using the pressure-based method with a matric potential of -1/3 bar and the flux-based method with a drainage flux of 0.005 cm/d. As a result, the relative drainage rate of the simplified dynamic method was determined to be 3% per day. This was verified by the similar field capacity results estimated with the three methods for most soils suitable for cultivating plants. In addition, the drainage time calculated with the simplified dynamic method was two to three days, which agrees with the classical definition of field capacity. We recommend the simplified dynamic method with a relative drainage rate of 3% per day due to its simple application and clearly physically-based concept.

Vertical variation of trace elements and its relation to the water-bearing capacity of Ordovician strata,in Datun coal field

We tested for fourteen trace elements in samples collected from the Ordovician strata in Datun coal field.The vertical concentration variation of these trace elements is reported.The relationship of the variation to the water-bearing capacity of the Ordovician strata is discussed.The minimum concentration of eleven(of 14 total) trace elements appears in the lower Majiagou formation.The maximum concentrations mainly appear in the Badou and Jiawang formations:eight maxima are located in Badou and four more are in Jiawang.The study of karst development and the water-bearing capacity of Ordovician strata shows that karst is well developed in the Majiagou formation and there is a consequent high water-bearing capacity in this formation:Badou and Jiawang formations are contrary to this situation.The results illustrate that the minimum concentrations of most trace elements within certain Ordovician formations can be taken as strong evidence for the existence of a well developed karst and a high water-bearing capacity.

Construction of improved rigid blocks failure mechanism for ultimate bearing capacity calculation based on slip-line field theory

Based on the slip-line field theory, a two-dimensional slip failure mechanism with mesh-like rigid block system was constructed to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity problems of rough foundation within the framework of the upper bound limit analysis theorem. In the velocity discontinuities in transition area, the velocity changes in radial and tangent directions are allowed. The objective functions of the stability problems of geotechnical structures are obtained by equating the work rate of external force to internal dissipation along the velocity discontinuities, and then the objective functions are transformed as an upper-bound mathematic optimization model. The upper bound solutions for the objective functions are obtained by use of the nonlinear sequential quadratic programming and interior point method. From the numerical results and comparative analysis, it can be seen that the method presented in this work gives better calculation results than existing upper bound methods and can be used to establish the more accurate plastic collapse load for the ultimate bearing capacity of rough foundation.

Snow resisting capacity of Caragana microphylla and Achnatherum splendens in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China

Snow resisting capacity of vegetation is important for secondary distribution of water resources in seasonal snow areas of grassland because it affects the regeneration,growth and nutrient circulation of vegetation in grassland.This study investigated vegetation characteristics(canopy height,canopy length and crown width)of Caragana microphylla Lam.(shrub)and Achnatherum splendens(Trin.)Nevski.(herb),and snow morphologies(snow depth,snow width and snow braid length)in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China in 2017.And the influence of vegetation characteristic on snow resisting capacity(the indices of bottom area of snow and snow volume reflect snow resisting capacity)was analyzed.The results showed that snow morphology depends on vegetation characteristics of shrub and herb.The canopy height was found to have the greatest influence on snow depth and the crown width had the greatest influence on snow width.The canopy length was found to have little influence on morphological parameters of snow.When the windward areas of C.microphylla and A.splendens were within the ranges of 0.0-0.5 m2 and 0.0-8.0 m2,respectively,the variation of snow cover was large;however,beyond these areas,the variation of snow cover became gradually stable.The potential area of snow retardation for a single plant was 1.5-2.5 m2 and the amount of snow resistance was 0.15-0.20 m3.The bottom area of snow and snow volume(i.e.,snow resisting capacity)of clumped C.microphylla and A.splendens was found to be 4 and 25 times that of individual plant,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis both for the estimation of snow cover and the establishment of a plant-based technical system for the control of windblown snow in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia.

Correlation between Chromatograph Capacity Factors and Structural Parameters of Indole Derivatives

Sixteen indole derivatives have been computed at B3LYP/6-31 IG^＊＊ level using density functional theory （DFF）. Based on linear solvation energy theory, the structural parameters were employed to present correlation between the parameters of chromatograph capacity factor （CCF） and molecular structural parameters. As a result, the correlation equation of the reversed phased high performance liquid chromatograph capacity factor to the intercept lgk＇w and slope S of CCF were obtained, from which the correlation coefficients of lgk＇w to the structural parameters are r^2 = 0.9596 and q^2 = 0.9262. While the correlation coefficients of the parameter S r^2 q^2 with structures are = 0.9750 and = 0.9252. Moreover, the effect of water as solvent on the present two models was also considered using SCRF method, and the result shows that the predicting capacity of correlation equation of lgkw＇ increases, while that of the model for S decreases slightly. Both two correlation equations achieved in this work are more advantageous than those using theoretical descriptors from molecular connectivity indices.

Theoretical Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Shallowly Embeded Rectangular Footing of Marine Structures

In this paper, the finite element analysis software ABAQUS is used to analyze the ultimate bearing capacity of three-dimensional rectangular footing of marine structures. The deformation law and the failure mode of homogeneous seabed soil beneath the rectangular footing are analyzed in detail. According to the equivalent plastic strain of soil under rectangular footing, an allowable velocity field of homogeneous seabed soil is reasonably constructed. Based on the plastic limit analysis theory of soil mass and by using the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion, an upper bound solution of the ultimate bearing capacity of three-dimensional rectangular footing on general homogeneous seabed soil is derived, and a correction factor of ultimate bearing capacity of three-dimensional rectangular footing is given. To verify the rationality and applicability of this theoretical solution, some numerical solutions are achieved using the general-purpose FEM analysis package ABAQUS, and comparisons are made among the derived upper bound solution, the solution of Vesic, and the solution of Salgado et al. The results indicate that the upper bound solution of the three-dimensional shallowly embedded rectangular footing proposed in this paper is accurate in calculating the bearing capacity of homogeneous seabed soil. For undrained saturated clay foundation and sandy foundation with smaller internal friction angle, this upper bound solution can evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity of rectangular footing; with the gradual increase of the internal friction angle of the soil, the ultimate bearing capacity of the proposed upper bound solution is slightly higher than that of the rectangular footing.

DESIGN OF SPARSE ARRAY FOR MAD IMAGING BASED ON MAXIMIZING INFORMATION CAPACITY

In past years,growing efforts have been made to the rapid interpretation of magnetic field data acquired by a sparse synthetic or real magnetic sensor array.An appealing requirement on such sparse array arranged within a specified survey region is that to make the number of sensor elements as small as possible,meanwhile without deteriorating imaging quality.For this end,we propose a novel methodology of arranging sensors in an optimal manner,exploring the concept of information capacity developed originally in the communication society.The proposed scheme reduces mathematically the design of a sparse sensor array into solving a combinatorial optimization problem,which can be resolved efficiently using widely adopted Simultaneous Perturbation and Statistical Algorithm(SPSA).Three sets of numerical examples of designing optimal sensor array are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed methodology.

Study on Quantitative Model of Karst Drainage Basin Water-Holding Based on Principal Component Analysis: A Case Study of Guizhou, China

In Karst drainage basins, there are the ground water and underground water exchanging frequently, and the shortage of water resources due to having the special double aquifer mediums and unique surface and subsurface river systematic structure. This paper is to select 20 research sampling areas coming fromGuizhouProvince, and according to the spectral characteristics of the catchment water-holding mediums and vegetations, and using the remote sensing technique, extract the watershed vegetation index. According to the principle of principal component analysis, using the software of Spss and Matlab is to analyze the impacts of watershed vegetation type on the catchment water-holding ability, and establish the principal component analysis function. Studies have shown that: 1) the watershed vegetation coverage rate plays an important role in Karst basin water-holding ability;2) the catchment water-holding ability is the comprehensive reflection and manifestation of the Catchment Water-storing Capacity (CWC);3) it is much better effects and higher accuracy to monitor/forecast the catchment water-holding volume by using the vegetation indices.

Investigation of the Behavior of a Photovoltaic Cell under Concentration as a Function of the Temperature of the Base and a Variable External Magnetic Field in 3D Approximation

The photovoltaic (PV) cell performances are connected to the base photogenerated carriers charge. Some studies showed that the quantity of the photogenerated carriers charge increases with the increase of the solar illumination. This situation explains the choice of concentration PV cell (C = 50 suns) in this study. However, the strong photogeneration of the carriers charge causes a high heat production by thermalization, collision and carriers charge braking due to the electric field induced by concentration gradient. This heat brings the heating of the PV cell base. That imposes the taking into account of the temperature influence in the concentrator PV cell operation. Moreover, with the proliferation of the magnetic field sources in the life space, it is important to consider its effect on the PV cell performances. Thus, when magnetic field and base temperature increase simultaneously, we observe a deterioration of the photovoltage, the electric power, the space charge region capacity, the fill factor and the conversion efficiency. However the photocurrent increases when the base temperature increases and the magnetic field strength decreases. It appears an inversion phenomenon in the evolution of the electrical parameters as a function of magnetic field for the values of magnetic field B> 4×10-4 T.

船舶拥堵水域通行能力预测技术

针对船舶交通流量大、水域繁忙情况下,通行能力预测难度过高的问题,提出船舶拥堵水域通行能力预测技术。利用船舶坐标位置以及航行速度,确定船舶状态,建立船舶航行队列模型。依据船舶领域模型确定船舶航行对应的椭圆形区域,作为船舶拥堵水域的领域。确定船舶领域内,影响航道容量的相关因素。设置船舶密度、船舶航行速度等水域通行能力影响指标,作为长短时记忆网络的输入。长短时记忆网络通过遗忘门、输入门以及输出门3个门控单元,选择保留或遗忘输入的数据,输出船舶拥堵水域通行能力预测结果。实验结果表明,该技术能够有效预测船舶拥堵水域通行能力,提高航道利用率,保障水域交通安全性。

坡耕地红壤剖面磷的储存容量及其流失风险研究

基于土壤磷储存容量的变化差异,准确评估与判断坡耕旱地与稻田红壤磷的剖面流失风险。以江西鹰潭孙家典型红壤小流域内位于坡上(T)、坡中(M)及坡下(B)的花生旱地(PU)及稻田(PF)各发生层土壤为对象,分析了各发生层土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen-P)、磷饱和率(PSR)、磷吸持指数(phosphorussorptionindex,PSI)及磷储存容量(Soil phosphorus storage capacity,SPSC)随剖面的变化特征及差异,估测了坡耕地红壤磷的剖面流失风险,探讨了土壤pH、Eh及容重(BD)等因子对坡耕地红壤发生层SPSC的影响差异。结果表明,不同坡位花生旱地与稻田红壤表层TP、Olsen-P含量均显著高于底层土壤,且稻田红壤TP与Olsen-P的剖面变异显著高于花生旱地剖面。与耕作层(Ap1)相比,花生旱地底层土壤PSI显著增加了33.1%~146%,且随剖面深度增加而缓慢降低;而稻田红壤PSI则随着剖面深度增加而增大。花生旱地与稻田红壤(PF-M除外)PSR均随着剖面深度的增加而逐渐降低,SPSC变化范围分别为–89.2~298.3 mg·kg^(-1)与^(-1)38.1~101.1mg·kg^(-1)。PU-T与PU-M剖面SPSC均为正值,且随剖面深度增加呈降低趋势;而PU-B(耕作亚层Ap2除外)剖面的SPSC均为负值。PF-T(氧化还原层Br2除外)、PF-M(Ap1除外)及PF-B剖面各发生层的SPSC均为负值,且随剖面深度增加变化显著。基于SPSC理论对坡耕红壤剖面土壤磷储量及其环境流失风险的评估,花生旱地土壤磷沿剖面及坡位的迁移与运移迹象明显,当土壤Olsen-P>27.6mg·kg^(-1)时,花生旱地剖面土壤磷的流失风险将急剧增加,应及时采取管控措施。稻田红壤剖面各发生层均存在不同程度的磷流失风险,需立即停止施磷并及时采取有效措施。

黑土物理特性变化及改善途径

东北黑土区位于世界四大黑土区之一,因其高肥力和有机质含量而闻名。作为我国主要的粮食生产基地之一,在保障国家粮食安全方面具有重要地位。然而,随着东北黑土地的开垦,养分的失调导致了黑土物理特性的变化和功能的退化,从而使得黑土肥力下降,威胁着该地区的粮食安全和生态安全。黑土物理特性发生变化,主要体现在黑土层土壤容重增加,孔隙度降低,水稳性团聚体减少,田间持水量下降等。采用合理的耕作方式和施肥制度能在不同程度上改善土壤物理特性,从而遏制土壤肥力的不断下降。本文总结了自黑土开垦以来土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、田间持水量和饱和导水率的变化,分析了耕作和有机物料等对土壤物理特性的重要调节作用,讨论了不同保护途径如何通过改善土壤物理特性达到提升土壤肥力的目的,最后从制定合理的耕作体系和有机培肥机制,优化作物种植模式等展望了未来黑土重点研究的方向。

火灾后锈蚀混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究

为研究既有锈蚀混凝土结构受火后的残余力学性能,设计并制作了9根钢筋混凝土梁,通过电化学加速锈蚀的方法获得不同锈蚀程度(目标锈蚀率为5%和15%)的混凝土梁,然后按照ISO834标准升温曲线进行不同受火时间(1 h和2 h)的火灾试验,最后对所有混凝土梁进行静力加载试验。结果表明:锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的破坏过程和模式与普通混凝土梁相似,表现为适筋弯曲破坏,相比普通梁,其荷载-挠度曲线会发生下移并表现出带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段特征,挠度变形也更大;对于经历不同受火时间的混凝土梁,钢筋锈蚀均明显降低其屈服荷载,但常温下钢筋锈蚀对混凝土梁极限荷载的影响相对较小,火灾作用明显降低混凝土梁的极限承载力;受火后微锈蚀梁的残余承载力变化规律与未锈蚀梁相似,钢筋锈蚀几乎不会削弱构件的抗弯承载力;对于严重锈蚀梁,由于锈蚀引起截面削弱以及锈胀裂缝的影响,锈蚀混凝土梁在火灾下经历的最高温度更高,火灾后其残余极限承载力加速下降,相同受火时间下锈蚀率为13.5%的混凝土梁残余极限承载力比锈蚀率为6.2%的混凝土梁下降15.9%。