In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption ...In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing. Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the target analyte exhibited a good linearity (R^2=0.9992) over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml. The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%. All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.展开更多
A procedure for the preconcentration of copper was described in this paper using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) oxidized by potassium permanganate as the adsorbent for the enrichment of trace copper in water s...A procedure for the preconcentration of copper was described in this paper using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) oxidized by potassium permanganate as the adsorbent for the enrichment of trace copper in water samples. Important parameters, such as the sample pH, the concentration and volume of eluent, sample flow rate and volume, and interference of coexisting ions, were investigated. The obtained results indicated that proposed method possessed an excellent analytical performance. The linear range, the detection limit, and precison (RSD) were 1–100 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.9993), 0.32 ng/mL and 2.88%, respectively. The results showed that copper could be adsorbed quantitatively on the pretreated MWCNTs with potassium permanganate, and proposed method was very useful in the monitoring of copper in the environment.展开更多
The effects of matrix silicate and experimental conditions on the determination of iron in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) were investigated. It was found that boric acid as a matrix modifier obviously e...The effects of matrix silicate and experimental conditions on the determination of iron in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) were investigated. It was found that boric acid as a matrix modifier obviously eliminated silicate interference. Under the optimum operating conditions, the determination results of iron in layered crystal sodium disilicate and sodium silicate samples by FAAS were satisfactory. The linear range of calibration curve is 0-10.5 μg.mL^-1, the relative standard deviation of method is 1.2%-2.2%, the recovery of added iron is 96.0%- 101%, the sensitivity is 0.19 μg.mL^-l and the detection limit is 77 ng.mL^-1. The effect of the determination of iron of the standard curve method, standard addition calibration and colorimetry method was the same, but the first has the merits of rapid sample preparation, reduced contamination risks and fast analysis.展开更多
Tricalcium phosphate Anhydrous Powder typically contains less than 10 ppm (mg/Kg) (w/w) manganese. This level can be determined utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and standard based on known standard...Tricalcium phosphate Anhydrous Powder typically contains less than 10 ppm (mg/Kg) (w/w) manganese. This level can be determined utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and standard based on known standards. A number of analytical methods are presently used for the analysis of metals in the biochemical. The instrumental techniques available are Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP/MS), X-Ray Fluorescence, UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Flame AA has gained widespread acceptance as an analytical technique and is used for many applications. In this study, we have determined the amount of manganese metal present in Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The method has high precision and accuracy. The percent recovery was found to be 99.8% for spiked sample. The results meet the requirement.展开更多
A flow injection preconcentration system for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of hexavalent chromium has been developed. The method employs on-line preconcentration of Cr(VI) on a minicolumn pac...A flow injection preconcentration system for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of hexavalent chromium has been developed. The method employs on-line preconcentration of Cr(VI) on a minicolumn packed with Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridineco-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) placed into a flow injection system. Hexava-lent chromium was eluted with a small volume of diluted hydrochloric acid into the nebulizer-burner system of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. An enrichment factor of 550 and a 3σ detection limit of 0.04 μg·L-1 along a sampling frequency of 4 h-1 at a sample flow rate of 3.5 mL·min-1. The relative standard deviation is 2.9% for 1 μg·L-1 Cr(VI) (n = 11). The flow injection system proposed has the advantage of being simpler because the use of expensive and sophisticated instruments is avoided. Ease of use, continuous process and selectivity make this method suitable for Cr(VI) determination in different environmental samples such as sea and river waters, soils and sediments.展开更多
A novel,simple,rapid,efficient and environment-friendly method for the determination of trace copper in cereal samples was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floatin...A novel,simple,rapid,efficient and environment-friendly method for the determination of trace copper in cereal samples was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop(DLLME-SFO) followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.In the DLLME-SFO,copper was complexed with 8-hydroxy quinoline and extracted into a small volume of 1-dodecanol,which is of low density,low toxicity and proper melting point near room temperature. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized.Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph exhibited linearity over the range of 0.5—500 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient(r) of 0.9996.The enrichment factor was 122 and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL.The method was applied to the determination of copper in the complex matrix samples such as rice and millet with the recoveries for the spiked samples at 5.0 and 10.0 u,g/g falling in the range of 92.0-98.0%and the relative standard deviation of 3.9-5.7%.展开更多
A simple and reliable method for the extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper(Ⅱ) ions using activated carbon (AC) impregnated by a new Schiff base 5-[(4-heptyloxyphenyl)azo]-N-(4-propyloxyphenyl...A simple and reliable method for the extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper(Ⅱ) ions using activated carbon (AC) impregnated by a new Schiff base 5-[(4-heptyloxyphenyl)azo]-N-(4-propyloxyphenyl)-salicylaldimine (HPPS) and atomic absorption spectrometry is presented. Recovery efficiency and the influence of pH value, volume of sample solution, effect of different eluents, and interfering ions were evaluated. The limit of detection (3σ) was 2.62 ng.mL^-1 and the relative standard deviation (n=10) was 1.5%. Under optimum conditions, the copper ions were concentrated 25 fold using 250 mL of sample solution and 10 mL of eluent. This procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of copper in different water samples.展开更多
A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of chromium species in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of chromium diethyldithiocarbamate co...A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of chromium species in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of chromium diethyldithiocarbamate complexes at different pH in the presence of Mn(Ⅱ) as an enhancement agent of chromium signals followed by elution with organic eluents and determination by atomic flame absorption spectrometry. The maximum capacity of the employed disks was found to be (396±3) pg and (376±2) pg for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ), respectively. The detection limit of the proposed method is 49 and 43 ng·L^-1 for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of chromium species Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in different water samples.展开更多
A new absorbent of nanometer-size TiO2 colloid for Cu(Ⅱ ) was studied in this work. The adsorption rate could reach above 99% when the pH values were at the range of 5-6. The adsorption balance time, adsorption cap...A new absorbent of nanometer-size TiO2 colloid for Cu(Ⅱ ) was studied in this work. The adsorption rate could reach above 99% when the pH values were at the range of 5-6. The adsorption balance time, adsorption capacities, and the eluent were investigated. A novel method of trace Cu( Ⅱ ) preconcentration and separation with nanometer-size titanium dioxide colloid and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was advanced. The detection limit (3a) of the method was 1.15 μg · L^-1, and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was 1.53% (n=6). Environmental sample experiments were also conducted to test the feasibility of the method, and it came out that the recovery rates were between 95.9% and 97.8%.展开更多
A novel method was developed for the sensitive determination of nickel in environmental water samples by using TiO2 nanotubes, a new nanomaterial, as solid phase extraction absorbent. In general, TiO2 nanomaterials we...A novel method was developed for the sensitive determination of nickel in environmental water samples by using TiO2 nanotubes, a new nanomaterial, as solid phase extraction absorbent. In general, TiO2 nanomaterials were often used for catalytic degradation of pollutants in environmental field, and only a very few application in environmental analytic chemistry. In present work, TiO2 nanotubes was firstly used for the enrichment of nickel and the factors would influence the preconcentration performance were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, TiO2 nanotubes exhibited its good enrichment capacity for nickel and the detection limit of the proposed method was 1 ng· mL^-1. The proposed method was validated with real water samples, and excellent results were obtained with the spiked recoveries in the range of 94.4-99.2%, respectively.展开更多
In this research,an eco-friendly magnetic adsorbent based on Fe_(3)O_(4)/salicylic acid nanocomposite was fabricated using a facile one-pot co-precipitation method.The crystalline and morphological characterization of...In this research,an eco-friendly magnetic adsorbent based on Fe_(3)O_(4)/salicylic acid nanocomposite was fabricated using a facile one-pot co-precipitation method.The crystalline and morphological characterization of the prepared nanocomposite was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The nanocomposite was employed as a magnetic solid-phase extraction agent for separation of Cd(II)ions from synthetic solutions.Some experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized.Following elution with acetic acid(pH 3.5),the pre-concentrated analyte was quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.In optimal conditions,a linear calibration graph was achieved in the concentration range of 0.2–30 ng·mL^(−1) with a determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.9953.The detection limit,the enhancement factor,inter-and intra-day relative standard deviations(for six consecutive extractions at the concentration level of 10 ng·mL^(−1))were 0.04 ng·mL^(−1),100,2.38%and 1.52%,respectively.To evaluate the accuracy of the method,a certified reference material(NIST SRM 1643e)was analyzed,and there was a good agreement between the certified and the measured values.It was successfully utilized to determine cadmium in industrial wastewater samples and the attained relative recovery values were between 96.8%and 103.2%.展开更多
A simple and selective method using a column packed with graphene oxide(GO) as a solid phase extractant has been developed for the multi-element preconcentration of Fe(Ⅲ),Ni(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)ions prior ...A simple and selective method using a column packed with graphene oxide(GO) as a solid phase extractant has been developed for the multi-element preconcentration of Fe(Ⅲ),Ni(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)ions prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations.The method is based on the sorption of mentioned ions on synthesized GO using 2-(tert-butoxy)-N-(3-carbamothioylphenyl)acetamide as a chelating agent.Several parameters on the extraction and complex formation were optimized.Under the optimized conditions(pH 6,flow rate 9 mL/min),metal ions were retained on the column,then quantitatively eluted by HNO3solution(5 mL,3.0 mol/L).The preconcentration factor was calculated as250.The detection limits for the analyte ions of interest were found in the range of 0.11 ng/mL(Ni2+) to0.63 ng/mL(Cu2+).The column packed with GO was adequate for metal ions separation in matrixes containing alkali,alkaline earth,transition and heavy metal ions.展开更多
A simple and efficient liquid-phase microextraction(LPME)technique was developed using ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction(USAE-SFODME)combined with flame atomic absorpt...A simple and efficient liquid-phase microextraction(LPME)technique was developed using ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction(USAE-SFODME)combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry,for the extraction and determination of trace copper in water samples.1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN)was used as chelating agent.Microextraction efficiency factors(including extraction solvent type,extraction volume,time,temperature,and pH),the amount of the chelating agent,and salt effect were investigated and optimized.Under the optimum extraction conditions,figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated.The calibration graph was linear in the range of 20–600 mg·L^(–1)with a detection limit of 0.76 mg·L^(–1).The relative standard deviation(R.S.D)for ten replicate measurements of 20 and 400 mg·L^(–1)of copper was 3.83%and 2.65%,respectively.Finally,the proposed method was applied to tap water,river water,and sea water,and accuracy was assessed through the analysis of certified reference water or recovery experiments.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No.2006AA06Z424)Personal Innovation Foundation of Universities in Henan Province (No.[2005]-126)+1 种基金Youth Science Foundation of Henan Normal University (No.2004005)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (No.072300460010).
文摘In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing. Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the target analyte exhibited a good linearity (R^2=0.9992) over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml. The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%. All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.
文摘A procedure for the preconcentration of copper was described in this paper using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) oxidized by potassium permanganate as the adsorbent for the enrichment of trace copper in water samples. Important parameters, such as the sample pH, the concentration and volume of eluent, sample flow rate and volume, and interference of coexisting ions, were investigated. The obtained results indicated that proposed method possessed an excellent analytical performance. The linear range, the detection limit, and precison (RSD) were 1–100 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.9993), 0.32 ng/mL and 2.88%, respectively. The results showed that copper could be adsorbed quantitatively on the pretreated MWCNTs with potassium permanganate, and proposed method was very useful in the monitoring of copper in the environment.
文摘The effects of matrix silicate and experimental conditions on the determination of iron in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) were investigated. It was found that boric acid as a matrix modifier obviously eliminated silicate interference. Under the optimum operating conditions, the determination results of iron in layered crystal sodium disilicate and sodium silicate samples by FAAS were satisfactory. The linear range of calibration curve is 0-10.5 μg.mL^-1, the relative standard deviation of method is 1.2%-2.2%, the recovery of added iron is 96.0%- 101%, the sensitivity is 0.19 μg.mL^-l and the detection limit is 77 ng.mL^-1. The effect of the determination of iron of the standard curve method, standard addition calibration and colorimetry method was the same, but the first has the merits of rapid sample preparation, reduced contamination risks and fast analysis.
文摘Tricalcium phosphate Anhydrous Powder typically contains less than 10 ppm (mg/Kg) (w/w) manganese. This level can be determined utilizing Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and standard based on known standards. A number of analytical methods are presently used for the analysis of metals in the biochemical. The instrumental techniques available are Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP/MS), X-Ray Fluorescence, UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Flame AA has gained widespread acceptance as an analytical technique and is used for many applications. In this study, we have determined the amount of manganese metal present in Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The method has high precision and accuracy. The percent recovery was found to be 99.8% for spiked sample. The results meet the requirement.
基金This work has been funded by the Spain’s Ministry of Science and Innovation,within the framework of Project CTQ2009-12282.
文摘A flow injection preconcentration system for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of hexavalent chromium has been developed. The method employs on-line preconcentration of Cr(VI) on a minicolumn packed with Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridineco-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) placed into a flow injection system. Hexava-lent chromium was eluted with a small volume of diluted hydrochloric acid into the nebulizer-burner system of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. An enrichment factor of 550 and a 3σ detection limit of 0.04 μg·L-1 along a sampling frequency of 4 h-1 at a sample flow rate of 3.5 mL·min-1. The relative standard deviation is 2.9% for 1 μg·L-1 Cr(VI) (n = 11). The flow injection system proposed has the advantage of being simpler because the use of expensive and sophisticated instruments is avoided. Ease of use, continuous process and selectivity make this method suitable for Cr(VI) determination in different environmental samples such as sea and river waters, soils and sediments.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(No.B2010000657)
文摘A novel,simple,rapid,efficient and environment-friendly method for the determination of trace copper in cereal samples was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop(DLLME-SFO) followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.In the DLLME-SFO,copper was complexed with 8-hydroxy quinoline and extracted into a small volume of 1-dodecanol,which is of low density,low toxicity and proper melting point near room temperature. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized.Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph exhibited linearity over the range of 0.5—500 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient(r) of 0.9996.The enrichment factor was 122 and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL.The method was applied to the determination of copper in the complex matrix samples such as rice and millet with the recoveries for the spiked samples at 5.0 and 10.0 u,g/g falling in the range of 92.0-98.0%and the relative standard deviation of 3.9-5.7%.
文摘A simple and reliable method for the extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper(Ⅱ) ions using activated carbon (AC) impregnated by a new Schiff base 5-[(4-heptyloxyphenyl)azo]-N-(4-propyloxyphenyl)-salicylaldimine (HPPS) and atomic absorption spectrometry is presented. Recovery efficiency and the influence of pH value, volume of sample solution, effect of different eluents, and interfering ions were evaluated. The limit of detection (3σ) was 2.62 ng.mL^-1 and the relative standard deviation (n=10) was 1.5%. Under optimum conditions, the copper ions were concentrated 25 fold using 250 mL of sample solution and 10 mL of eluent. This procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of copper in different water samples.
文摘A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of chromium species in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of chromium diethyldithiocarbamate complexes at different pH in the presence of Mn(Ⅱ) as an enhancement agent of chromium signals followed by elution with organic eluents and determination by atomic flame absorption spectrometry. The maximum capacity of the employed disks was found to be (396±3) pg and (376±2) pg for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ), respectively. The detection limit of the proposed method is 49 and 43 ng·L^-1 for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ), respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of chromium species Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in different water samples.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2006ABA236)
文摘A new absorbent of nanometer-size TiO2 colloid for Cu(Ⅱ ) was studied in this work. The adsorption rate could reach above 99% when the pH values were at the range of 5-6. The adsorption balance time, adsorption capacities, and the eluent were investigated. A novel method of trace Cu( Ⅱ ) preconcentration and separation with nanometer-size titanium dioxide colloid and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was advanced. The detection limit (3a) of the method was 1.15 μg · L^-1, and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was 1.53% (n=6). Environmental sample experiments were also conducted to test the feasibility of the method, and it came out that the recovery rates were between 95.9% and 97.8%.
基金the Creative Talented Person's Fund of Henan Province (No.[2005]126)Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.072300460010)+1 种基金the Fund of Henan Normal University (No.2006PL06)the grants from the Henan Key Laboratory for environmental pollution control.
文摘A novel method was developed for the sensitive determination of nickel in environmental water samples by using TiO2 nanotubes, a new nanomaterial, as solid phase extraction absorbent. In general, TiO2 nanomaterials were often used for catalytic degradation of pollutants in environmental field, and only a very few application in environmental analytic chemistry. In present work, TiO2 nanotubes was firstly used for the enrichment of nickel and the factors would influence the preconcentration performance were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, TiO2 nanotubes exhibited its good enrichment capacity for nickel and the detection limit of the proposed method was 1 ng· mL^-1. The proposed method was validated with real water samples, and excellent results were obtained with the spiked recoveries in the range of 94.4-99.2%, respectively.
基金The financial support of the research council of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University(Grant No.ASMU/98372-19)is acknowledged.
文摘In this research,an eco-friendly magnetic adsorbent based on Fe_(3)O_(4)/salicylic acid nanocomposite was fabricated using a facile one-pot co-precipitation method.The crystalline and morphological characterization of the prepared nanocomposite was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The nanocomposite was employed as a magnetic solid-phase extraction agent for separation of Cd(II)ions from synthetic solutions.Some experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized.Following elution with acetic acid(pH 3.5),the pre-concentrated analyte was quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.In optimal conditions,a linear calibration graph was achieved in the concentration range of 0.2–30 ng·mL^(−1) with a determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.9953.The detection limit,the enhancement factor,inter-and intra-day relative standard deviations(for six consecutive extractions at the concentration level of 10 ng·mL^(−1))were 0.04 ng·mL^(−1),100,2.38%and 1.52%,respectively.To evaluate the accuracy of the method,a certified reference material(NIST SRM 1643e)was analyzed,and there was a good agreement between the certified and the measured values.It was successfully utilized to determine cadmium in industrial wastewater samples and the attained relative recovery values were between 96.8%and 103.2%.
文摘A simple and selective method using a column packed with graphene oxide(GO) as a solid phase extractant has been developed for the multi-element preconcentration of Fe(Ⅲ),Ni(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)ions prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations.The method is based on the sorption of mentioned ions on synthesized GO using 2-(tert-butoxy)-N-(3-carbamothioylphenyl)acetamide as a chelating agent.Several parameters on the extraction and complex formation were optimized.Under the optimized conditions(pH 6,flow rate 9 mL/min),metal ions were retained on the column,then quantitatively eluted by HNO3solution(5 mL,3.0 mol/L).The preconcentration factor was calculated as250.The detection limits for the analyte ions of interest were found in the range of 0.11 ng/mL(Ni2+) to0.63 ng/mL(Cu2+).The column packed with GO was adequate for metal ions separation in matrixes containing alkali,alkaline earth,transition and heavy metal ions.
文摘A simple and efficient liquid-phase microextraction(LPME)technique was developed using ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction(USAE-SFODME)combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry,for the extraction and determination of trace copper in water samples.1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN)was used as chelating agent.Microextraction efficiency factors(including extraction solvent type,extraction volume,time,temperature,and pH),the amount of the chelating agent,and salt effect were investigated and optimized.Under the optimum extraction conditions,figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated.The calibration graph was linear in the range of 20–600 mg·L^(–1)with a detection limit of 0.76 mg·L^(–1).The relative standard deviation(R.S.D)for ten replicate measurements of 20 and 400 mg·L^(–1)of copper was 3.83%and 2.65%,respectively.Finally,the proposed method was applied to tap water,river water,and sea water,and accuracy was assessed through the analysis of certified reference water or recovery experiments.