Political Economy of Fishing Villages： A Case Study in the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

The Tonle Sap Lake is home to three types of communities： land-based, water-based and land-water based communities, whose livelihoods are dependent on Lake＇s resources. This paper examines how fishing communities in the Tonic Sap Lake make their living in the context of declined resources, increased competition between fishers, the resources politics and the increased trades around the Lake. The paper concludes that in the old day, communities around the lake were related to one another through bartering rice and fish. However, at present, as resources declining, these communities compete over resources, and in doing so, they build relationship and connection with powerful elites including officials, fish traders and the fishing operators, who could protect them in fishing. As a consequence, fishers are trapped in the webs of vicious cycle of poverty, conflicts, corruption and patronage system and exploited and sucked in these webs.

Characterizing Potential Fishing Zone of Skipjack Tuna during the Southeast Monsoon in the Bone Bay-Flores Sea Using Remotely Sensed Oceanographic Data

Potential fishing zones for skipjack tuna in the Bone Bay-Flores Sea were investigated from satellite-based oceanography and catch data, using a linear model (generalized linear model) constructed from generalized additive models and geographic information systems. Monthly mean remotely sensed sea surface temperature and surface chlorophyll-a concentration during the southeast monsoon (April-August) were used for the year 2012. The best generalized additive model was selected to assess the effect of marine environment variables (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration) on skipjack tuna abundance (catch per unit effort). Then, the appropriate linear model was constructed from the functional relationship of the generalized additive model for generating a robust predictive model. Model selection process for the generalized additive model was based on significance of model terms, decrease in residual deviance, and increase in cumulative variance explained, whereas the model selection for the linear model was based on decrease in residual deviance, reduction in Akaike’s Information Criterion, increasing cumulative variance explained and significance of model terms. The best model was selected to predict skipjack tuna abundance and their spatial distribution patterns over entire study area. A simple linear model was used to verify the predicted values. Results indicated that the distribution pattern of potential fishing zones for skipjack during the southeast monsoon were well characterized by sea surface temperatures ranging from 28.5℃ to 30.5 ℃ and chlorophyll-a ranging from 0.10 to 0.20 mg·m-3. Predicted highest catch per unit efforts were significantly consistent with the fishing data (P 2 = 0.8), suggesting that the oceanographic indicators may correspond well with the potential feeding ground for skipjack tuna. This good feeding opportunity for skipjack was driven the dynamics of upwelling operating within study area which are capable of creating a highly potential fishing zone during the southeast monsoon.

Peritonitis with small bowel perforation caused by a fish bone in a healthy patient

Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract by ingested foreign bodies is extremely rare in otherwise healthy patients, accounting for < 1% of cases. Accidentally ingested foreign bodies could cause small bowel perforation through a hernia sac, Meckel’s diverticulum, or the appendix, all of which are uncommon. Despite their sharp ends and elongated shape, bowel perforation caused by ingested fish bones is rarely reported, particularly in patients without intestinal disease. We report a case of 57-year-old female who visited the emergency room with periumbilical pain and no history of underlying intestinal disease or intra-abdominal surgery. Abdominal computed tomography and exploratory laparotomy revealed a small bowel micro-perforation with a 2.7-cm fish bone penetrating the jejunal wall.

Unexplained abdominal pain due to a fish bone penetrating the gastric antrum and migrating into the neck of the pancreas: A case report

BACKGROUND Ingestion of foreign bodies results in gastrointestinal perforation in approximately 1% of patients,and fish bones are the objects that most commonly lead to bowel perforation. When it does occur,the terminal ileum is the most common site of perforation,followed by the duodenal C-loop. However,involvement of the pancreas is very rare. Because clinical symptoms are nonspecific and gastrointestinal perforation may present as only odynophagia or abdominal pain,a definite preoperative diagnosis and clinical intervention may be delayed.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 32-year-old man who presented to our hospital because of abdominal pain that had worsened over 5 d. He had no significant past history except that he had eaten fish 1 wk previously. Upper endoscopy revealed an irregular submucosal tumor on the front wall of the gastric antrum. Endoscopic ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a fish bone penetrating the gastric antrum and migratingin to the neck of the pancreas. The patient underwent laparoscopic surgery and had no complications one week after the operation.CONCLUSION A recent history of foreign body ingestion and imaging examinations are helpful for diagnosis of unexplained abdominal pain caused by foreign bodies.

Fish bone-induced myocardial injury leading to a misdiagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: A case report

BACKGROUND Acute chest pain(ACP)is very common among patients presenting to emergency departments.Nevertheless,ACP caused by esophageal foreign body is relatively rarely reported.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old man suffering from chest pain(increased pain for the last 9 h)was admitted to our hospital on October 25,2015.After undergoing physical examination and laboratory blood testing,he was diagnosed with acute anterior myocardial infarction.Consequently,the patient underwent emergency percutaneous coronary angiography;however,no myocardial infarction signs were observed.Later on,the patient experienced respiration failure and therefore was transferred to intensive care unit.Cardiac ultrasound showed pericardial effusion,which was considered as the cause of shock.He then underwent pericardium puncture drainage and the circulation temporarily improved.Nevertheless,persistent pericardial bleeding,unclear bleeding causes,and clot formation induced poor drainage led to worsening of cardiac tamponade symptoms.Consequently,the patient underwent emergency exploratory thoracotomy,which revealed a fish bone causing pericardial bleeding.The bone was removed,and the damaged blood vessels were mended.Eventually,the patient was discharged in good clinical condition.CONCLUSION For patients with chest pain,it is necessary to consider the possibility of foreign body in the esophagus or even in the heart.Careful history taking and the corresponding inspection can help to avoid unnecessary damage and safeguard patients from unnecessary pain.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the replacement of fish meal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of Litopenaeus vannamei. The basal diets were formulated with 22% fish meal and other ingredients which provided about 40% protein and 9% lipid in the diet. The experimental diets included MBM or PBM to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of total fish meal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric in gross terms. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-60% fish meal had been replaced with MBM, while the percent weight gain (WG, %), body length gain (BLG, %) and ADC significantly decreased when the MBM was up to 80% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among all the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-80% fish meal had been replaced with PBM.

Fish bone migration to the urinary bladder after rectosigmoid colon perforation

Fish bones are the most common foreign objects leading to bowel perforation.Most cases are confined to the extraluminal space without penetration of an adjacent organ.However,abscess formation due to the perforation of the rectosigmoid colon by a fish bone can lead to the penetration of the urinary bladder and may subsequently cause the fish bone to migrate into the urinary bladder.In the presented case,a 42-yearold female was admitted for lower abdominal pain.The computed tomography(CT)demonstrated a 5cm pelvic abscess containing a thin and curvilinear foreign body.After conservative management,the patient was discharged.After 1 mo,the subject developed a mechanical ileus.Surgery had to be delayed due to her hyperthyroidism.Migration of the foreign body to the urinary bladder was shown on additional CT.A Yellowish fish bone 3.5 cm in size was removed through intraoperative cystoscopy.The patient was discharged 8 d after the operation without any unexpected event.

Small-bowel perforation caused by fish bone

A diagnosis of small-bowel perforation, caused by a sharp or pointed foreign body, is rarely made preoperatively because the clinical symptoms are usually nonspecific and can mimic other surgical conditions, such as appendicitis and diverticulitis. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman who experienced severe pain in the right iliac fossa and fever for about five days before arrival at our hospital. The presumptive diagnosis was acute purulent appendicitis and an emergency appendectomy was planned. Swelling and erythema were noted in a segment of the small bowel in the lower right abdomen. A tiny pointed object was found penetrating the inflamed portion of the bowel, which proved to be a sharp fish bone (gray snapper). The bone was removed, followed by segmental resection of the terminal ileum and ascending colon. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

Rare case of omentum-wrapped abscess caused by a fish bone penetrating the terminal ileum

Accidentally ingested foreign bodies, for the most part, pass through the gastrointestinal tract, but can cause several complications. Perforation is rare, but can occur in any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal perforations due to foreign bodies are rarely diagnosed preoperatively as clinical symptoms are non-specific and they can mimic other abdominal conditions. We describe a case of a 48-year-old patient who was admitted to the emergency room because of severe abdominal pain of 5 d duration. A computed tomography scan showed an undefined liquid collection involving a linear image 35 mm in size, suggestive of a foreign body. On laparotomy, an abscess containing a fish bone was resected. As fish bone ingestion is usually not remembered by the patient, the diagnosis can be delayed. The preoperative diagnosis is frequently acute abdomen of unknown cause. A low threshold of suspicion along with a good clinical history and radiologicalstudies are extremely important in order to make a correct diagnosis.

Appendicitis-mimicking presentation in fishbone induced microperforation of the distal duodenum:A case report

BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal fishbone microperforations are rare and not commonly reported in medical literature.Despite the increasing use of computer tomography(CT)imaging and the employment of the Alvardo criteria,misdiagnosis of acute appendicitis can still occur.We report the rare case of an elderly Chinese gentleman who had a fish-bone induced microperforation of the duodenum that closely mimicked the symptoms of acute appendicitis.CASE SUMMARY This 79-year-old man presented with migratory lower abdominal pain that localized at his periumbilical region and right lower quadrant.He had associated pyrexia,general malaise and was noted to have an elevated white cell count.CT investigations initially revealed a distended appendix which was resected laparoscopically but showed no obvious signs of gross inflammation.The patient then deteriorated clinically and had increased oxygen requirements immediately after the surgery.This prompted further investigations.A further review of his CT scan revealed a fine fishbone microperforation in the distal duodenum associated with retroperitoneal abscess formation and seepage extending into the right lower quadrant.He was then started on broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics and subsequently underwent a laparotomy 12 h later to manage the obscure aetiology and to drain the abscess.The post-operative course was uneventful and he was discharged 11 d later including a 2-d stay in the intensive care unit.CONCLUSION This case offers an insight into a potential mimic of acute appendicitis and the diagnostic difficulties experienced in such presentations.

Medical treatment for a fish bone-induced ileal micro-perforation:A case report

Ingested fish bone induced intestinal perforations are seldom diagnosed preoperatively due to incomplete patient history taking and difficulties in image evidence identification.Most literature suggests early surgical intervention to prevent sepsis and complications resulting from fish bone migrations.We report the case of a 44-year-old man suffered from acute abdomen induced by a fish bone micro-perforation.The diagnosis was supported by computed tomography(CT) imaging of fish bone lodged in distal ileum and a history of fish ingestion recalled by the patient.Medical treatment was elected to manage the patient's condition instead of surgical intervention.The treatment resulted in a complete resolution of abdominal pain on hospital day number 4 without complication.Factors affecting clinical treatment decisions include the nature of microperforation,the patient's good overall health condition,and the early diagnosis before sepsis signs develop.Micro-perforation means the puncture of intestine wall without CT evidence of free air,purulent peritoneum or abscess.We subsequently reviewed the literature to support our decision to pursue medical instead of surgical intervention.

Valorization of a Good Bioceramic from Moroccan Waste Fish Bone by a Heat Treatment Method

A tricalcium phosphate(TCP)material was produced from sardine and mackerel waste using a heat treatment method after a Soxhlet extraction to obtain the non-soluble portion of fish waste.The bones were annealed at temperatures between 400℃ and 1200℃.The thermal analysis(TG-DTA)was carried out to investigate the thermal stability of TCP and to confirm the removal of organic matter from the raw fish.The calcined bones were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).The calcium to phosphorous weight ratio was determined by ICP-AES.FT-IR and XRD confirmed the similarities to syntheticβ-TCP(JCPDS-09-169),FE-SEM results revealed the formation of nanostructured TCP.These results suggest that varying the isolation temperature between 600-1200℃ has tremendous impact on the production of TCP from fish bone waste with the required properties.

Laparoscopic treatment of pyogenic liver abscess caused by fishbone puncture through the stomach wall and into the liver:A case report

BACKGROUND Pyogenic liver abscess(PLA)due to foreign body penetration of the gastrointestinal tract is rare but can lead to serious consequences if not diagnosed and managed properly.We report a case of PLA caused by a fishbone puncture.CASE SUMMARY This report describes the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of a 56-yearold male patient who presented with severe pneumonia,acute respiratory failure and septic shock.The main clinical manifestation was a nonspecific recurrent infection.Based on the findings of abdominal computed tomography examination and the detailed medical history,the diagnosis was made as PLA which was caused by fishbone puncture through the stomach wall and into the liver.After active anti-inflammatory treatment,the patient’s general condition had improved.The laparoscopic drainage of the liver abscess and the foreign body removal was performed.There was no recurrence of abscess at discharge or during follow-up and the patient’s general condition was satisfactory.CONCLUSION PLA caused by foreign bodies usually requires surgical treatment or percutaneous drainage combined with antibiotics.Our case confirms that a laparoscopic approach is safe and feasible for such cases.

A Rare Case of Fish Bone Penetrating Injury to Radius Causing Osteitis and Non-Healing Sinus

Penetrating injury to radius or any other bone by fish bone is a rare kind of injury. Commonly metallic sharp objects, bullets, sharpnels, glass particles, hard wooden pieces are the causes of penetrating injury to bones. Radio-opaque objects are easy to detect and thus retrieval is relatively simpler than the radiolucent objects. Non-biological foreign bodies do not incite any reaction in the host bone whereas biological foreign bodies of either plant or animal origin cause hypersensitivity reaction. Osteitis along with excessive formation of new bones may be presented as a part of host reaction to the foreign body. We are presenting here an interesting case of a fisherman boy who sustained penetrating injury to radius by fish bone resulting in osteitis and a chronic non-healing sinus with watery discharge.

The Utility of Diagnostic Imaging in Fish Bone Impaction

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to obtain an Australian perspective on evaluating the utility of plain film radiography and computed tomography (CT) to rule out fish bone impaction in the upper aerodigestive tract in the emergency department (ED) setting. Methods: A retrospective multicentre cohort study was conducted. A total of 73 patients met the inclusion criteria. A subgroup of patients underwent CT. We studied the sensitivity and specificity of x-ray and CT along with other demographic variables to determine the likelihood of true fish bone impaction. Results: Out of the 73 patients, 28 patients had true bone impaction. The sensitivity for x-ray was 42.9% and specificity was 73.3%. The sensitivity of CT was 87.5% and specificity was 71.4%. We found a significant difference in the mean age of presentation for true bone and false bone impaction, P = 0.02. Conclusion: Due to the low sensitivity of x-ray we do not recommend the utilisation of plain film radiography to rule out bone impaction Advances in low dose radiation multidetector CT scanners may replace plain film radiography as a screening tool.

Surgical treatment of delayed cervical infection and incomplete quadriplegia with fish-bone ingestion:A case report

BACKGROUND The most commonly ingested foreign body in Asians is fish bone.The vast majority of patients have obvious symptoms and can be timely diagnosed and treated.Cases of pyogenic cervical spondylitis and diskitis with retropharyngeal and epidural abscess resulting in incomplete quadriplegia due to foreign body ingestion have been rarely reported.The absence of pharyngeal or esophageal discomfort and negative computed tomography(CT)findings of fish bone have not been reported.We report the case of an elderly female patient with delayed cervical infection and incomplete quadriplegia who had a history of fish bone ingestion.CASE SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman presented with right neck pain and weakness of four limbs for a week,and had a history of fish bone ingestion and negative findings on laryngoscopic examination one month previously.She did not complain of any pharyngeal or esophageal discomfort.Cervical magnetic resonance imaging showed C4/C5 spondylitis and diskitis along with retropharyngeal and ventral epidural abscesses.No sign of fish bone was detected on lateral cervical radiography and CT scans.The muscle strength of the patient’s right lower limb receded to grade 1 and other limbs to grade 2 suddenly on the 10th day of hospitalization.Emergency surgery was performed to drain the abscess and decompress the spinal cord by removing the anterior inflammatory necrotic tissue.Simultaneously,flexible esophagogastroduodenoscopy was carried out and a hole in the posterior pharyngeal wall was found.The motor weakness of the right lower limb improved to grade 3 and the other limbs to grade 4 within 2 d postoperatively.CONCLUSION This rare case highlights the awareness of the posterior pharyngeal or esophageal wall perforation in patients with cervical pyogenic spondylitis along with a history of fish bone ingestion,even though local discomfort symptoms are absent and the radiological examinations are negative.

Pylephlebitis—a rare complication of a fish bone migration mimicking metastatic pancreatic cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND Pylephlebitis is a rare condition,poorly recognized by clinicians and with few references.In this case,the clinical appearance resembled the clinical course of a pancreatic cancer and was originated by the ingestion of a fish bone,making the case more interesting and rare.CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old female presented to the emergency department with fever,loss of appetite and jaundice.Tenderness in the right upper quadrant was present.Inflammation marker were high.A computed tomography(CT)scan revealed gallstones and aspects compatible with acute pancreatitis.The patient was admitted to surgery ward and has her condition aggravated.A magnetic resonance revealed multifocal liver lesions.Later,a cholangiopancreatography and an endoscopic ultrasound(US)were able to diagnose the condition.Specific treatment was implemented and the patient made a complete recovery.CONCLUSION In conclusion,this case report demonstrates for the first time the diagnosis of an unusual case of pylephlebitis complicated by the migration of a fish bone,mimicking metastatic pancreatic cancer.Clinical presentation and traditional imaging studies,such as transabdominal US and CT,remain the standard for diagnosing this condition.

Gastric submucosal lesion caused by an embedded fish bone:A case report

BACKGROUND Submucosal tumors(SMTs)refer to elevated lesions that originate from the layers below the mucosa of the digestive tract,including the muscularis,submucosa and muscularis propria.With the development and application of endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS),the detection rate of SMTs has increased significantly in recent years.Various diseases can lead to SMTs.However,a foreign body embedded in the gastric antrum showing clinical manifestations of a SMT is rare.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 47-year-old woman,who presented with upper abdominal discomfort for one year,and was subsequently diagnosed with a gastric submucosal lesion caused by an embedded foreign body by EUS and computed tomography.Considering the size and potential complications of this lesion,endoscopic full-thickness resection was performed to achieve full resection in our endoscopy center.A fish bone was found in the lesion during the operation,and was successfully removed,and the defect was later closed with endoscopic pursestring sutures.CONCLUSION This case report highlights the management strategies of SMTs,the importance of being familiar with diagnostic methods related to submucosal lesions,and being able to conduct effective treatment when this rare condition is highly suspected.

The lateral neck radiograph for an impacted fish bone in the aero-digestive tract: Going back to basics

Aim: To evaluate the radioopacity of fish bones from a number of species using digital radiography in order to establish whether advances in acquisition and interpretative techniques have affected the radiologist’s ability to detect impacted fish bones. Methods: The bones from six species of fish commonly consumed in the United Kingdom were radiographed using a soft tissue neck phantom by means of a digital radiographic X-ray tube. The images were looked at by 15 radiology consultants and registrars who determined whether the bones were visible or not using General Electric (GE) PACS workstations. Results: The radio-graphed bones from all six species of fish were visible by all 15 (100%) radiology registrars and consultants. Conclusion: Digital radiogramphy and modern PACS workstations have meant that fish bones can be visualized irrespective of species. The lateral neck radiograph therefore may still have an important role in the investigation of impacted fish bones in the aerodigestive tract.