Institutionalization of Surveillance in Nigeria, a Benchmarking of the Brazilian Fiscal Responsibility Act

Nigeria ranks among the countries with the highest fiscal indiscipline in the globe regardless of the parameters used. The country has also a weak tax collection system which results in tax evasion, and there is insignificant revenue, thus making the state and the municipalities dependent on federal allocations. The current study objectifies to propose the enactment of the Fiscal Responsibility Act （FRA） for the Nigerian Public Administration based on the frameworks implemented in Brazil. As a glance, the basic arithmetic that guides the Act is spending must equal revenue. The study is anchored on the premise that the FRA brings innumerable benefits to the populace by stabilizing public spending and paving way for a consistent budgetary forecast and its compliance thereby contributing to uphold transparency. Methodologically wise, the study adopts a case study approach and also used the interpretative style in order to strive on the action needed, which tends to be interventionist. Upon analysis of the secondary documents at our disposal, we conclude that control tools such as the SIAFEM system which is the backbone of FRA will be an essential artifact to institutionalize surveillance and also assist the Nigerian government in curtailing spending and also orientate accountability at all levels be it federal, state or municipal.

Considerations About Municipal Government Finance in the State of the Espirito Santo： 2001/2009

Fiscal decentralization in Brazil has promoted a break in the national collection system and granted greater autonomy to states and municipalities against the federal government with regard to fundraising. The theoretical difference emerged, when one observes the greatest proliferation of local entities from the autonomy granted by the Federal Constitution （FC） from 1988 to the various levels of government, many of which almost totally depend on inter-governmental transfers. There are those who advocate the strengthening of public actions from observing the problems of small units （municipalities） and who will now have greater decision-making freedom. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the public finances of municipalities in the core theoretical （all people born in Espirito Santo） state guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Law （FRL） and fiscal decentralization in the country. For this purpose, they were taken as the time frame 2001 and 2009. Methodologically, this paper used a literature review, as well as data from the National Treasury Secretariat （STN）. In addition, authors took as a tool to help multiple regression models to strengthen the results. The principal evidence shows that, even with a slight improvement in the framework of indicators of revenue, these municipalities have proved essentially dependent on resources from the Union. Additionally, the results show a relative reduction of spending on items, such as staff costs and legislation in one year to another. In parallel, there were greater participation of the variables, costs of health and sanitation, education and culture, among others, to explain the variation of the expenditure of municipalities in Espirito Santo in the years observed. The data fit well to the model with a significance level of 1%.

Study on Path to Alleviate Fiscal Pressure from Pension Insurance Fund:Background to the Implementation of the National Pooling System Based on Inter-Regional Fund Surplus and Deficit Adjustment

In January 2022,China introduced a national pooling system for pension insurance fund,With the objective of inter-regional fund surplus and deficit adjustment.With the ongoing trend of population aging,can the national pooling and adjustment system operate sustainably?What level of fiscal obligations does it entail?This is related to the long-term stability of pension insurance fund and the whole social security system.This paper employs econometric and actuarial models to assess the sustainability of the national pooling and adjustment system under five scenarios:(1)not introducing any policy interventions;(2)implementing parameter reforms such as expanding pension insurance coverage,progressively extending retirement age,and enhancing collection rates;(3)transferring state-owned capital from central state-owned enterprises to strengthen the social security fund;(4)transitioning the national pooling and adjustment system from turning over current surplus to accumulated surplus;and(5)implementing all parameter reforms,transferring state-owned capital,and turning over accumulated surpluses.The results suggest that a coordinated implementation of reform measures like pension insurance parameter adjustments,reallocation of state-owned capital to enhance social security funds,and leveraging the national pooling and adjustment system for turning over accumulated surplus can ensure the sustainability of the system and significantly alleviatefiscalpressures.