Effect of distribution of fines on evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game

In the realm of public goods game,punishment,as a potent tool,stands out for fostering cooperation.While it effectively addresses the first-order free-rider problem,the associated costs can be substantial.Punishers incur expenses in imposing sanctions,while defectors face fines.Unfortunately,these monetary elements seemingly vanish into thin air,representing a loss to the system itself.However,by virtue of the redistribution of fines to cooperators and punishers,not only can we mitigate this loss,but the rewards for these cooperative individuals can be enhanced.Based upon this premise,this paper introduces a fine distribution mechanism to the traditional pool punishment model.Under identical parameter settings,by conducting a comparative experiment with the conventional punishment model,the paper aims to investigate the impact of fine distribution on the evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game.The experimental results clearly demonstrate that,in instances where the punishment cost is prohibitively high,the cooperative strategies of the traditional pool punishment model may completely collapse.However,the model enriched with fine distribution manages to sustain a considerable number of cooperative strategies,thus highlighting its effectiveness in promoting and preserving cooperation,even in the face of substantial punishment cost.

Fine Root Distribution Characteristics of Populus cathayana Plantations at Different Ages in Alpine Sandy Land

[Objectives]The paper was to study the fine root distribution characteristics of Populus cathayana plantations at different ages in alpine sandy land.[Methods]With 5,10,15,20,and 25 years old P.cathayana plantation in the eastern margin of Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province as the research objects,fine roots were collected by root core drilling method,and the differences of fine root biomass,root length density,average diameter and root tip number at the soil depths of 0-20,20-40,40-60,60-80 and 80-100 cm were analyzed.[Results]The total biomass density of P.cathayana plantation was mainly distributed in the soil layer of 0-60 cm,accounting for 76%of the entire soil layer,and its value increased with the increase in forest age.With the increase in different forest ages,the root length density,average diameter and root tip number of living fine roots in the soil layer of 0-60 cm accounted for 74%-81%of the entire soil layer,and the proportions in the soil layers of 60-80 and 80-100 cm were 9%-11%.The biomass density,root length density,average diameter and root tip number of living and dead fine roots of P.cathayana plantation increased with the increase of forest age.The root length density,average diameter and root tip number of P.cathayana fine roots showed a linear function change trend with the growth of forest age,which could be described by the linear function equation y=ax+b(a>0).The analysis results showed that the root length density,average diameter and root tip number of P.cathayana were significantly correlated with the total biomass density of fine roots,and the root length density and average diameter had an extremely positive correlation with the total biomass density.[Conclusions]In the future,P.cathayana plantation should be properly tended to promote the development of fine roots and maximize its ecological benefits.

Spatial distribution of fine roots of larch and ash in the mixed plantation stand

The spatial distribution of standing fine roots in tree rows of different species in a 12-year-old mixed stand of ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) and larch (Larix olgensis Henry) was studied by soil core sampling in early spring, 2001. It is found that ash and larch differ greatly in their belowground biomass distribution. Ash has much higher fine root biomass density in the soil than larch at stand level (with the max value of 4442.3 vs. 2234.9 gm-3). Both tree species deployed more fine roots in their neighboring zone, suggesting a less intensive competition between roots of the two species. Both fine root biomass density and root length density of ash in the zone between larch tree rows are greater than that of larch in zone between ash tree rows, indicating that ash is more powerful than larch in belowground competition. The spatial distribution feature of roots favors the growth of ash in the mixed stand.

Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Fine Root Parameters for Apple Trees of Different Ages on the Loess Plateau of China

The vertical distribution pattern and seasonal dynamics of fine root parameters for the apple trees of different ages （3, 10, 15, and 20 years old） on the Loess Plateau of China were studied. Soil coring method was used to determine the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of fine roots at different root radial distances （1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m from the main tree trunk）. The fine root biomass density （FRD）, fine root length density （RLD）, and specific root length （SRL）, as well as soil water content and soil temperature were also measured. The FRD and RLD for the 10, 15, and 20 years old trees reached peak values in the 20-30 cm soil layer. For the 3 years old tree, the highest FRD and RLD were observed in the 10-20 cm soil layer. The FRD and RLD decreased with increased soil depth from the 10-20 or 20-30 cm soil layer for all age apple trees. The SRL declined with the increase of tree age. The FRD at the 1.0 m radial distance from the main tree trunk was higher than that at other radial distances in the 3 and 10 years old orchard. However, in the 15 and 20 years old orchards, especially the 20 years old orchard, the FRD at the 2.0 m radial distance was nearly equal to or higher than that at the 1.0 and 1.5 m radial distances. For all the root radiuses or the tree ages, the FRD, RLD, and SRL were the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. The age of an apple tree does not affect the vertical distribution pattern but the biomass of fine roots and the SRL. Radial distance affects the root horizontal distribution of 3 and 10 years old trees but the 15 and 20 years old trees. Additionally, effects of soil temperature and soil moisture on fine root distribution or seasonal dynamics are not significant.

Particle size distribution and property of bacteria attached to carbon fines in drinking water treatment

The quantitative change and size distribution of particles in the effluents from a sand filter and a granular activated carbon （GAC） filter in a drinking water treatment plant were investigated. The average total concentration of particles in the sand filter effluent during a filter cycle was 148 particles/mL, 27 of which were larger than 2 μm in size. The concentration in the GAC effluent （561 particles/mL） was significantly greater than that in the sand filter effluent. The concentration of particles larger than 2 μm in the GAC filter effluent reached 201 particles/mL, with the amount of particles with sizes between 2 μm and 15 μm increasing. The most probable number （MPN） of carbon fines reached 43 unit/L after six hours and fines between 0.45 μm and 8.0 μm accounted for more than 50%. The total concentration of outflowing bacteria in the GAC filter effluent, 350 CFU （colony-forming units） /mL, was greater than that in the sand filter effluent, 210 CFU/mL. The desorbed bacteria concentration reached an average of 310 CFU/mg fines. The disinfection efficiency of desorbed bacteria was lower than 40% with 1.5 mg/L of chlorine. The disinfection effect showed that the inactivation rate with 2.0 mg/L of chloramine （90%） was higher than that with chlorine （70%）. Experimental results indicated that the high particle concentration in raw water and sedimentation effluent led to high levels of outflowing particles in the sand filter effluent. The activated carbon fines in the effluent accounted for a small proportion of the total particle amount, but the existing bacteria attached to carbon fines may influence the drinking water safety. The disinfection efficiency of desorbed bacteria was lower than that of free bacteria with chlorine, and the disinfection effect on bacteria attached to carbon fines with chloramine was better than that with only chlorine.

Seasonal Variations of Number Size Distributions and Mass Concentrations of Atmospheric Particles in Beijing

Particle number and mass concentrations were measured in Beijing during the winter and summer periods in 2003, together with some other parameters including black carbon (BC) and meteorological conditions. Particle mass concentrations exhibited low seasonality, and the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 in winter was higher than that in summer. Particle number size distribution (PSD) was characterized by four modes and exhibited low seasonality. BC was well correlated with the number and mass concentrations of accumulation and coarse particles, indicating these size particles are related to anthropogenic activities. Particle mass and number concentrations (except ultra-fine and nucleation particles) followed well the trends of BC concentration for the majority of the day, indicating that most particles were associated with primary emissions. The diurnal number distributions of accumulation and coarse mode particles were characterized by two peaks.

The variation of Mn-dopant distribution state with x and its effect on the magnetic coupling mechanism in Zn_(1-x) Mn_x O nanocrystals

Zn1-xMnxO （x = 0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02） nanocrystals are synthesized by using a wet chemical process. The coordination environment of Mn is characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and its X-ray absorption fine structure. It is found that the solubility of substitutional Mn in a ZnO lattice is very low, which is less than 0.4%. Mn ions first dissolve into the substitutional sites in the ZnO lattice, thereby forming Mn2＋O4 tetrahedral coordination when x ≤ 0.001, then entering into the interstitial sites and forming Mn3＋O6 octahedral coordination when x ≥ 0.005. All the samples exhibit paramagnetic behaviors at room temperature, and antiferromagnetic coupling can be observed below 100 K.

Experimental study of the effects of non-uniformly distributed fine soil on mechanical properties of Shenyang–Dandong Railway coarse-grained soil

The stress produced by repeated train loads decreases with increasing railway subgrade bed depth, and slightly weathered coarse particles of subgrade bed fillings can be broken at different levels under continuous load. Thus, the mass of fine soil, with a diameter of not more than 0.075 mm, is different at different depths. Fine soil is also sensitive to frost heave and thaw settlement. In order to study the effects of non-uniformly distributed fine soil on the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil of the Shenyang-Dandong Railway, triaxial tests were conducted with three types of specimens, un- dergoing six freeze-thaw cycle numbers （0, 1, 3, 7, 9, 12） and three confining pressures （100, 200, 300 kPa）. The freezing temperature is -5 ~C and the thawing temperature is ＋15 ~C. The stress-strain behavior, static strength, resilient modulus, cohesive force and the angle of internal friction were measured for different tested specimens. As a result, the law of static strength and resilient modulus of different specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles under three confining pressures is obtained. The changing law of cohesive force and friction angle of three specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles is also calculated, and the different results of different specimens are also compared.

Fine Characterization and Analysis of Drying Strain of the ELM Board via DIC Technology

In this paper,the occurrence and development mechanism of strain on the cross-section during the wood drying is explored.Therefore,strain regularity on the cross-section of 50 mm thickness elm(Ulmus rubra)board at the temperature of 40℃and 80℃is detected via digital image correlation technology.Hence,the difference between tangential and radial strain at surface and core layers was denoted.The results showed that strain distribution in the width direction of the board is uneven.Moreover,a large drying shrinkage strain occurs at the near-core layer,while the maximum strain difference reaches 4.08%.Hence,the surface of the board is cracked along the thickness direction.The radial strain of the board is higher than the tangential strain in the early stage of drying,while these strains are reversed in the later stage of drying.The temperature is related to the difference between the tangential and radial strains of the elm board.These differences at the core layer are larger than those of the surface layer.The conducted research results provide a theoretical basis for process optimization.

分布式数据库隐私数据细粒度安全访问控制研究

为控制隐私数据的细粒度安全访问行为,提出分布式数据库隐私数据细粒度安全访问控制。通过分布式数据库空间划分,过滤隐私数据,利用分区方程,分解数据库空间内隐私数据,将隐私数据反应函数的构建过程定义为对分布式数据库中隐私数据挖掘的博弈过程,获取博弈因子,将细粒度划分问题转化为隐私数据在最小二乘准则下的规划问题,划分隐私数据的细粒度。利用加密算法,对隐私数据加密,依据密钥分发算法为用户分发密钥,通过密钥转换,将加密后的隐私数据上传到分布式数据库,利用数据库验证用户的令牌是否包含隐私数据的信息,建立令牌请求机制,实现隐私数据的细粒度安全访问控制。实验结果表明,经过文中方法控制后,分布式数据库的响应性能有所提高,在保证正确性的同时,还可以提高对恶意访问行为的控制能力,具有较高的实际应用价值。

潮湿细粒煤复合式干法分选特性研究

为研究潮湿细粒煤复合式干法分选效率,对潮湿细粒煤进行了振动强度和气速的单因素试验,结合RSM-BBD预测模型获得了最优参数;并探索了不同水分的原煤在不同分选时间内的分选效果,同时分析了气流对潮湿细粒煤分选过程的影响,并评价了分选效果。结果表明:随着分选时长的增加,分选效果明显提高,最大灰分离析度可达12.05。试验煤样在气速为0.78 m/s,振动频率为25 Hz,振幅为3 mm时达到最佳分选效果,此时可能偏差E=0.135 g/cm^(3),且在此条件下分选产品有很好的脱水效果,复合式干法分选可实现潮湿煤炭的提质。该研究可以对细粒煤炭的干法分选工艺提供理论和技术支持。

根土微环境对早实核桃细根时空分布、养分特征的影响

以长势基本一致且处于稳产期的‘新新2号’早实核桃(Juglans regia L.)后代为研究对象,按照小格子法将根土连续体划分为144个采样小区。于2022年每月采集根、土样品,测定细根生物量并构建二维空间分布图,研究细根形态指标、养分特征以及土壤水、养质量分数并分析其对早实核桃细根时空分布、养分特征的影响。结果表明:早实核桃细根主要分布在垂直方向的0~0.4 m土层和距树干水平方向1.5 m范围内,占细根分布总量的80%。细根形态参数值(生物量、根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度)和养分质量分数均随土层加深呈下降趋势,细根在微环境水平变异时差异不明显。夏、秋季细根形态参数值均显著高于春、冬季。土壤全氮、全磷质量分数随土层加深逐渐减少,土壤全钾质量分数在整个空间分布上无明显差异。土壤含水率随土层加深而增加,距树干距离越远含水率越低。土壤各养分质量分数的季节性差异较大,全氮质量分数在夏、秋季较高,在春季最低;全磷质量分数在春季最高;全钾质量分数在冬季最高;土壤含水率在秋、冬季最高。细根形态、养分质量分数与土壤全氮、全磷、含水率的关系更密切,相关性存在一定季节差异。细根生长在细微变异的环境下仍具有一定的趋水趋肥性。对早实核桃进行肥水精细化管理时,可根据根土的时空关系,在根区适时灌溉,季节性调整肥料养分,施肥则以氮、磷肥为主。

晋西黄土区油松人工林密度和立地对细根特征的影响

【目的】探究不同林分密度、坡度和坡向条件下油松人工林细根(≤2 mm)生物量和细根形态的垂直分布规律,为晋西黄土区植被管理和生态建设评价提供依据。【方法】以油松人工林为研究对象,选择不同林分密度M1(<2000株/hm^(2))、M2(2000~3000株/hm^(2))、M3(3000~4000株/hm^(2))、M4(4000~5000株/hm^(2))、M5(>5000株/hm^(2)),不同坡度(≤20°、20°~30°、30°~40°)和坡向(阴坡和阳坡)的样地,采用根钻法分层获取0~100 cm土层中的细根,对细根生物量密度、根长密度、组织密度、比根长和比表面积的垂直分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。【结果】(1)0~100 cm土层的细根生物量密度随林分密度增大呈单峰变化趋势(M4密度条件下达到最大值606.19 g/m3),不同坡度和坡向条件下细根生物量密度及其垂直分布没有明显变化趋势。细根生物量密度随土层深度增加呈显著递减趋势(P<0.05),主要集中在0~20 cm土层中,占比38%以上。(2)随着林分密度增加,0~100 cm土层的细根根长密度呈单峰变化趋势(M4密度下达到最高值3639.73 m/m^(2)),比根长和比表面积呈先减小后增加的趋势(在M4密度下达到最低值:比根长601 cm/g,比表面积101.09 cm^(2)/g)。坡度和坡向对细根形态及其垂直分布的影响均不显著。垂直方向上,各林分密度0~40 cm土层的细根根长密度占比均在60%以上。在0~20 cm土层,比根长和比表面积随林分密度的增加先减少后增加(P<0.05)。(3)相关性分析显示,林分密度和土层深度对细根生物量密度和细根形态有显著影响。细根生物量密度和根长密度与林分密度、土壤全碳、全氮以及有机碳显著正相关,与土壤深度和C∶N显著负相关。比根长、比表面积与林分密度和土壤有机碳显著负相关,与土壤深度显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】林分密度是油松人工林细根特征的关键调控因子,可通过林分管理措施来调整人工林林分密度以及细根生存策略,以此提高油松人工林应对环境胁迫的适应性,为半干旱区人工林可持续经营提供理论支持。

压裂井的三维精细表征与单井模拟分析

目前压裂直井或压裂水平井的单井模拟主要是基于二维或拟三维网格进行表征,但这2类网格无法精细表征裂缝、井筒的三维空间形态。为此,提出利用计算机辅助设计(CAD)技术来进行压裂井的三维几何建模方法,形成了3D精细半结构网格剖分方法和流程,以及高效数值求解方法,将该方法应用于现场一口压裂直井,并对其进行了模拟分析。分析结果表明:所构建的3D压裂直井、压裂水平井的内边界井模型,简化和统一了不同压裂井模型的井产量计算方程,该方法同样适用于更复杂的3D定向压裂井的井产量计算;水力裂缝的几何形态、尺寸和小层物性是空间压力分布的重要影响因素。所得结论可为提高复杂压裂井的三维精细表征能力和单井模拟精度提供技术支撑。

中国16个地点天然次生林细根产量分布格局

细根产量(FRP)是森林生态系统地下产量的最大组分,对森林生态系统的碳和养分的分配和循环起着重要作用。细根根序对于FRP有较大的影响。目前较少通过根序分级法、以我国16个地点的天然次生林为整体的大尺度FRP研究。采用根序分级法对我国16个地点的天然次生林进行为期1年的、群落水平的大尺度FRP实验研究,来探索我国16个地点的天然次生林FRP分布格局。结果表明,FRP分布格局总体上由北向南逐渐增加,吸收根(AFR)产量、运输根(TFR)产量以及FRP均为海南尖峰岭最高,分别为(115.42±17.87)g/m^(2)、(298.6±76.82)g/m^(2)和(414.01±84.05)g/m^(2),大兴安岭呼中区最低,分别为(11.25±1.28)g/m^(2)、(12.44±0.97)g/m^(2)和(23.7±1.21)g/m^(2)。山西太岳山、安徽鹞落坪和湖南会同显著低于邻近纬度地区(P<0.05),FRP分别为(50.89±5.58)g/m^(2)、(58.85±17.24)g/m^(2)和(67.26±15.31)g/m^(2)。年均温(MAT)和年均降水量(MAP)与AFR产量、TFR产量和FRP显著正相关,纬度与AFR产量、TFR产量和FRP显著负相关。

顾及空间异质性的人口分布数据精细划分方法

针对公开人口分布数据难以精确刻画小区域内人口分布特征及其在同种地类不同区域存在人口差异性等问题,提出了一种顾及空间异质性的人口分布数据精细划分方法。该方法的核心思想是以格网为基础单元,分区建立人口与辅助数据间的关联,从而构建人口分布精细划分模型。采用首尾分割法实现分区策略,利用人口密度约束地类权重,在地类权重、地类人口密度权重与面积权重三重约束下对人口重新分配;在此基础上,利用Dasymetric法对优化的人口分布数据进行精细划分。结果表明,该方法的平均相对误差为5.71%,决定系数为0.98,不仅提高了人口分布数据的精度和分辨率,同时有效解决了当前公开人口分布数据存在的问题,打破了对人口统计数据的依赖,为人口精细化研究提供了新的思路。

打磨车间细颗粒物空间分布规律研究

为探求打磨车间自然通风条件下的细颗粒扩散分布规律,以打磨车间为研究对象,根据气固两相流理论,基于fluent软件,利用数值模拟方法模拟自然通风方式下打磨车间1~10 m的钢尘颗粒的空间分布规律。研究结果表明:模拟结果与实际数据相对比,偏差为5.54%~7.76%,吻合度高;在自然通风条件下,作业人员长时间停留处呼吸带高度的粉尘质量浓度高达10.69~14.91 mg/m3;钢尘自打磨面脱离后随风流向车间上部运移,粉尘在接触车间顶部后发生偏移部分粉尘被储物区的涡流、回流流场捕获;相邻打磨台之间存在流场叠加效应;细颗粒粉尘因车间内风流与外界交换效率低而长时间滞留在车间。该研究可为控制打磨作业粉尘浓度、避免因粉尘浓度过高而引起职业病危害,并为设计最优的除尘方案提供基础数据。

泥石流物源土体标度分布参数与粘聚力的关系

颗粒级配影响土体力学性质(如粘聚力)。细颗粒(尤其是粘粒)含量对粘聚力起着决定性作用。颗粒级配可用土体特殊粒径(如D50等)来表征,但并不能避免同参异效等问题。采用土体标度分布μ和Dc两个参数,可准确地描述土体颗粒组成特征,但该分布参数的物理意义,以及特征参数与土体力学参数之间的关系尚不明确。本文实施室内试验测试,采用标度分布表征土体颗粒组成,研究在不同含水率和标度参数条件下土体粘聚力的变化特征,探讨土体颗粒组成、含水率和粘聚力之间的关系。结果表明:(1)标度分布参数μ随着细颗粒含量的增加而增大,并呈现指数函数关系;(2)随着细颗粒含量的增加,粘聚力先迅速增大后缓慢增加并趋于稳定,且粘聚力c与标度分布参数μ呈现对数函数关系;(3)粘聚力随着含水率的增大先增大后减小,即存在一个使得土体粘聚力达到最大值的含水率阈值,在达到此阈值之前,细颗粒含量对粘聚力的影响较为显著,达到该阈值之后,含水率成为更主要的影响因素;(4)基于试验结果,得到土体粘聚力随含水率及标度参数共同影响下的二元模型。研究可为明确标度分布参数的物理意义以及确定土体力学参数提供试验依据。

基于关系感知和标签消歧的细粒度面部表情识别算法

细粒度表情识别任务因其包含更丰富真实的人类情感而备受关注.现有面部表情识别算法通过提取局部关键区域等方式学习更优的图像表征.然而,这些方法忽略了图像数据集内在的结构关系,且没有充分利用标签间的语义关联度以及图像和标签间的相关性,导致所学特征带来的性能提升有限.其次,现有细粒度表情识别方法并未有效利用和挖掘粗细粒度的层级关系,因而限制了模型的识别性能.此外,现有细粒度表情识别算法忽略了由于标注主观性和情感复杂性导致的标签歧义性问题,极大影响了模型的识别性能.针对上述问题,本文提出一种基于关系感知和标签消歧的细粒度面部表情识别算法(fine-grained facial expression recognition algorithm based on Relationship-Awareness and Label Disambiguation,RALD).该算法通过构建层级感知的图像特征增强网络,充分挖掘图像之间、层级标签之间以及图像和标签之间的依赖关系,以获得更具辨别性的图像特征.针对标签歧义性问题,算法设计了基于近邻样本的标签分布学习模块,通过整合邻域信息进行标签消歧,进一步提升模型识别性能.在细粒度表情识别数据集FG-Emotions上算法的准确度达到97.34%,在粗粒度表情识别数据集RAF-DB上比现有主流表情分类方法提高了0.80%~4.55%.

四川某深部难选矿工艺矿物学研究

为了开发利用地下深部矿物中铜、铁、锌等有用金属,采用MLA系统对四川某铜矿深部难选矿进行了工艺矿物学研究,分析了矿物的结构、组成、元素配分、嵌布特征及粒度分布,结果表明:矿物中铁元素的质量分数最高,达27.01%;深部矿物中铜、锌元素质量分数均高于浅部矿物,特别是锌元素,深部矿物较浅部矿物高出1.64%,而铜元素仅高出0.6%;原矿中主要金属矿物为磁黄铁矿,另有少量黄铜矿、铁闪锌矿;非金属矿物主要为石英,深部矿物中的黄铜矿质量分数比浅部矿物高出2.09%,铁闪锌矿质量分数高出2.71%;铜元素主要存在于黄铜矿中,达99.87%;铁元素主要存在于磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿、绿泥石和赤铁矿中,磁黄铁矿中的铁元素质量分数最高,达81.45%;锌元素主要存在于铁闪锌矿中,质量分数达99.53%。该矿石在-0.074 mm粒级占比为60%时,浮选铜、锌的效果最佳。磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿嵌布特征主要为单体解离形式,铁闪锌矿主要与其他矿物呈二元共生关系和三元包裹关系。矿物粒度主要分布在-1.2+0.424 mm区间,可通过磨矿实现完全解离。该研究成果可为该深部铜矿的高效开发提供理论指导。