Computer vision-aided DEM study on the compaction characteristics of graded subgrade filler considering realistic coarse particle shapes

The compaction quality of subgrade filler strongly affects subgrade settlement.The main objective of this research is to analyze the macro-and micro-mechanical compaction characteristics of subgrade filler based on the real shape of coarse particles.First,an improved Viola-Jones algorithm is employed to establish a digitalized 2D particle database for coarse particle shape evaluation and discrete modeling purposes of subgrade filler.Shape indexes of 2D subgrade filler are then computed and statistically analyzed.Finally,numerical simulations are performed to quantitatively investigate the effects of the aspect ratio(AR)and interparticle friction coefficient(μ)on the macro-and micro-mechanical compaction characteristics of subgrade filler based on the discrete element method(DEM).The results show that with the increasing AR,the coarse particles are narrower,leading to the increasing movement of fine particles during compaction,which indicates that it is difficult for slender coarse particles to inhibit the migration of fine particles.Moreover,the average displacement of particles is strongly influenced by the AR,indicating that their occlusion under power relies on particle shapes.The dis-placement and velocity of fine particles are much greater than those of the coarse particles,which shows that compaction is primarily a migration of fine particles.Under the cyclic load,the interparticle friction coefficientμhas little effect on the internal structure of the sample;under the quasi-static loads,however,the increase inμwill lead to a significant increase in the porosity of the sample.This study could not only provide a novel approach to investigate the compaction mechanism but also establish a new theoretical basis for the evaluation of intelligent subgrade compaction.

Basic Characteristics of an Appropriate Waste Fillers for Solvent Free and Water-Borne Industrial Polymer Floors and Their Utilization

Recently the manufacture of epoxy coating and flooring materials begun to be under strong pressure to use more environmentally friendly raw materials in its composition.First tendency to reduce of solvents and diluents contained in the materials appeared at the end of 90´s.This situation was supported by the Council of Europe in 2004 to reduce VOC emissions to zero till 2020.Solvent materials were thus largely replaced by solvent free materials from which the volatile substances are not released into the air.But pressure continued to increase,and over the past decade began to take centre stage water-based epoxy.On the Czech market solvent based material is still occasionally used,but predominant are solvent free materials.There are no commonly used materials containing wastes as fillers in new water-borne and solvent-free epoxy materials.Characteristics identification of the waste material as a potential filler is a set of properties that determine the limits of secondary raw materials or waste as a filler.This paper describes the basic characteristics which must be selected to meet the requirements,to affect negatively the workability,sedimentation,properties and behavior of the final floor system.Some materials must comply with special requirements,such as resistance to chemicals,etc.Next part of paper talks about utilization of polymer floors and their mechanical properties.

The Critical Role of Fillers in Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery

With excellent energy densities and highly safe performance,solidstate lithium batteries(SSLBs)have been hailed as promising energy storage devices.Solid-state electrolyte is the core component of SSLBs and plays an essential role in the safety and electrochemical performance of the cells.Composite polymer electrolytes(CPEs)are considered as one of the most promising candidates among all solid-state electrolytes due to their excellent comprehensive performance.In this review,we briefly introduce the components of CPEs,such as the polymer matrix and the species of fillers,as well as the integration of fillers in the polymers.In particular,we focus on the two major obstacles that affect the development of CPEs:the low ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and high interfacial impedance.We provide insight into the factors influencing ionic conductivity,in terms of macroscopic and microscopic aspects,including the aggregated structure of the polymer,ion migration rate and carrier concentration.In addition,we also discuss the electrode-electrolyte interface and summarize methods for improving this interface.It is expected that this review will provide feasible solutions for modifying CPEs through further understanding of the ion conduction mechanism in CPEs and for improving the compatibility of the electrode-electrolyte interface.

Structure and Properties of PLA Composite Enhanced with Biomass Fillers from Herbaceous Plants

PLA composites containing biomass fillers from the three herbaceous plants such as reed,wheat stalk,and coco-nut fiber with length and diameter at the scale of several millimeters were prepared without using additives.The reinforcement effect on the properties of PLA/biomass filler composites is investigated.The research results show that the PLA/biomass filler composites exhibit good stiffness,flexural strength,and impact toughness.Among the three kinds of biomass fillers,reed reinforced PLA composites show optimal mechanical properties.When filled with 40%–50%reed,the flexural moduli of the composites are over 7000 MPa.Flexural strength retains at the same level of pure PLA.The notch impact strength reaches to 4.50±0.73 kJ/m^(2),which is 2.06 times higher than that of pure PLA.Furthermore,the introduction of biomass fillers increases the crystallization ability of PLA and does not increase the water absorption of the composites.This research demonstrated that PLA composites prepared with biomass fillers from the herbaceous plants(namely herb plastic composites,HPCs)is a material with good comprehensive mechanical properties while retaining the intrinsic particularity of biological sources.

In-depth analysis of the influence of bio-silica filler(Didymosphenia geminata frustules)on the properties of Mg matrix composites

A novel metal matrix composites(MMC)with Mg matrix reinforced with natural filler in the form of Didymosphenia geminata frustules(algae with distinctive siliceous shells)are presented in this work.Pulse plasma sintering(PPS)was used to manufacture Mg-based composites with 1,5 and 10 vol.%ceramic filler.As a reference,pure Mg was sintered.The results show that the addition of 1 vol.%Didymosphenia geminata frustules to the Mg matrix increases its corrosion resistance by supporting passivation reactions,and do not affect the morphology of L929 fibroblasts.Addition of 5 vol.%the filler does not cause cytotoxic effects,but it supports microgalvanic reactions leading to the greater corrosion rate.Higher content than 5 vol.%the filler causes significant microgalvanic corrosion,as well as increases cytotoxicity due to the greater micro-galvanic effect of the composites containing 10 and 15 vol.%diatoms.The results of contact angle measurements show the hydrophilic character of the investigated materials,with slightly increase in numerical values with addition of amount of ceramic reinforcement.The addition of Didymosphenia geminata frustules causes changes in a thermo-elastic properties such as mean apparent value of coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)and thermal conductivity(λ).The addition of siliceous reinforcement resulted in a linear decrease of CTE and reduction in thermal conductivity over the entire temperature range.With the increasing addition of Didymosphenia geminata frustules,an increase in strength with a decrease in compressive strain is observed.In all composites an increase in microhardness was attained.The results clearly indicate that filler in the form of Didymosphenia geminata frustules may significantly change the most important properties of pure Mg,indicating its wide potential in the application of Mg-based composites with a special focus on biomedical use.

Phase field simulation of grain refinement in silver-based filler metal

Numerical simulation is one of the important auxiliary methods for studying materials-related problems. In this study, phase field simulation was employed to investigate the refinement behavior of BAg55CuZn-x B brazing alloys. Simulation and experimental studies were conducted for B contents ranging from 0 wt.% to 0.2 wt.%. The results demonstrated that the addition of 0.05 wt.% B in the brazing alloy leads to a significant refinement effect. As the B content increases, the grain size further reduces, and a refinement stagnation phenomenon occurs after exceeding 0.15 wt.%. The solidification process of brazing alloys with different B content was predicted by simulation, and the simulation results showed that with the increase of B content, the initial number of nucleation increased, and the radius of the dendrite tip decreased. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental findings, providing further evidence of the refining effect of the B element and the reliable predictive capability of the phase field model.

基于Hole-Filler模型的XML流数据剪切分片技术

对基于Hole-Filler模型的XML流数据剪切分片问题,首先利用XML文档的Document Object Model(DOM)结构,根据节点扇出度提出了基于DOM的XML流数据剪切分片策略及其算法.然后,在此基础上,对标签结构进行剪切以确定文档的剪切点,提出了基于标签的XML流数据剪切分片算法,有效地减少了节点扇出度与阈值的比较次数.最后,提出了优化的剪切策略,根据阈值与节点扇出度的比值对XML子树加以整合,以减少碎片的产生.实验结果表明,XML剪切算法在剪切时间、分片粒度等方面都有较好的性能.

基于Hole-Filler模型的XML数据流上的SLCA算法

与传统数据库对XML数据的处理不同,对XML数据流的处理不仅受实时性的约束,还受存储空间的限制.在XML片段无序传送的广播模型中,考虑在XML数据流上进行高效的关键字查询,进而首次提出近似SLCA算法.SLCA算法利用结构Hash表和LCA表对关键字进行匹配并计算SLCA,从而避免冗余操作.同时,SLCA算法可以对匹配结果立即输出而不必等到数据流传输结束.实验结果表明,基于Hole-Filler模型的XML数据流上的SLCA算法在节省时间和空间开销方面均表现出较好的性能.

Interaction between PCC Filler and Cellulosic Fiber in Fiber/Filler Co-refining System

Mineral fillers are important for conserving raw fiber materials and reducing production costs in the paper industry.However,the increase in filler content will inevitably result in strength reduction,which limits the adding amount of filler in paper production.In this study,we designed a cellulose fiber/filler co-refining approach to improve the strength and optical properties of paper;moreover,the synergistic interaction between fibers and precipitated calcium carbonate(PCC)fillers in the co-refining process was investigated.Results of fiber separation and PCC particle size analysis showed that,compared with conventional refining,the content of fines increased,whereas the PCC particle size decreased.More importantly,composites were formed between the PCC and fines,which promoted strength improvement of paper.Physical tests show that the tensile index of paper with 15%PCC content increased by 22%compared with that of the paper filled by conventional method,whereas the brightness and opacity of paper improved by fiber/filler co-refining for a specified filler content.These findings provide a basis for the further development of co-refining filling technology.

A Comparative Study of the Phase Distribution in Carbon-Silica Hybrid Fillers for Rubber Obtained by Different Methods

Different types of carbon-silica fillers were prepared via pyrolysis-cum-water vapor of waste green tires tread and impregnation method. Dual phase fillers have been characterized by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or STEM-EDX. Phase distribution in hybrid fillers for rubber was investigated. The results achieved show that the conditions of obtaining influence the distribution and the location of the phases in the carbon-silica hybrid fillers as well as their most essential characteristics including specific area, oil absorption number, iodine adsorption number, ash content and others.

Microstructures of brazing zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel using various filler metals

Titanium alloy (Ti-Al-V alloy) substrate was brazed with stainless steel (STS304) using filler metal.At an optimized brazing condition,various filler metals were used.Microstructures were observed at each condition.Filler metals were titanium based 40Ti-20Zr-20Cu-20Ni,silver based Ag 5Pd,and nickel based Ni-7Cr-3.1B-4.5Si-3Fe-0.06C (BNi2) and Ni-14Cr-10P-0.06C (BNi7).To select a good filler metal for brazing process,wetting test was performed at 880-1050 °C.It was not brazed using silver based filler metals,but at the conditions using titanium and nickel based filler metals had brazed zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel.However,titanium alloy was eroded during brazing using titanium based filler metals.Nickel based filler metal has a good brazed zone between titanium alloy and stainless steel among the filler metals.

Effect of filler wire on the joint properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys using CO_2 laser welding

Laser welding with filler wire of AZ31 magnesium alloys is investigated using a CO2 laser experimental system. The effect of three different filler wires on the joint properties is researched. The results show that the weld appearance can be effectively improved when using laser welding with filler wire. The microhardness and tensile strength of joints are almost the same us those of the base metal when ER AZ31 or ER AZ61 wire is adopted. However, when the filler wire of ER 5356 aluminum alloy is used, the mechanical properties of flints become worse. For ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 filler wires, the microstructure of weld zone slws small dendrite grains. In comparison, for ER 5356 filler wire, the weld shows a structure of snowy dendrites and many intermetallic compounds and eutectic phases distribute in the dendrites. These intermetallic constituents with low melting point increase the tendency of hot crack and result in fiagile joint properties. Therefore, ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 wire are more suitable filler material than ER 5356 for CO2 laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys.

Effects of Ga and In on the properties of cadmium-free Ag-Cu-Zn filler metal

Melting temperature, spreadability, mechanical properties and the microstructures of joints brazed with silver-base filler metals including different amounts of Ga and/or In were studied respectively in this paper, and the results show that the melting temperature of the silver-base filler metals is decreased, spreadability of the silver-base filler metals is improved, and the microstructures of silver-base filh, r metals are refined obviously with the addition of Ga and/or In. Using copper and brass plates as base metal and brazing with flame method, the mechanical properties of the lap-joint and butt joint were also examined and analyzed respectively, and the results indicate that the fracture position of two kinds of brazed joints occurred on the base metal, except for the lap-joint of brass, which shows better mechanical properties of the joints brazed with the silver- based filler metals including Ga. For the lap-joint of brass, the tensile strength gradually increased with the increase of Ga content, while the addition of In has little effect on mechanical properties. It is also found that the best comprehensive properties of cadmium-free Ag-Cu-Zn filler metals are obtained when Ga content is about 3.0 wt. % and In content is between 1.5 wt. % and 2. 0 wt. %.

Brazing of Ti_2 AlNb Based Alloy with Amorphous Ti-Cu-Zr-Ni Filler

Amorphous Ti-Cu-Zr-Ni filler foils with low melting point of 1 133 K were synthesized using a melt-spinning method in argon atmosphere. A Ti2A1Nb based alloy was brazed at 1 153-1 223 K for 600-3 000 s. The effects of brazing temperature （Tb） and time （tb） on the shear strength of the joints were investigated. The results showed that the joint strength was significantly affected by the reaction layer thickness. The optimum brazing parameters can be determined as follows： Tb=l 173 K, and tb=600 s. The maximum tensile strength of the joint obtained can reach 260 MPa. Furthermore, the activation energy Q and the growth velocity A0 of the reaction layer in the brazed joints were calculated to be 161.742 kJ/mol and 0.213 m2/s, respectively. The growth of the reaction layer （y） could be expressed by the expression： ya =0.213exp（-19 454/Tb）tb.

Microstructure and properties of the joints of ZrO2 ceramic/ stainless steel brazed in vacuum with AgCuTi active filler metal

The ZrO2 ceranfic was successfully jointed to stainless steel by vacuum brazing with active filler metal. The AgCuTi active filler metal was used and the joining was performed at a temperature of 850 ℃ for 10 rain. The microstructures of the joints were characterized by metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. Metallographic microscopy analysis shows that the morphology of the cross section was a sandwich structure and the TiO is observed in the surface of ZrO2/ stainless steel. The diffusion and enrichment of the elements are the key roles in the brazing of ZrO2 ceramic and stainless steel. The formation of TiCu compounds inhibited the further diffusion of titanium into stainless steel or the ZrO2 ceramic to form TiO compound. In the experimental conditions, the average tensile strength is 80MPa for the joint of ZrO2 ceramic / AgCuTi/ stainless steel systems. A complete joint is formed between the ZrO2 ceramic and stainless steel with the leakage rate at the degree of 10 ^-12 Pa · m^3/s.

Effects of Al_2O_3-Particulate-Contained Composite Filler Materials on the Shear Strength Alumina Joints

Al2O3l2O3 joints were brazed with a new kind of filler materials, which were formed by adding AI203 particulates into Ag-Cu-Ti active filler metal. The results showed that the material parameters (the Ti content, Al2O3 particulate volume fraction) of the composite filler materials affected the shear strength of brazed joints. When the Ti content was 2 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of brazing joints decreased with the increasing the volume ratio of Al2O3 particulate. When the Ti content was 3 wt pct in the filler metal, the shear strength of joints increased from 93.75 MPa(AI203p 0 vol. pct) to 135.32 MPa(AI203p 15 vol. pct).

Thermal conductivity of natural rubber nanocomposites with hybrid fillers

Natural rubber nanocomposites filled with hybrid fillers of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and carbon black(CB) were prepared. CNTs were ultrasonically modified in mixture of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) and distilled water(H2O). The functional groups on the surface of CNTs, changes in nanotube structure and morphology were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Raman Spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). It shows that hydroxyl(OH·) is successfully introduced. The surface defects of modified CNTs were obviously higher than those of original CNTs, and the degree of agglomeration was greatly reduced. Thermal conductivity of the composites was tested by protection heat flow meter method. Compared with unmodified CNTs/CB filling system, the thermal conductivity of hybrid composites is improved by an average of 5.8% with 1.5 phr(phr is parts per hundred rubber) of hydroxyl CNTs and 40 phr of CB filled. A three-dimensional heat conduction network composed of hydroxyl CNTs and CB, as observed by TEM, contributes to the good properties. Thermal conductivity of the hybrid composites increases as temperature rises. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites are also good with hydroxyl CNTs filled nanocomposites;the tensile strength, 100% and 300% tensile stress are improved by 10.1%, 22.4% and 26.2% respectively.

Brazing 6061 aluminum alloy with Al-Si-Zn filler metals containing Sr

Al-6.5Si-42Zn and Al-6.5Si-42Zn-0.09Sr filler metals were used for brazing 6061 aluminum alloy. Air cooling and water cooling were applied after brazing. Si phase morphologies in the brazing alloy and the brazed joints were investigated. It was found that zinc in the Al-Si filler metals could reduce the formation of eutectic Al-Si phase and lower the brazing temperature at about 520℃. Adding 0.09wt% Sr element into the Al-6.5Si-42Zn alloy caused a-Al phase refinement and transformed acicular Si phase into the finely fiber-like. After water cooling, Zn element dissolved into the Al-Si eutectic area, and η-Zn phase disappeared in the brazed joints. Tensile strength testing results showed that the Sr-modified filler metal could enhance the strength of the brazed joints by 13% than Al-12Si, while water-cooling further improved the strength at 144 MPa.

Development of Ag-Cu-Zn-Sn brazing filler metals with a 10 weight-% reduction of silver and same liquidus temperature

With BrazeTec BlueBraze the manufacturers in HVACR industry have an alternative filler metal with 10 weight-% less silver but same brazing temperatures. The performance of these new alloys has been evaluated in several tests. The evaluation included wetting investigations, metallographic examinations, joint strength at different temperatures and pulsation and corrosion resistance. The results of these tests will be presented in this paper.

Theoretical study and numerical simulation of the stress fields of the Al_2O_3 joints brazed with composite filler materials

Non-linear finite element code MSC. Marc was utilized to analysis the field of stress of the Al2O3 joints brazed with composite filler materials. The properties of the filler materials were defined by using the mixing law, method of Mori-Tanaka and theory of Eshelby to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results of finite element method （FEM）. The results show stress in brazed beam is higher than that in base material. The maximal stress can be found in the interface of joint. And the experimental results show that the shear strength of joints increases from 93.75 MPa （ Al2O3p Ovol. % ） to 135.32 MPa （ Al2O3p 15vol. % ） when composition of titanium is 3wt% in the filler metal.