Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Faber Fir Forest Ecosystem in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China Using SHAW Model

Understanding the hydrological processes of forest ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau is crucial for protecting water resources and the environment, especially considering that evapotranspiration is the most dominant hydrologic process in most forest systems. SHAW, as a physically based, hydrological model, provides a useful tool for understanding and analyzing evapotranspiration processes. Using the measured data of a faber fir forest ecosystem in eastern Tibetan Plateau, this paper assessed the model performance in simulating evapotranspiration and variability and transferability of the model parameters. Comparison of the simulated results by SHAW to the measured data showed that SHAW performed satisfactorily. Based on analyzing the simulated results by the calibrated and validated SHAW, some ET characteristics of faber fir forest ecosys-tem in the eastern Tibetan Plateau were found: 1) Daily plant transpiration is low, and daily ET mainly comes from surface evaporation including canopy, litter and soil evaporation. Peak ET rate was approxi-mately 4mm/day, occurring around late July. 2) Solar radiation is the most important factor accounting for daily ET variation, while air temperature is the secondary, wind speed and air relative humidity are minor and soil water storage is the least important among all the related factors. 3) The ratio of annual ET to pre-cipitation for the faber fir forest ecosystem in eastern Tibetan Plateau is low (18%) compared with the other forest ecosystems owing to high-elevation, high atmospheric humidity and low annual temperature.

Seasonal Dynamics of Energy Return Through Litterfall of A Mixed Forest of Chinese Fir and T. odorum

Based on the measurement of monthly litterfall and their gross calor ic values, the seasonal dynamics of energy return through litterfall were determ ined in a pure and a mixed T. odorum (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) forests with Ch inese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in Sanming, Fujian Provinc e. Annual ene rgy return through litterfall was estimated as 12.648×10 6J·m -2 for the mixed fo rest, being 4 2% higher than that of the pure forest, and a large proportion of the energy return comprised leaf litter. The conversion efficiency of solar rad i ation energy into litterfall was 0 56% for mixed forest and 0 54% for pure for es t, respectively. The monthly energy flux in litterfall of Chinese fir showed a t hree-apex curve, peaked in March, August and December, respectively, which was s imilar to that in various fractions of leaf, twig, flower and fruit litter. The consistency in monthly patterns among different litter fractions of Chinese fir was attributed to their solid connections all the while. The monthly energy flux in litterfall of T. odorum culminated in January, May and August, the same was true for its leaf and twig litter. However, energy flux in flower litter only oc curred during March to May and that in fruit litter appeared in January and Marc h. The monthly dynamics of energy flux through litterfall of the two forests wer e both determined by their respective litterfall pattern of Chinese fir. Seasona l energy flux in litterfall for both mixed and pure forests followed the sequenc e of spring>winter>summer>autumn, but fluctuations in the former were less disti nct than those in the latter.

THE COMBUSTIBILITY OF CHINESE FIR AND MACCLURE MICHELIA MIXED FOREST

Based on the theory of forest burning link, the combustibility of the 6-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and macclure michelia (Michelia macclurei) mixed forest was determined in Youxi County, Fujian Province from 1988 to 1989. The results show that the daily mean moisture in the forest, moisture content of litter and the water reserves of the stand in mixed forest are 3%, 7.6% and 46.8% higher than that in pure stand respectively, the inflammables quantity and energy ratios of the stand biomass and total potential energy in mixed stand are 8.5% and 3.69% lower than that in pure stand respectively. Mixed forest can decrease the combustibility of stand.

Effects of Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Quantity of Soil Microbes in Subalpine Fir Forest

Fir(Abies faxoniana) distributes widely in the alpine and subalpine region of western Sichuan.To understand effects of freeze-thaw events on soil microbial community,microbial number was investigated monthly in a fir forest,employing the method of lab freeze/thaw cycles in combination with field soil sampling.Bacterial and actinomycete number in soil decreased and fungal count increased after a seasonal freeze-thaw season cycle.Bacterial and fungal counts increased with the decreased altitude,while actinomycete count decreased with the decreased altitude.Different microbes had various change patterns with altitude in humus layer(AL), illuvial layer(BL) and parent material layer(CL). Compared with the 3 582 m altitude,bacterial count in the AL and CL at the 3 298 m altitude increased 4.2%and 7.0%,respectively,but that in the BL decreased 0.6%.Meanwhile,bacterial count increased 11.5%,3.5%and 2.1%in the AL,BL and CL at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with the 3 298 m altitude,respectively.Fungi count in the AL,BL and CL increased by 10.5%,10.3%and 16.4%at the 3 298 m altitude in comparison with 3 582 m altitude,respectively,while it increased by 2.4%,1.7%and 3.5%at the 3 023 m altitude in comparison with 3 298 m altitude,respectively. Actinomycete count in the AL at the 3 298 m altitude increased by 0.7%than that at the 3 582 m altitude, but decreased 5.9%and 13.9%in the BL and CL.In the AL and BL,it increased 5.2%and 5.2% respectively at the 3 023 m altitude than that at the 3 298 m altitude,while in the CL it decreased 12.4%.These results were in agreement with the simulation freeze/thaw cycle experiment in lab.The results also revealed that the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle increased the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria. These results demonstrated that different microbial groups responded differentially to the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle,which may be an important ecological mechanism for maintaining the seasonal frozen ecosystem.

Forest Response to the US 1990 Clean Air Act: The Southern Spruce-Fir Ecosystem

The history of the Black Mountains in North Carolina and the southern Spruce-Fir ecosystem has been fraught with widespread forest decline since the mid 1960’s. Balsam Woolly Adelgid attacks and acidic deposition were two of the most recognized causes of decline. Uncertainty arose about the future of these forests, and projections were made regarding the endangerment or extinction of the endemic Fraser fir ([Pursh] Poiret). This study analyzed data sets from a permanent plot network in the Black Mountains dating 1985, 2002, and 2012. Indications that the Fraser fir population is stabilizing from a “boom-bust” cycle of population growth and has entered the stem exclusion stage of forest stand development are evident. Fir live stem density increased more than 250% from 1985 to 2002, and then declined 40% by 2012 at the highest elevations in the forest. Overall, fir appeared to be more impacted on western facing slopes than eastern ones. The population of red spruce experienced a steady decrease in live stem counts, but an increase in live basal area through all years, and at all elevation classes (1675 m, 1830 m, and 1980 m), indicating a normal progression through stand development. Red spruce was also most negatively impacted on western facing slopes. Live stem density was significantly higher (P 0.001) than eastern plots, but live basal area was similar between the two aspects. Atmospheric deposition concentrations of the four main acidic molecules at Mt. Mitchell all peaked in 1998, but decreased by 2012. These reductions, occurring shortly after tightened regulations in the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act may have potential implications for increased forest resilience.

Patterns and driving factors of leaf C,N,and P stoichiometry in two forest types with different stand ages in a mid-subtropical zone

Background:Carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)stoichiometry is a key indicator of nutrient utilization in plants,and C/N/P ratios are related to the life histories and adaptation strategies of tree species.However,no consensus has been reached on how leaf stoichiometric characteristics are affected by forest type and stand ages.The relationships between leaf stoichiometry and geographical,meteorological,and soil factors also remain poorly understood.Methods:Leaf and soil were sampled from forest stands of different age groups(young,middle-aged,near-mature,and mature)in two forest types(Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)forests and evergreen broadleaved forests).The relationships between leaf C,N,and P stoichiometric parameters and geographical,meteorological,and soil factors were analysed by using redundancy analysis(RDA)and stepwise linear regression analysis.Results:Leaf C concentrations peaked in the near-mature stands with increasing age irrespective of forest type.Leaf N and P concentrations fluctuated with a rising trend in Chinese fir forests,while decreased first and increased later from young to mature phases in natural evergreen broadleaved forests.Chinese fir forests were primarily limited by N and P,while natural evergreen broadleaved forests were more susceptible to P limitation.Leaf C,N,and P stoichiometric characteristics in Chinese fir forests were mainly affected by the soil total P concentration(SP),longitude(LNG),growing season precipitation(GSP)and mean temperature in July(JUT).The leaf C concentration was mainly affected by GSP and JUT;leaf N and P concentrations were both positively correlated with LNG;and leaf P was positively correlated with SP.In evergreen broadleaved forests,however,leaf stoichiometric parameters displayed significant correlations with latitude(LAT)and mean annual precipitation(MAP).Conclusions:Leaf stoichiometry differed among forest stands of different age groups and forest types.Leaf C,N,and P stoichiometry was primarily explained by the combinations of SP,LNG,GSP and JUT in Chinese fir forests.LAT and MAP were the main controlling factors affecting the variations in the leaf C,N,and P status in natural evergreen broadleaved forests,which supports the temperature-plant physiological hypothesis.These findings improve the understanding of the distribution patterns and driving mechanisms of leaf stoichiometry linked with stand age and forest type.

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook) plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon （SOC） under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the effects of successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I （LPI）, and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0-10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool Ⅱ （LP Ⅱ） and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LPI maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to ＂slash and burn＂ site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an effective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.

毛竹扩张对幕阜山区森林土壤碳氮磷含量及生态化学计量特征的影响

以幕阜山区同一片毛竹林向两侧杉木林和阔叶林扩张形成的连续生态界面为研究对象,分析不同林型土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−)−N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)−N)含量及其生态化学计量比,探讨毛竹不同扩张模式对森林土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的影响。结果表明:在2种扩张模式下,随土壤层次的增加,除NO_(3)^(−)−N呈不规律变化外,SOC、TN、TP、NH_(4)^(+)−N含量均呈逐渐降低趋势。在毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中,杉木林、竹杉混交林、毛竹林同一土层SOC、TN、TP含量均无显著差异;在毛竹向阔叶林扩张过程中,毛竹林0~10 cm土层SOC和TN含量较阔叶林和竹阔混交林分别降低了27.71%、30.45%和36.67%、31.11%,而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层则无显著差异;毛竹扩张对杉木林和阔叶林各土层TP含量无显著影响;毛竹向杉木林扩张增加了0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张增加了10~20 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量及20~30 cm土层NO_(3)^(−)−N含量;毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤C/N、C/P、N/P无显著影响,毛竹向阔叶林扩张导致0~10 cm土层N/P明显降低、10~20 cm土层C/N显著增加。综上,毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤SOC、TN、TP影响不显著,但提升了表层和深层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张造成表层土壤SOC、TN含量显著降低,并导致中层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量和深层土壤NO_(3)^(−)−N含量明显增加。

川西冷杉林下地表苔藓固氮速率及林窗的影响

苔藓与蓝细菌的共生固氮作用为许多生态系统贡献了高达50%氮输入,是“新增”氮素的重要来源。然而,苔藓与蓝细菌共生固氮速率如何受林窗等生态系统动态影响仍然未知。本文研究了四川西部典型藓类冷杉林地表苔藓与蓝细菌的固氮速率在生长季内的动态变化,及其在林窗和林冠覆盖两种生境下的差异,并评估了苔藓含水量、气温和光照条件等因素对固氮速率的驱动作用。研究结果发现,锦丝藓(Actinothuidium hookeri)和塔藓(Hylocomium splendens)生长季平均固氮速率分别为77.49和129.69 nmol·(g·d)^(−1)。地表苔藓固氮速率在生长季不同月份的变化极大,固氮速率高峰出现在生长季早期的5月、7月、8月,基本与植物生长高峰期相符;6月苔藓含水量较低,导致苔藓几乎没有固氮活性;生长季末期的10月苔藓固氮速率较低,不及7月的1/7。相比于林冠覆盖生境,林窗提高了地表气温、光照和苔藓含水量,但从整个生长季来看,林窗对苔藓固氮速率仅表现出微弱的促进作用。综上,苔藓与蓝细菌共生体固氮速率和林窗的影响效应可以为深入认识生态系统氮循环提供依据。

Host-environment mismatches associated with subalpine fir decline in Colorado

Subalpine fir decline （SFD） has killed more trees in Colorado＇s high elevation forests than any other insect or disease problem. The widespread nature of this disorder suggests that the cause involves climatic factors. We examined the influence of varying combinations of average annual temperature and precipitation on the incidence and distribution of SFD. Climatic transition matrices generated in this study indicate that most healthy trees are found in climatic zones with moderate to low temperatures and high precipitation; whereas, SFD occurs mostly in zones of moderate temperatures and moderate precipitation. The contrasting distributions define an environmental mismatch. Forests matched with favorable climatic conditions thrive; those that are mismatched can become vulnerable to decline disease.

气候因子对云冷杉针叶混交林主要针叶树种径向生长的贡献率分析

【目的】为分析气候变化对针叶树种径向生长的影响,揭示针叶混交林对气候变化的响应规律,在全球气候变暖的背景下,对森林生态系统的适应性经营提供理论支撑。【方法】以金沟岭林场云冷杉针叶混交林中的3个针叶树种为研究对象,建立3个针叶树种的树轮宽度标准化年表,分析3个树种的树轮宽度与气候因子之间的相关关系,明确该地区显著限制其径向生长的气候因子,并用层次分割法量化气候因子对各树种树轮宽度变化的贡献率。【结果】在95%的置信区间下,与气候因子相关分析显示:红松和臭冷杉的径向生长同时受气温和降水的影响,与生长季初期气温正相关;鱼鳞云杉的树轮宽度主要受气温影响,与秋冬季节气温负相关,与降水量的整体相关性较低。3个树种均受到上一年气候因子的影响,有一定的“滞后效应”。滑动相关分析表明,本研究3个主要针叶树种与气候因子的响应关系存在差异,主要表现为负相关性呈增强趋势。3月平均气温对红松的贡献率最高,为34.56%,4月最低气温对臭冷杉的贡献率最高,为22.29%,对鱼鳞云杉的贡献率为60.89%。【结论】层次分割分析法能够有效量化气候因子对各树种树轮生长的贡献率,分析结果可为制定该地区应对未来气候变化的经营管理措施提供理论参考。

基于择伐的云冷杉天然林结构动态研究

【目的】探究择伐对林分结构的长期影响,为林分科学经营提供理论依据。【方法】以吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场内的20块云冷杉天然针阔混交林固定样地为研究对象,20块样地分为5组,每组分别设置对照(0%)、弱度(20%)、中度(30%)和重度(40%)4种初始择伐强度(按蓄积量计算)。1986年所有样地初次择伐,1992年第3组样地二次择伐,1994年第1和2组样地二次择伐,1997年第4组样地二次择伐,第5组样地未经历二次择伐,共获取初次择伐后8期(1986-2019年)监测数据。采用Weibull分布密度函数拟合林分直径结构,分析2次择伐对林分非空间结构的动态影响;计算林分角尺度、混交度、胸径大小比数及林分空间结构指数(FSSI)、林分空间结构距离(FSSD),分析不同择伐强度下林分空间结构的动态变化。【结果】①初次择伐后33年(2019年),与期初相比,择伐样地大径级林木增幅大于对照样地,其中中度(30%)和重度(40%)择伐样地大径级林木占比分别增加28和33个百分点,对照样地增加27个百分点。②1986-2019年,第5组样地Weibull分布曲线最高峰位置对应的胸径值整体随时间增加而增大,由8~10 cm(1986年)增加到18~20 cm(2019年);在相同年份,初始择伐强度越大,曲线最高峰对应的胸径值总体越大。③Weibull分布曲线显示,1~4组样地二次择伐后,总体上中、小径阶林木株数频率升高,大径阶林木株数频率降低。④各样地FSSI随时间增加整体呈上升趋势,二次择伐后FSSI进一步上升,初次择伐后33年间,各样地FSSI由55.813~70.426(1986年)增加到64.211~74.194(2019年)。⑤1986-2019年,第5组样地FSSD随时间增加整体呈下降趋势,其中弱度(20%)择伐林分FSSD由57.419降低到49.381,且始终低于其他林分,表明其与其他林分相比拥有更理想的林分空间结构。【结论】通过调控择伐强度可优化调整金沟岭林场云冷杉天然针阔混交林林分结构,择伐强度以20%~30%为宜。

武夷山杉木林丛枝菌根真菌沿海拔的变化特征及其影响因素

丛枝菌根共生体是丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)与宿主植物之间形成的互惠共生形式。共生体中的碳、氮、磷交换和代谢影响着宿主植物和共生真菌之间的营养平衡和资源重新分配,对陆地生态系统植物体的生长发育具有重要作用。本研究以武夷山3个海拔(1400 m,800 m,200 m)杉木人工林为研究对象,分析了不同海拔杉木林根际土壤、杉木特征指标之间的总体差异,以及海拔梯度中主导AMF变化的环境影响因素。结果表明:土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量均随海拔的升高而显著增加;不同海拔杉木林中,AMF特征指标除侵染率不变外,孢子、球囊霉素和菌丝密度均随海拔呈上升趋势。综合主成分分析第一和第二主成分各因子贡献值表明,土壤有机碳、温度、含水率、可溶性有机碳、总氮以及微生物生物量碳是影响AMF变化的重要因素;冗余分析结果进一步表明,可溶性有机碳对AMF影响最大,说明海拔梯度上易利用底物可能是影响杉木AMF特征变化的关键因子。研究结果对于了解和预测AMF如何调控亚热带杉木林生态系统功能及其对气候变化的响应具有重要意义。

立地及密度对杉木林分生长及材种结构的影响

为探讨立地及密度对广西融江流域杉木人工林生长及材种结构的影响,以不同立地条件下的杉木人工林为研究对象开展间伐试验,于林分13年生时进行生长量调查和分析。结果表明:林分树高、胸径、蓄积量、中径材出材率、规格材出材量随地位指数提高而增加,且地位指数级越高时,地位指数提高一级所带来的树高和中径材出材率增幅越大;地位指数越高,大径材形成的时间越早,大径材出材率越高;该林龄阶段(13年生),林木主要分布于14、16、18 cm三个径阶内,且随林分密度减小,≤14 cm径阶林木株数占比减小,≥20 cm径阶林木株数占比增大,小径材出材率减小,中径材出材率增大;随林分密度减小林分蓄积量显著减少,但规格材出材量增加。

杉木林下植物多样性对不同间伐年限的响应

探究间伐对杉木林下植物多样性的动态影响,可为杉木林可持续经营和生态效益评价提供依据。以浙西南杉木林为对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,对间伐1、3、8 a后和未间伐(0 a)的林下植物种类、重要值及多样性进行全面调查与分析。结果表明:间伐0、1、3、8 a后杉木林下植物种类分别有37、48、59、66种,其中不同间伐年限杉木林下共有的植物35种。随着间伐年限的延长,杉木林下植物种类增加速度表现为“先快后慢”的趋势,与0 a相比,间伐1、3、8 a后林下灌木、草本和藤本植物种类分别增加了38.5%~100.0%、27.8%~72.2%、16.7%~66.7%。杉木林下排名前3的灌木、草本和藤本植物的优势种重要值之和随着间伐年限的增加总体呈现降低趋势。未间伐杉木林下没有阳性植物生长,间伐后种类增加到12~13种;中性植物种类随着间伐年限的延长而增加,与0 a相比,间伐3、8 a后分别增加了50.0%和85.0%。杉木林下植物的多样性指数随着间伐年限的延长而增大,灌木、草本植物的优势度指数Simpson、多样性指Shannon-Wiener和丰富度指数Margalef在不同间伐年限间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05),藤本植物的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Margalef表现为间伐3、8 a后显著高于0 a(P<0.05),植物的均匀度指数Pielou在不同间伐年限间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。

间伐对杉木林枯落物和土壤水源涵养能力的动态变化分析

探讨不同间伐年限对杉木林枯落物层和土壤层持水能力的影响,为评估杉木林水源涵养功能对间伐的响应提供科学依据。以浙西南景宁县间伐1年、间伐3年、间伐8年和未间伐的杉木林为对象,采集枯落物与土壤样品,分析测定枯落物含水率、持水能力、土壤容重、非毛孔隙度并计算相关指标。结果表明:杉木林枯落物现存量在不同间伐年限间的差异并不显著(P>0.05);枯落物持水量、持水速率与浸水时间的关系分别符合对数函数和幂函数;间伐8年的杉木林枯落物层的最大持水率、最大拦蓄率和有效拦蓄率均显著高于未间伐林分(P<0.05);间伐3年、间伐8年的杉木林枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均显著高于未间伐林分;间伐8年杉木林地0~10 cm土层土壤容重显著降低(P<0.05),非毛管孔隙度显著增大,非毛管持水量显著增加了22.4%(P<0.05),而对10~30 cm土层土壤储水性能相关指标的影响不显著(P>0.05)。综上,杉木林枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养功能随着间伐年限的延长而增强。

杉木林分密度对套种闽楠树型、光合能力及生物量分配的影响

[目的]通过探讨不同林分密度杉木林下套种闽楠的树型结构、光合作用及生物量分配的适应性变化规律,为杉木近成熟林林分质量精准改造与提升提供科学依据。[方法]选择21年生杉木人工林为研究对象,通过设置375株·hm^(-2)、570株·hm^(-2)、630株·hm^(-2)和810株·hm^(-2)等4个间伐保留密度处理,分别进行林下套种900株·hm^(-2)闽楠形成杉阔复层林,测定分析林下套种5 a后闽楠冠型、侧枝长度、分枝角、叶片形态、叶绿素荧光参数、SPAD值,以及侧枝、茎干和叶片不同器官生物量等主要适应性生长指标的差异,探讨林分密度对林下套种闽楠树冠形态特性、光合能力及生物量分配的影响规律。[结果]低林分密度(375株·hm^(-2)和570株·hm^(-2))杉木下套种的闽楠2级侧枝长、1级和2级侧枝密度大于810株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理。闽楠叶片的叶面积、比叶面积表现出随着杉木林分密度增加而增加,其中,杉木林分密度375株·hm^(-2)的叶面积、比叶面积显著小于杉木林分密度810株·hm^(-2),相差80.97 cm^(2)和10.43 cm^(2)·g-1;810株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理下,闽楠叶片的叶绿素荧光参数和SPAD值均高于375株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理。低林分密度下(375株·hm^(-2)和570株·hm^(-2))套种的闽楠下层树冠叶片、总叶片生物量、以及侧枝和茎干生物量均显著大于810株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理(p<0.05)。375株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理下,闽楠通过增加株高,促进侧枝生物量积累;810株·hm^(-2)林分密度处理下,闽楠减少对株高的投资,从而增加叶片生物量的积累。[结论]在低林分密度(375株·hm^(-2)和570株·hm^(-2))下,林下光照充足有利于闽楠生物量积累,侧枝生长,其生长状况较好;在高林分密度下(630株·hm^(-2)和810株·hm^(-2)),闽楠可通过促使叶片长度变长,增大叶片比叶面积,增加叶片SPAD值,提高光合电子传递速率和光能捕获效率等变化来增强光捕获能力,从而适应光照资源不足的生存环境。

不同林分密度对杉木生长的影响

林分密度的研究在人工林集约化发展的进程中是非常重要的。本文调查了黟县洪星山场的3种杉木人工林,其林分密度分别为8 m×8 m、6 m×6 m、5 m×5 m,在10余年连续跟踪监测的基础上,研究了不同密度杉木人工林对其林木生长的影响,研究结果如下:(1)3种林分密度对杉木树高的生长差异不明显,但是不同的林分密度对胸径、冠幅、枝下高、材积和蓄积量的生长均具有显著差异。(2)在密度为8 m×8 m时杉木的胸径为24.61 cm,冠幅为7.87 m,枝下高为5.68 m,单株材积为0.3401 m^(3),此时杉木的生长状况最好,最利于培育杉木大径材。(3)在密度为5 m×5 m时杉木的单位面积蓄积量为102.9 m^(3),单位面积净增蓄积量也最大为18.61 m^(3),即随着林分密度的增加,单位面积蓄积量也在不断增加,且差异显著。

杉木幼龄林生长的良种与初植密度互作效应研究

[目的]探讨杉木不同良种和初植密度对其幼龄期生长的影响及互作效应,旨在揭示杉木受不同世代种子园良种和初植密度的影响规律,为杉木良种与初植密度的优化配置提供理论依据。[方法]以2012年春在福建省邵武市卫闽国有林场营造的杉木良种和密度互作试验林为研究对象,基于11 a定位观测数据资料,分析2个世代杉木种子园良种(1代和3代)和4种初植密度(1667、3333、5000以及6667株·hm^(-2))交互控制下的林分生长动态效应。[结果]树高、胸径、冠幅、单株材积与初植密度呈负相关关系,除冠幅外,随林龄增长,密度负效应增强;蓄积量和断面积与初植密度呈正相关关系,随林龄增长,密度正效应增强。10~11a间,第3世代良种在低、中初植密度(1667和3333株·hm^(-2))条件下的树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积量和断面积均显著高于第1世代良种,且增幅效应更强,此密度条件下,高世代良种的生长优势得到明显发挥,而两个良种的冠幅差异不显著。随初植密度增大,高密度(5000和6667株·hm^(-2))下,不同良种间各生长指标差异均较小。良种对树高相对贡献率的变化起伏较大,但5 a后,良种相对贡献率明显低于初植密度。5a时,良种对胸径和冠幅的相对贡献率达最大,明显大于初植密度,此后,随林龄增长,良种相对贡献率逐年下降,在9 a时达到最低。对于单株材积、蓄积量和断面积,在整个调查期间,良种相对贡献率始终低于初植密度。[结论]为提高早期杉木人工林产量,可适当增大初植密度,由于低、中密度条件下更有利于高世代良种生长增益的发挥,所以,用3代良种造林时,可适当扩大初植密度范围,降低初植密度的下限,密度可下调至3333株·hm^(-2),单位面积产量与5000和6667株·hm^(-2)间不存在显著差异。而用1代良种造林时,5000和6667株·hm^(-2)产量均显著高于1667和3333株·hm^(-2)。

杉木纯林套种阔叶树种后林分空间结构变化及综合评价

为了解杉木纯林林分空间结构变化,本文采用四株木法构建林分空间结构单元,基于福寿林场不同龄组的杉木纯林6个样地的实测数据,将定性与定量分析结合,选取角尺度、混交度、开敞度、大小比数和林层指数等5个林分空间结构指标对幼龄杉木纯林和中龄杉木纯林在套种阔叶树种前后的林分空间结构特征变化进行分析,采取乘除法对林分空间结构各个指标进行评价。根据计算出的林分空间结构评价指数,将林分空间结构划分为5个评价等级;等级越高,则表明林分空间结构越合理,林层越丰富。结果表明:(1)套种阔叶树种前,幼、中龄杉木纯林空间结构指标角尺度分别为0.3687、0.3464,混交度分别为0.1507、0.0627,开敞度分别为0.9778、0.4338,大小比数分别为0.4991、0.5225,林层指数分别为0.2495、0.3414。林分空间结构评价指数分布范围是0.1862~0.3876,1级样地数占样地总数的16%,2级样地数占样地总数的84%。(2)套种阔叶树种后,幼、中龄杉木纯林空间结构指标角尺度分别为0.3289、0.2197,混交度分别为0.3857、0.1629,开敞度分别为1.7182、0.7136,大小比数分别为0.4064、0.4377,林层指数分别为0.3063、0.5123。林分空间结构评价指数数值分布范围是0.5921~0.8573,4级、5级样地数各占样地总数的50%。研究结果可为杉木纯林套种阔叶树种这一林分空间结构优化经营措施的实践提供新的参考依据。