Characterization of Fired Clay Bricks for an Economic Contribution of the Exploitation of Thicky Clay Deposit

Clay materials from Thicky in Thiès district (Senegal) are very abundant and could be used for the production of clay brick for the construction industry in Senegal and the surrounding countries. The geophysical, geotechnical, and thermal studies carried out did lead to a better comprehension of the potential of the area for clay production. It also allowed determining the physical and chemical characteristics of the clays for their use in order to make fired clay bricks. Different types of fired clay brick were produced with Thicky’s clays. The study of the physical, mechanical and thermal parameters of these raw materials and bricks has given very satisfactory results compared to the standards in use. It is noted a good ceramic behavior, and there is no deterioration observed after firing at 900°C until low residual moisture of about 3% (on a dry basis), a smooth texture with a beautiful appearance, a low loss on ignition, a low shrinkage value of less than 1% (dry), moderate water absorption and also good compressive strength. The study of thermal properties on a brick wall by the asymmetric lime plane method gives satisfactory effusivity and thermal conductivity values which are respectively equal to 746.48 J·K-1·m-2·s-1/2 and 0.42 W·m-1·k-1 with a thermal resistance of 0.0028 m2·K·W-1.

Water Related Disaster Management Supported by Drone Applications

Introduction: Climate change causes more articulated weather conditions: at some places experts count with more droughts while at other places with more floods. Even if features of droughts and floods are total different from each other both of them belongs to water related disaster: in case of drought amount of water is below required while in case of flood amount of water is too much. Drought and flood mean end positions of the water amount scale. Other part drones are around us: more and more applications can be seen almost all part of our life. Therefore it is very important to gather examples and finding possibilities to support water related disasters. Method: This article focuses mainly on author’s own practices and experiences using drone however practices and experiences made by others were also adapted to the results of the study as well as the examples wrote in the relevant literatures. Results: On the time scale there are three different options for using drone to support water related disaster management. Before floods drone can take river bed surveys as a kind of preventive application. During flood drone can support decision makers with the “eagle eye” view of the flooded area providing objective and relevant information. After disaster experts can use drones for mapping or remapping the affected area for making quick assessment about damages caused by the flood. In case of forest fire we can also use the above approach however in this article the flood examples of drone applications are dominated.

森林火灾中使用细水雾进行灭火仿真方法研究

森林火灾作为一种极具危害性的自然灾害,其发生和蔓延过程通常受到气候、地形、植被、可燃物等多种复杂因素的影响,导致很难准确地对森林火灾的蔓延与灭火过程进行仿真。对森林火灾的蔓延和细水雾灭火过程进行物理建模,蔓延模型采用树形模块结构来模拟树木燃烧的热解反应,并考虑了温度、风场、质量损失率等因素对树木燃烧蔓延的影响。在使用细水雾进行灭火仿真实验时,重点关注细水雾穿透火焰区域形成水膜以及水分蒸发导致的灭火作用,从而阻止森林火灾的蔓延,成功实现了交互灭火的仿真平台,可以让用户沉浸式地体验森林火灾的蔓延过程,并通过水枪、消防车和无人机进行细水雾灭火仿真实验。该研究成果对消防仿真领域方面的应用具有重要意义。

水喷雾对隧道遮挡火灭火性能及顶棚温度的影响

水喷雾系统作为一种有效的火灾扑救设施,被广泛应用于隧道等场所中。本研究基于1:8的缩尺寸双层隧道火灾试验平台(36 m长、单层隧道净高0.58 m),在该模型的下层隧道空间内开展了水喷雾试验,探究了水喷雾系统工作压力、开启时间、喷淋区段和开启组数等因素对火灾控制效果的影响。研究结果表明,水雾与火焰作用过程中火焰强化和燃烧抑制作用共同存在,燃烧抑制作用随着水喷雾压力的增加而增强,喷水压强超过0.30 MPa后燃烧抑制起主导作用;火源熄灭时间随着水喷雾区段的增加而缩短;越早启动水喷雾系统,越能迅速有效地将火场温度控制在较低水平,较晚开启水喷雾,高温汽化产生大量水蒸气,对燃烧产生阻隔作用,减弱火势的增长,同时水喷雾区段作用范围对隧道火灾烟气温度分布具有显著影响。

铁尾矿废石免烧透水砖制备及性能研究

以铁尾矿废石、水泥和铁尾矿粉为原材料,静压成型制备铁尾矿废石免烧透水砖,研究了成型压力、保压时间、养护时间、水胶比、孔隙率对透水砖抗压强度、透水系数的影响,通过SEM分析样品的微观形貌。结果表明:配合比设计参数为设计孔隙率20%,水泥10%,铁尾矿粉10%,铁尾矿废石80%,水胶比0.4,减水剂掺量为1.5%;透水砖的最佳工艺条件为成型压力8 MPa,保压时间50 s,标准养护28 d,在此条件下制得的透水砖抗压强度为10.4 MPa,透水系数为2.24×10^(-2) cm/s。

重庆大剧院消防给水设计与问题处理对策

简单介绍了重庆大剧院的建筑概况和消防给水,说明了其消防给水系统,并总结了消防给水设计的特点。重庆大剧院的消防给水设计体现安全可靠、技术先进、经济适用、环境保护。针对重庆大剧院在舞台水灭火系统设计需要、观众厅水灭火系统的选择、室内消防给水管网的设计等主要问题进行了分析研究,并提出了处理对策和技术措施。重点分析了舞台雨淋的控制划分、台口水幕管道布置、水力报警阀前管道的优化设计。

隧道火灾中细水雾降温消烟数值模拟研究

细水雾系统因其良好的控烟作用在隧道火灾中得到广泛应用。基于气溶胶动力学机理提出细水雾降温消烟数值模型,通过模拟狭长通道细水雾阻烟实验验证其有效性。为探究细水雾粒径、雾化锥角、细水雾与排烟口间距对降温消烟效果的影响规律,进一步采用该模型开展细水雾系统在大尺度隧道火灾中降温消烟效果研究。研究表明:细水雾液滴粒径越小,降温消烟效果越好,且消烟效率与粒径成反比,但当粒径小于100μm时,因液滴蒸发导致消烟效率有所降低;雾化锥角在60°时消烟效果最好,雾化锥角增大或减小都会降低细水雾系统的消烟效果;当细水雾系统与排烟系统间距较小时,由于细水雾液滴会被排烟系统抽出,导致消烟效果减弱,因此两者间距越大,消烟效果越好。

中国燃煤发电水足迹时空特征研究

中国燃煤发电行业需要消耗大量水资源。基于生命周期方法,建立了中国燃煤发电水足迹评估模型。该模型包括煤炭开采、煤炭加工、煤炭运输、燃煤发电和电力输送五个阶段,水足迹不仅考虑了直接水足迹,还有间接水足迹。基于该模型,定量分析了2000—2020年中国燃煤发电整个生命周期的用水量和废水排放对环境的影响,中国各省份燃煤发电的水足迹以及跨省煤电运输所产生的虚拟水的时空变化特征。结果显示:从时间上看,2000—2020年,中国燃煤发电总水足迹逐年上升,从160亿立方米增加到661亿立方米。单位水足迹处于先上升后下降的趋势,2015年达到最大值15.6 m3/MW·h。期间,灰水足迹占比较大,为76%~83%。整个生命周期中,间接水足迹占总水足迹的36%~45%。从空间上看,2020年,内蒙古、安徽、宁夏、陕西和新疆是主要虚拟水输出省份,而内蒙古、山西、山东和新疆是2000—2020年水足迹增长最多的省份。研究结果以期为我国煤炭和水资源高效利用以及水环境管理提供重要借鉴。

吴作君从气血水火辨治多囊卵巢综合征致不孕症经验

吴作君认为多囊卵巢综合征发病与气血水火关系失衡,脏腑功能失调相关,与肾、肝、脾关系密切。治疗上,从肾调水火,育卵促排;从肝脾调气血,养膜助孕。在针对多囊卵巢综合征合并症治疗上,以活化清疏为总则,认为活即理血,化即治水,清即平火,疏即调气,将利湿祛浊、滋阴清热、疏肝行气、益气活血、温阳化痰等治法综合应用于合并症治疗中。并结合临床验案对吴作君治疗多囊卵巢综合征致不孕症的诊疗思路及用药经验进行介绍。

红松人工林地表火排放PM_(2.5)及其水溶性碳特征

【目的】研究火干扰对野火排放PM_(2.5)质量浓度的影响,并了解野火排放PM_(2.5)参与大气碳循环的潜在能力,探究了火环境条件、火行为因素对野火排放PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其水溶性碳的影响,可为揭示野火干扰—野火排放颗粒物—大气环境之间的多过程相互反馈关系提供科学依据,对进一步量化野火对大气环境的影响有重要意义。【方法】本研究以红松人工林地表可燃物为实验材料,通过开展不同载量,含水率,坡度预设条件的模拟燃烧实验,量化火焰高度、火焰长度、火焰深度、燃烧效率等火行为和火环境因素对PM_(2.5)、水溶性碳的影响。通过单因素方差分析、多因素方差分析、相关分析、随机森林回归重要性排序等方法分析火环境对火行为的影响,火环境、火行为对PM_(2.5)、水溶性碳质量浓度的影响。【结果】可燃物载量极显著影响PM_(2.5)、水溶性碳质量浓度(P<0.01),可燃物含水率显著影响水溶性碳质量浓度(P<0.05),但对PM_(2.5)质量浓度未产生显著影响(P>0.05),坡度对PM_(2.5)、水溶性碳质量浓度均未产生显著影响(P>0.05);可燃物载量与火行为呈显著正相关(P<0.05),可燃物含水率与火行为呈显著负相关(P<0.05),坡度仅显著影响火焰深度(P<0.05);通过随机森林回归分析,对PM_(2.5)质量浓度影响较高的有火焰高度(39.12)、床层厚度(36.27)、火焰深度(35.01)、火焰长度(30.76),对水溶性碳质量浓度影响较高的有床层厚度(40.05)、火焰高度(31.98)、火焰长度(31.06)。【结论】红松人工林地表可燃物燃烧排放的PM_(2.5)及水溶性碳质量浓度特征显著地受到火行为的直接影响和火环境的间接影响。火环境能间接影响野火排放PM_(2.5)质量浓度和水溶性碳。火干扰可以通过影响野火排放PM_(2.5)质量浓度和水溶性碳对野火区域及其周边地区的生态环境造成持续性影响。

Analysis of Water Mist Suppression with Foam Additive in Wind Generator

The study adopted a 20-foot long container to simulate the situation inside a turbine cabin. Water mist sprays were installed internally and used to perform fire extinguishing tests. Under these different scenarios, several operating factors were adjusted with the results of each adjustment subsequently measured. The operating factors studied included： operating pressures, foam concentrations, cabin opening issues, and obstacles. Each of the factors was compared with the others so as to find out which combinations would be most suitable for a water mist spray system installed inside a wind turbine cabin. The presence of obstructions hinders the direct impact of the mist spray on the fire source and in average an additional 2 to 3 minutes is required to put out the fire. This study found that the effect of the foam-water ratio is linear. Regardless of the scenario, the optimum mixture ratio is 3%. The line graph shows that the most unsuitable aqueous film-forming mixture ratio is 6%. This experiment found that the main fire extinguishing mechanism of water mist spray is the cooling of a large area via water droplets. This system is very effective in bringing down the temperature. The addition of foam in water mist spray, however, impaired the effectiveness of the cooling effect although the fire control mechanism via emulsification markedly reduced the time required to put out the fire. The increase in foam magnification will considerably enhance the fire extinguishing efficiency.

大型钢铁冶金企业焦化工程消防给水设计若干问题探讨

现代大型钢铁冶金企业焦化工程主要由备煤系统、炼焦设施、干熄焦设施、焦处理系统、煤气净化系统等生产设施和辅助生产设施组成,在生产过程中使用的原料、燃料及其贮存、输送、生产多为可燃、易燃、易爆物,发生火灾的可能性和发生火灾后的破坏性大,消防给水系统是焦化工程消防设计的重要环节,尤其应受重视。对焦化工程消防给水系统的若干实际问题进行探讨,并提出一些建议和看法,有助于优化焦化工程消防给水设计。

Double Fire-Two Stage Method and Parameter Calculation of Underground Coal Gasification

The double fire two stage method of underground coal gasification was suggested. On the basis of material balance, the ideal gasification parameters were calculated, and the field test process was briefly introduced. In addition, the cause for a middle to a high heat value of water gas was described. And the reasonableness and feasiblity of the method was proved, showing that the double fire two stage gasification is an important technique for commercialized production.

基于传感器技术和水封效应协同的VOCs废气处理系统火灾监测及阻隔装置设计

为了预防和控制有机废气处理设施在运行过程中发生火灾事故,研究设计并制作了一种基于传感器技术和水封效应协同的VOCs废气处理系统火灾监测及阻隔装置。通过多种类型的传感器实时监测关键设备状态参数,早期发现火灾隐患,利用水喷淋阻火装置有效切断火焰在VOCs废气处理系统各区域及生产车间之间的传播路径,依靠逻辑控制程序实现各设备之间的安全联锁,保障VOCs废气处理系统的稳定运行,对当前企业废气处理设施的安全生产研究与探索具有一定的现实价值和意义。

An experimental and numerical approach-characterisation of power cartridge for water-jet application

Power Cartridges are pyrotechnic devices where hot combustion gases utilized to do mechanical work for disruption of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs). It plays a vital role either in destroying the suspicious object or making them non-functional by generating the gas pressure on burning of propellant against the water column inside the barrel, Present work is focused on characterisation,numerical solution such as deformation; strain; stress using FEM(Finite Element Method), design qualification, performance and evaluation of power cartridge for disruptor application. Experimental trials for pressure-time(P-t) measurement in closed vessel(CV), various electrical parameters like all fire current(AFC), no fire current(NFC) and ignition delay have been measured. Further, mechanical properties for brass material have been determined. An attempt has been made to characterise the power cartridge by FEM and carrying out the experiments for water-jet application.

基于“阴阳水火”论心力衰竭合并失眠中医病机及治疗思路

失眠是心力衰竭患者常见伴发症状,且常可相互为患。作者基于“阴阳水火”理论,提出该病以阴阳疲怠为启病之本、阴阳失和为变病之著、阴阳失济为助病之澜、阴阳待决为重病之末。临证时应以“恢复人体阴阳水火”为本,初以气血同调,尤重参芪之用;病进为虚火燔灼时,每予寒热并用、阴中求阳,并配肉桂引火归元、黄连驱火下交于肾,但应注意中病即止,勿削元气;待病以阴水肆虐为患,则应于阳中求阴,以姜附与熟地黄、山药、麦冬等阴药相配,且不可妄用峻下逐水之法。此外,治病之时还应遵从四时阴阳节律、掌握病情顺逆规律,如夏时重于利水,冬时重于温补,阴水泛溢之时避免刺络、点滴等,通过尽早纠正阴阳失衡之势以阻止病进。从“阴阳水火”切入重新审度心力衰竭合并失眠之因机证治,可化繁为简,返璞归真。

天然气管廊导管辅助泄爆装置的研究

为解决天然气管廊发生爆炸后超压以及泄放后地表二次灾害问题,研发一种天然气管廊导管辅助泄爆装置。首先介绍天然气管廊结构特点,确定使用泄爆技术缓解内部超压;然后基于侧向泄爆和水封阻火原理,设计可以实现多级缓冲和无焰排放功能泄爆装置;最后通过有限元对比分析直接泄爆、侧向泄爆以及无泄爆口3种方式下天然气管廊受力情况。结果表明:侧向泄爆与无泄爆口受力分布范围较广,而直接泄爆应力集中于泄爆口附近,且应力值较大。因此,在实现泄压功能同时,侧向泄爆对天然气管廊结构保护远高于直接泄爆,从而体现泄爆装置结构设计的优势。

南京定淮门长江隧道新增自动灭火系统设计探讨

南京定淮门长江隧道为国内已通车的最长水下双管双层盾构隧道,鉴于定淮门长江隧道内现状无自动灭火系统,从隧道运营安全及防灾救援的角度考虑,拟在隧道内增设自动灭火系统。通过对国内水下隧道自动灭火系统设计的研究现状进行分析后,对隧道新增泡沫/水喷雾系统设计的重难点进行了分析,详细介绍了其针对性的设计解决方案及系统中的重要设备设施,包括:隧道专用泡沫喷头的选型、隧道泡沫/水喷雾系统分区设计、新增消防泵房及消防水池选址、消防管道设置、水力计算、系统控制要求及运行控制系统的设计等,总结了设计中的创新点并进行了展望。

森林火烧迹地林下植物多样性与土壤理化性质变化格局

为探究森林火烧迹地中的植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化规律,试验选取广东西江烂柯山省级自然保护区和肇庆市国有北岭山林场内不同火烧恢复年限(2.5~16.0年)的样地和未被火烧过的森林公园(对照样地)样地进行调查和研究,详细记录样方内林下植物种类名称、数量和覆盖度等,并计算植物多样性指数。同时,测定了表层土壤(0~10 cm)的理化性质,大团聚体湿筛和微团聚体粒径质量分布。结果表明,(1)火烧后,林下植物种类、数量,Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数都低于对照样地。火烧后的样地林下植被种类、数量、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和枯落物厚度随恢复时间变长总体表现出先增加后减少的趋势。而Margalef丰富度指数和Fish-er′sα指数都呈现总体增加的趋势;所测的对植物生长有主要影响的土壤理化性质多与植物的Simpson优势度指数和生境Fisher′sα指数呈正相关,而与其他多样性指数负相关。(2)随着火烧样地恢复年限的增加,土壤pH值、全钾、全磷和有效磷含量都总体上呈现出先升高再下降的趋势,而速效钾、全氮、水解氮含量、阳离子交换量都呈现先降低后升高的趋势。(3)随着火烧后恢复年限的增加,湿筛后土壤水稳性大团聚体粒径>0.50 mm和≤0.25 mm粒径百分比呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,火烧有助于短期提高表层土壤的大团聚体含量和稳定性。火烧后微团聚体≤0.25 mm的5个粒径级别,其百分比随恢复时间的延长都有先降低后升高的趋势,火烧后短期的生态恢复增强了微团聚体的稳定性和抗侵蚀能力。

核电厂消防水管道的腐蚀与防护研究

针对核电厂消防水管道的腐蚀问题,系统地分析了核电厂消防水系统的组成、运行情况、水质特点等,综述了核电厂消防水管道常见的均匀腐蚀、腐蚀瘤、空泡腐蚀等问题,并阐述了消防水管道腐蚀造成的阀门卡涩、喷淋头堵塞等问题。此外,从消防水系统水质改善、管道材料替换、管道内壁吹扫、定期试验工艺优化等方面,介绍了消防水管道的防护方法,以期为核电厂消防水管道防腐蚀管理提供指导和借鉴。