Effect of ionic strength and mixing ratio on complex coacervation of soy protein isolate/Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide

Soy protein isolate(SPI)is a commercial protein with balanced amino acids,while the poor solubility impedes its use in traditional foods.To overcome the problem,the complex coacervation of SPI/Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide(FVP)were investigated.Initial results revealed that the suitable amounts of FVP contributed to reducing the turbidity of SPI solution.Under electrostatic interaction,the formation of SPI/FVP coacervates were spontaneous and went through a nucleation and growth process.Low salt concentration(C_(NaCl)=10,50 mmol/L)led to an increase in the critical pH values(pHc,pHφ1)while the critical pH values decreased when C_(NaCl)≥100 mmol/L.The concentration of NaCl ions increased the content ofα-helix.With the increase of FVP,the critical pH values decreased and the content ofβ-sheet increased through electrostatic interaction.At SPI/FVP ratio of 10:1 and 15:1,the complex coacervation of SPI/FVP were saturated,and the coacervates had the same storage modulus value.SPI/FVP coacervates exhibited solid-like properties and presented the strongest storage modulus at C_(NaCl)=50 mmol/L.The optimal pH,SPI/FVP ratio and NaCl concentration of complex coacervation were collected,and the coacervates demonstrated a valuable application potential to protect and deliver bioactives and food ingredients.

Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide-iron (Ⅲ) complex used to treat iron deficiency anemia after being absorbed via GLUT2 and SGLT1 transporters

Iron deficiency anemia(IDA)is a common nutritional problem, but traditional iron supplements cause many adverse reactions. Thus, the development of a novel iron supplement might be significant for the treatment of IDA. This study aimed to study the transport mechanism of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide-iron complex(FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ))in Caco-2 cells and the therapeutic effect on IDA rats, as well as the influence on gut microbiota in vivo. These results showed that in vitro, the uptake of FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ)was mediated by sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1(SGLT1)and facilitated glucose transporter-2(GLUT2)and GLUT2 played a dominant function. The multidrug resistance-associated protein-2(MRP-2)was involved in the efflux of FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ)across the Caco-2 cells. In vivo, FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ)had a better restorative effect on blood parameters and iron status indicators in rats with IDA as compared with FeSO_4 and exerted this effect by downregulating the expression of hepcidin. FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ)could also regulate gut microbiota dysbiosis in iron deficiency rats by returning the relative abundance of gut microbiota to the normal level. Besides, as a dietary factor, vitamin C(vit C)could enhance the therapeutic effect of FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ). These present findings showed that FVP1-Fe(Ⅲ)could be exploited as a novel iron supplement to treat IDA.

Effect of ultrasonic modification on the protective activity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide to prevent ethanol-induced injury on GES-1 cells

Flammulina velutipes(F.velutipes)polysaccharides were modified by ultrasound at the rated power of 150 W and 900 W.The monosaccharide composition,ultraviolet-visible,and Fourier transform infrared spectral characteristics of F.velutipes polysaccharides(FVP)and their ultrasonic modification products(U-FVPs)were determined.The protective effects of FVP and U-FVPs on human gastric mucosal cells GES-1 were confi rmed for the first time.The mole ratios of glucose and galactose were decreased and the mole ratio of mannose was increased after ultrasonic modification.Compared with the original FVP and the FVP modifi ed by ultrasound of 150 W(U-FVP1),the FVP modifi ed by ultrasound of 900 W(U-FVP2)could better prevent ethanol-induced damage to GES-1 cells.With increasing ultrasound intensity,the protective effect of FVPs on GES-1 cells was significantly enhanced by more effective prevention of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)production and more promotion of expression of triglyceride factor 2(TFF2),prostaglandin E2(PGE2),epidermal growth factor(EGF),and transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1)mRNA.The ultrasonic modifi cation might be an effective way to develop novel F.velutipes polysaccharides that could effectively resist the gastric injury caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Purification and Characterization of Flammulin,a Basic Protein with Anti-tumor Activities from Flammulina velutipes

Aim To purify and characterize flammulin, a basic protein with anti-tumoractivities. Methods Ammonium sulfate, ethanol fractionation and column chromatography were used forseparation and purification. Electrophoretic analysis, amino acid analysis, and MS of flammulin werecarried out. Results Flammulin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and crystallized. With amolecular mass of 19891.13 Da, pI 8.9, λ_(max) = 276 - 278 nm, λ_(min) = 250 nm, flammulin wascharacterized by its lack of methionine. Fingerprint mapping of flammulin was determined by MALDI-MSfollowing in-gel protease digestion; no close matches were identified. Conclusion Flammulin waspurified to electrophoretic homogeneity, and its characteristics are discussed for the first time.

Regeneration Cultivation Technology of Flammulina velutipes in Factories

The research made a conclusion on different production chains of Flammulina velutipes and proposed regeneration method for cultivating Flammulina velutipes. The results indicated that with saw dusts, bran and corn flour as culture medium, when dry materials in bags reached 360 g, 450 g Flammulina velutipes would be produced and biotransformation efficiency can be 125%-128%. Additionally, the cultivated Flammulina velutipes proves better in quality and longer in shelflife, and the source of raw materials is not confined in a specific region, showing a promising prospect.

Polypropylene crisper and 1-MCP delay the softening,lignification and transcription levels of related enzyme genes of golden needle mushrooms(Flammulina velutipes)

The fresh postharvest golden needle mushroom(Flammulina velutipes) sporocarp has a high moisture content and crisp texture, but it still has high physiological activity and respiration, leading to senescence and quality deterioration.Treatments with 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) and polypropylene(PP) crispers were used to study the changes of lignification and softening of F. velutipes during storage. The main findings were as follows: the crisper packaging could effectively prolong the storage time of F. velutipes;either the 1-MCP treatment, crisper packaging or the combination of the two treatments could significantly inhibit the accumulation of lignin and the decreases in the contents of cellulose and pectin, and had certain inhibitory effects on the activities of enzymes involved in lignification and softening including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD), cellulase(Cx), pectin methylesterase(PME) and polygalacturonase(PG). Among them, the inhibitory effect of the crisper packaging was higher than the 1-MCP treatment, while the combination of the two treatments was the best. The results of transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) showed that the crisper packaging in combination with the 1-MCP treatment could effectively maintain the integrity and stability of the F. velutipes cellular structure and inhibit the emergence of plasmolysis to prevent cell membrane rupture. The transcription levels showed that the crisper packaging and the combination of the 1-MCP treatment and crisper packing could effectively affect the expression of genes for enzymes related to lignification and softening of F. velutipes. In conclusion, 1-MCP and PP crispers could delay the lignification and softening of F. velutipes during storage.

High-yield Cultivating Techniques of Flammulina velutipes

Flammulina velutipes is an edible fungus with the largest amount of factory-like cultivation yield in China. In this study,based on many years of cultivation experience, 2 kinds of factory-like high-yield cultivating techniques of F. velutipes in China were summarized. One way is bag cultivation, and the other way is bottle cultivation. The cultivation process of the 2 methods were introduced in detail, including mixing material, bagging or bottling, sterilization, inoculation, spawn running, and mushroom fruiting.

Effect of mushroom root fermentation broth on the umami taste and nutrients of Flammulina velutipes

As one of the most appealing edible mushrooms,the quality of Flammulina velutipes can be affected by the cultivation substrate,which has an impact on the mushroom umami taste and nutrients.In our study,the effect of mushroom root fermentation broth(MRFB)based substrate on umami taste and nutrients of F.velutipes were evaluated;four proportions of MRFB were conducted(CK 0%,E16.7%,E213.4%,E320.1%).Results indicated that MRFB was an effective nutrient supplement for mushroom cultivation substrate.E2 and E3 showed higher crude fiber,crude fat,and soluble protein.Compared to CK,the content of monosodium glutamate-like(MSG-like)amino acids,essential amino acids,total amino acids,and total 5′-nucleotides in E2 and E3 were higher.The equivalent umami concentration(EUC)values in E1,E2 and E3 were 1.70,2.43 and 1.56 times that of CK,respectively.Higher umami,saltness and sweetness taste values were found in E2.Thereby,it signified that better umami and richer nutrients were achieved by using substrate with proper volume of MRFB,especially,E2 with 13.4%of MRFB.Overall,better mushroom quality could be derived from the application of MRFB in cultivation.MRFB was a favorable nutrient supplement for F.velutipes cultivation substrate.

Biological Effects of Flammulina Velutipes Richin RE on Chinese Kunming Mice

in this paper,effects of RE from different sources on the growth,development and endurance of Chinese kunming mice have been studied.The result indicates that the body and organ weights and endurance of the mice in group B(F.velutipes) are significantly increased over those in the control group(group E) after three weeks,and it also shows that the biological effects vary with the amount of RE in diet.Compared with group D(RE(NO3)3),group B has the same amount of RE in diet but the body and organ weights are much heavier,swimming time is increased by 28.6%,and the changes of blood sugar and serum lactic acid after swimming decrease notably.Thus,it can be found that F.velutipes rich in RE added in diet performs a positive function to promote the mouse growth,development and endurance,while the inorganic RE(NO3)3 fails on it,even inhibits their growth.

Auricularia polytricha and Flammulina velutipes ameliorate inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota via regulation of NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways on DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease

Flammulina velutipes and Auricularia polytricha are two popular dietary mushrooms,especially in the Northeast of China.They have revealed many pharmacological effects due to their bioactive compounds,but their possible mechanism of action involved in inflammation remains poorly known.Therefore,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)which is a chronic disease and progressive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties on the intestinal microbiota via the signaling pathways involved by oral administration of F.velutipes(FVE)and A.polytricha(APE).Mice were daily received 3%DSS in the drinking water followed by the daily administration of FVE and APE.The food consumption,weight variation and DAI score were assessed during the experiment and inflammatory parameters,mRNA and protein expressions to determine the possible signaling pathways involved,and the gut microbiota from the cecum by high-throughput sequencing.Data showed that APE and FVE improved clinical symptoms,inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers.They also attenuated the mRNA and proteins expressions in colon tissue.Moreover,APE and FVE regulated DSS-induced intestinal dysbiosis and stimulated the SCFAs production.Overall,APE and FVE could improve DSS-induced IBD in mice suggesting that they represent novels therapeutic drugs and could be used as prebiotic to modulate the gut microbiota and preserve intestinal integrity.

应用拮抗和ISSR标记鉴定64个金针菇菌株的亲缘关系

以16个野生金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)菌株和48个栽培金针菇菌株为材料,评价不同菌株间体细胞不亲和性,并利用ISSR分子标记检测,从细胞学水平和分子水平对金针菇种质资源进行鉴定和遗传多样性分析,明确其亲缘关系。结果表明,64个金针菇菌株基于拮抗试验划分为7个类群,基于ISSR聚类分析划分为5个类群;栽培金针菇菌株之间亲缘关系普遍较近,野生金针菇菌株与栽培金针菇菌株大多具有较远的亲缘性;32号栽培菌株和49号野生菌株可以优先选作金针菇杂交育种亲本。

金针菇菌渣对草鱼生长性能的影响

为探讨不同水平的金针菇(Flammulina velutiper)菌渣对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性能的影响,评估金针菇菌渣在草鱼养殖中的最适使用水平。试验选择体况健康、体重约为20g的草鱼600尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾。各组草鱼分别投喂含有0%(对照组)、4%、8%和16%金针菇菌渣的试验饲料。试验草鱼驯养2周,正式试验期8周。试验结束,统计分析各组草鱼的生长性能指标。试验结果显示,草鱼采食含有8%的金针菇菌渣饲料,可以显著提高试验末重(P<0.05)、增重率(P<0.05),并显著降低饲料系数(P<0.05),其中试验末重显著提高了6.6%、增重率提高了8.96%,饲料系数降低了6.76%。而不同水平的金针菇菌渣对草鱼的特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比等数据未产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明,在配合饲料中添加适量的金针菇菌渣可以改善草鱼的生长性能,提高饲料利用率,且金针菇菌渣的最适添加水平为8%。

响应面优化超声波辅助酶解法制备金针菇ACE抑制肽

以金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)为原料,采用超声波辅助酶解法制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽,为金针菇的深加工提供依据。筛选制备金针菇ACE抑制肽的酶,优化等电点沉淀法分离活性肽的最适pH。以ACE抑制率为响应值,开展液料比、超声时间、酶添加量等5个因素的单因素试验,设计四因素三水平的响应面试验。结果表明,制备金针菇ACE抑制肽的最佳蛋白酶为胰蛋白酶,沉淀活性肽的最佳pH为6.5。ACE抑制肽最佳制备条件为超声功率250 W,酶解温度37℃,酶解pH 8,液料比40∶1(mL/g),超声时间5 min,酶添加量为金针菇样品量的1.2%(g/g),酶解时间90 min。通过超滤分离法对ACE抑制肽进行了分级,并分析其活性。在此条件下,金针菇肽的ACE抑制率为(65.36±1.53)%;截留分子质量<3 kDa的肽ACE抑制率最高。

基于全基因组重测序鉴定四株金针菇线粒体序列差异

在真核细胞中,线粒体是氧化磷酸化的发生部位。它广泛存在于生物体中,具有独立的遗传物质DNA,能够参与细胞质遗传。目前金针菇线粒体基因组已经被解析,但其在不同菌株中的多态性仍未见报道。本研究结合已经公布的金针菇菌株4019-20线粒体基因组,组装和注释了重测序的3株金针菇(6-3,6-21, L22)线粒体序列。基因组比较分析表明:金针菇线粒体基因组长度在87 646~88 508 bp,编码蛋白数量均为15个,编码tRNA数目为26个,编码rRNA大亚基和小亚基的基因各1个。除4019-20菌株含有9个内含子外,其余菌株均含有10个内含子。进一步对四株金针菇线粒体基因组结构共线性分析,结果表明,在4个菌株中含有4个差异片段,其中差异片段Ⅰ为cox1基因第4内含子(菌株4019-20缺失)。同时,我们还检测到金针菇线粒体基因组中有两个片段存在移位现象,在移位位点处存在~1.6 kb和~2.8 kb的多态性片段。本研究结果能为金针菇线粒体基因组结构和遗传特性研究提供一定数据基础。