GC-MS analysis,determination of total phenolics,flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of various crude extracts of Moringa peregrina(Forssk.) Fiori leaves

Objective:To perform phytochemical screening,estimate total phenolics,flavonoids and to evaluate antioxidant potential of Moringa peregrina(M.peregrina) leaves.Methods:The dried powdered leaves of M.peregrina(150 g) were extracted exhaustively by Soxhlet with ethanol and then fractionated into hexane,chloroform,ethy alacetate and methanol.All the prepared extracts were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in the crude extracts.Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts.Hydrogen peroxide and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl were used to determine in vitro antioxidant activity.Results:Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed presence of 19 phytoconstituents in hexane extract,6 in ethyl acetate and 7 compounds in methanolic extract.Methanol extract was found to contain the highest phenolic content and flavonoids.In vitro antioxidant activities of all crude extracts were significant and comparable with the standard ascorbic acid.Conclusions:Results of this study show that the leaves of M.peregrina are the rich source of phenolic compounds that can play an important role in preventing the progression of many diseases.

Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves:Antibacterial and antioxidant activities,total phenolic and flavonoid contents

Objective:To investigate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Callistemon viminalis(C.viminalis)leaves.Methods:The essential oil of C.viminalis leaves obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/MS.Different extracts were tested for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant(DPPH assay)and antibacterial(agar disc diffusion and 96-well micro-plates methods)actives.Results:Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil,representing 98.94%of the total oil.The major components were 1,8-cineole(64.53%)andα-pinene(9.69%).Leaf essential oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of(88.60±1.51)%comparable to gallic acid,a standard compound[(80.00±2.12)%].Additionally,the biggest zone of inhibitions against the studied bacterial strains was observed by the essential oil when compared to the standard antibiotic(tetracycline).The crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.Conclusions:It can be suggested that C.viminalis is a great potential source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds useful for new antimicrobial drugs from the natural basis.The present study revealed that the essential oil as well as the methanol extracts and ethyl acetate fraction of C.viminalis leaves exhibited highly significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.

Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of flour, noodles, and steamed bread made from different colored wheat grains by three milling methods

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of wheat variety, food processing, and milling method on antioxidant properties. Black wheat variety Heibaoshi 1 had the highest total phenolic content(659.8 μg gallic acid equivalents g-1), total flavonoid content(319.3 μg rutin equivalents g-1), and antioxidant activity, whereas light purple wheat variety Shandongzimai 1 had the lowest total flavonoid content(236.2 μg rutin equivalents g-1) and antioxidant activity. Whole wheat flour and partially debranned grain flour had significantly higher total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity than refined flour(P < 0.05). Compared with flour, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity decreased in noodles and steamed bread, whereas noodles had slightly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content than steamed bread. Antioxidant activities(by ferric reducing ability of plasma assay) of steamed bread made from whole wheat flour, partially debranned grain flour, and refined flour were 23.5%, 21.1%, and 31.6% lower, respectively, than the corresponding values of flour. These results suggested that black whole wheat flour and partially debranned grain flour are beneficial to human health.

Evaluation of Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of Fresh and Dried Pepper (Piper nigrum) from the Ivory Coast

The growing interest in the potential biological activity of polyphenols and flavonoids has highlighted necessity to assess their content in fresh and dried pepper from Ivory Coast. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the total flavonoid content was also measured spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric test. The results obtained indicate the total polyphenol levels of fresh and dried peppers are higher in the samples collected in Danane (0.8 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100g) and in Azaguie (0.4 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100g). The lowest concentrations were obtained with fresh and dried pepper samples collected in N’douci (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g) and in PK 103 (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g). The highest content of total flavonoids was revealed in the locality of PK 103 (1.85 ± 0.62 mg EC/100g) followed by the locality of Maféré (1.37 ± 0.25 mg EC/100g) respectively for black pepper and green pepper. Then, the lowest flavonoid contents were obtained in the dried pepper of Lopou (0.57 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g) and the fresh pepper of PK 103 (0.47 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g). The results obtained highlight the importance of these black spices as promising sources of phenolic compounds and could be used in pharmaceutical treatments and in food.

Determination of total flavonoids content in buckwheat and inhibition of α-amylase activity

Diabetes is one of the most difficult chronic diseases to cure in the world,which seriously affects people’s health and quality of life.Flavonoids in buckwheat can regulate blood glucose levels by inhibitingα-amylase activity.Therefore,sweet buckwheat produced in Inner Mongolia was used as the research object,and buckwheat fl avonoids were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method.Total fl avonoids content was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.With acarbose as the positive control,the inhibition test ofα-amylase was carried out by DNS colorimetry to study the inhibition behavior of fl avonoids onα-amylase activity.The results showed that the extraction process of flavonoids was stable and reliable,and the established method for the determination of flavonoids was simple,accurate and reproducible.The total flavonoids content of buckwheat samples was 2.706 mg/g,buckwheat total fl avonoids extraction solution had an inhibitory eff ect onα-amylase,and its median inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was 38.53 mg/mL.The results of this experiment provide a technical reference for the development and utilization of fl avonoids in Inner Mongolia sweet buckwheat,and provide a theoretical reference for the development and application of flavonoid-rich hypoglycemic food.

Influence of storage duration and processing on chromatic attributes and flavonoid content of moxa floss

OBJECTIVE： Moxibustion is an important traditional Chinese medicine therapy using heat from ignited moxa floss for disease treatment. The purpose of the present study is to establish a reproducible method to assess the color of moxa floss, discriminate the samples based on chromatic coordinates and explore the relationship between chromatic coordinates and total flavonoid content （TFC）. METHODS： Moxa floss samples of different storage years and production ratios were obtained from a moxa production factory in Henan Province, China. Chromatic coordinates （L＊, a＊ and b＊） were analyzed with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer and the chroma （C＊） and hue angle （h~） values were calculated. TFC was determined by a colorimetric method. Data were analyzed with correlation, principal component analysis （PCA）. RESULTS： Significant differences in the chromatic values and TFC were observed among samples of different storage years and production ratios. Samples of higher production ratio displayed higher chromatic characteristics and lower TFC. Samples of longer storage years contained higher TFC. Preliminary separation of moxa floss production ratio was obtained by means of color feature maps developed using L＊-a＊ or L＊-b＊ as coordinates. PCA allowed the separation of the samples from their storage years and production ratios based on their chromatic characteristics and TFC. CONCLUSION： The use of a colorimetric technique and CIELAB coordinates coupled with chemometrics can be practical and objective for discriminating moxa floss of different storage years and production ratios. The development of color feature maps could be used as a model for classifying the color grading of moxa floss.

Fruiting increases total content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru D.C. cladodes in sarcoma 180 cells in vitro

Objective: To evaluate the influence of fruiting phenological stage on total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects of Cereus jamacaru(C. jamacaru)(mandacaru) cladodes and fruit. Methods: Fruit and cladodes at vegetative and fruiting stage of C. jamacaru were collected. The fruit was dissected and bark, pulp, and seeds were separated. Vegetative and fruiting cladodes, together with bark, pulp, and seeds were used to obtain five hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts were investigated for total flavonoid content, using AlCl3 colorimetric method, antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging capacity and Fe^(2+) ion chelating activity, and in vitro antiproliferative effects(sarcoma 180 cells) by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The extract of C. jamacaru cladodes at the fruiting stage showed higher flavonoid content compared to the other extracts. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, and the extract of cladodes at vegetative stage showed better antioxidant activity in Fe^(2+) ion chelating activity. The extract of fruiting cladodes promoted higher antiproliferative effects compared to the other extracts. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fruiting increases the content of flavonoids and antiproliferative effects of C. jamacaru cladodes. Data reinforce the potential use of C. jamacaru cladodes and fruits as natural antioxidants and potent anticancer agent.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L. ) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to study the extraction process and the content determination of flavonoids in ginkgo( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]Ethanol extraction and methanol extraction of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves were studied,and the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were determined by orthogonal test; and with quercetin as reference substance,total flavonoid content in ginkgo leaves was determined by UV spectrophotometry.[Results]The optimal extraction process was 4 h of Soxhlet extraction with methanol; and the total flavonoid contents had a good linear relation in the range of 0. 006 5-0. 039 mg/ml( R^2= 0. 999 9),the average content was stabilized at 1. 135%,and the average recovery of the method was 102. 0%. [Conclusions]This study selected the optimal extraction process for total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves. The test method is simple with high accuracy and precision,and is suitable for the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Effects of four metal Ions on phenylalanine ammoni-alyase activities and flavonoids content of ginkgo biloba leaves

The enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from six years old Ginkgo biloba leaves in the potted orchard were induced by four groups of metal ions respectively. The PAL activities and flavonoids content were measured by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of the whole year were also studied. The results showed that four groups of metal ion treatments had significant effects on the PAL activities and flavonoids contents in Ginkgo leaves. The treatments with 0.1% and 0.3% FeSO4, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% ZnSO4, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% MnSO4, 0.1% and 0.4% CuSO4 not only enhanced flavonoids contents, but also extended the optimum harvest dates of ginkgo leaves. The optimum combination was 0.1% FeSO4, 0.2% ZnSO4, 0.3% MnSO4, and 0.4% CuSO4. It could improve flavonoids content up to 1.619 4%.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Content Determination of Total Flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and Carbonized Sanguisorba Root by Orthogonal Experimental Design

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Sanguisorbae Radix and carbonized Sanguisorba root,compare quality of different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix,study the effects of processing on the content of flavonoids,and provide scientific basis for reasonable utilization of Sanguisorbae Radix. [Methods] Test samples were prepared by heating,refluxing,and extraction,the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment design,color was developed by NaNO_2-Al( NO_3)3-NaOH,and total flavonoids were measured by UV method at the wavelength of 510 nm. [Results] The linear relationship of rutin was excellent in the concentration range of 0. 1248 mg/mL-0. 5712 mg/mL,R^2= 0. 9997; the average recovery was 99. 67% and the RSD was 0. 70%. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the volume fraction of ethanol was 50%,the extraction temperature was 90℃,the extraction time was 90 min,and the solid-to-liquid ratio was 1∶ 20( g/mL). [Conclusions] After optimization of the extraction process,the extraction rate of total flavonoids in samples of Sanguisorbae Radix was significantly increased; there was certain difference in the content of total flavonoids between different batches of Sanguisorbae Radix and processed products; the total flavonoids significantly declines in carbonized sanguisorba root,and the influence of processing on its curative effect was to be further studied.

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from 10 Different Production Areas in Guangxi

[Objectives] To determine the content of total flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from different production areas in Guangxi and provide a basis for improving the quality standards of crude drug. [Methods] Using 50% ethanol as extractor,NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3-NaOH as chromogenic system and rutin as the reference substance,the content of total flavonoids from the crude drug was determined. [Results] A method for determining the content of total flavonoids was established,the content of total flavonoids was 11.35-21.35 mg·g^(-1),and the average content was 17.64 mg·g^(-1). [Conclusions] The method had high repeatability and stability,and the method was simple,rapid and sensitive and suitable for quantitative analysis.

HPLC Method for Determination of Content of Total Flavonoids from Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to determine the content of total flavonoids in ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba L.) leaves.[Methods]The content of total flavonoids from ginkgo leaves was determined by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).The flavonoid glycosides were first extracted with methanol,and hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid solution to prepare a test solution.Platisil ODS C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) and the mobile phase V methanol ∶ V water (0.4% phosphoric acid solution)=85∶ 15 were selected for HPLC separation.The HPLC separation was performed with the column at a column temperature of 25℃ using the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.The sample size was 10 μl,and detection was performed with an Agilent HPLC ultraviolet detector at 360 nm.[Results]The reference substance,quercetin,had good linearity in the range of 0.002 6-0.052 0 g/L,with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 7;and the RSD was 1.26%.[Conclusions]The determination method has rapid and simple operation with accurate results and is good in repeatability.This method is suitable for the determination of content of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves.

Studies on Optimal Extraction Conditions of Flavonoid in Leaves of Black Currnt

Employing the orthogonal design,the optimal extraction conditions for flavonoid in leaves of black currant were determined by colorimetric estimation,which were extraction agent of 75% EtOH-H 2O,the material ratio(ratio of weight of fresh leaves to volume of the solvent)of 1:16,the temperature of 35℃,the time of 1 h and times of three.A total extraction rate of over 97% and the flavonoid contents of 179 33 mg/100 g were obtained under the optimal extraction conditions.

Studies on the Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activities in Leaves of Black Currant

The fresh leaves and oven dried leaves from three varieties of black currant (Brodtrop,liangye,Risager)were analysed for the total contents of flavonoids by spectrophotometric methods in terms of rutin equivalent.In addition,antioxidant activities of different addition amounts of extracts of black currant (Brodtrop)leaves in lard were measured by the Oven-Storage Test,and compared with the synthetic antioxidants.The results showed the contents of the flavonoids were very rich in the leaves of three varieties from black currant.Among them the leaves of Brodtrop had the highest contents of flavonoids followed by liangye and Risager.The total contents of flavonoids in fresh leaves reach 231 70 mg/100 g,170 01 mg/100 g and 78 07 mg/100 g respectively.In the same circumstance the oven dried leaves were 397 82 mg/100 g,275 89 mg/100 g and 169 73 mg/100 g.The extracts of the leaves from Brodtrop exhibited strong antioxidant activities on lard,which increased with the addition amount of the flavonoid extracts.The antioxidant activities decreased in the order of 0 02% quercetin >0 02% BHT(butylated hydroxy toluene)>0 40% extracts>0 20% extracts>0 10% extracts>0 05% extracts>0 02% extracts>control.

Antioxidant activities and total phenol content of Inula viscosa extracts selected from three regions of Morocco

Objective:To investigate antioxidant activity,total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol(E) and ethyl acetate(A) extracts of Inula viscosa aerial parts selected from three regions of Morocco(Imouzzer.Sefrou and Taounate).Methods:Antioxidants properties were measured by three different test systems of assay namely free radical scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyI-1-picrylhydrazyl,total antioxidant capacity and iron-reducing capacity.Total phenolic content was measured by FolinCiocalteu reagent.Results:All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activities and contained important levels of phenols.The ethanol extract(0.3 mg/mL) from Sefrou showed the greatest antioxidant capacity in the three systems of assay,which was probably due to its high content of polyphenols(274.39±6.94) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract.Total flavonoid content was found equal for all extracts.Conclusions:Our results of antioxidant assays were justified and partially supported the popular usage of the tested plants.The high antioxidant activity found in the plant from Sefrou and its great biomass in this region suggested that Inula viscosa is a good source of natural antioxidants compounds which might have benefits for health.

Diversity of Antioxidant Content and Its Relationship to Grain Color and Morphological Characteristics in Winter Wheat Grains

The current interest in the health beneifts of whole wheat grain has prompted breeders to further increase the concentration of antioxidants in wheat. The objective of this study was to investigate the variation in antioxidant content among Chinese wheat grains and the relationship between antioxidants and grain color and morphological characteristics. A wide variation was observed in the total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity （AOA）, of Chinese wheat varieties. Black wheat had the highest mean total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and the highest AOA, followed by red and white wheats. The grain color parameters were signiifcantly negatively correlated with total phenolic, carotenoid and lfavonoid contents and AOA among all of the wheat varieties examined, and grain weight was also signiifcantly negatively correlated with these traits. The same correlation between grain weight and antioxidant traits was also observed within individual groups of wheat, which indicates that grain weight may be used as an index for selecting wheat varieties with high AOA. Landraces had signiifcantly higher lfavonoid content than commercial wheat varieties. The results of this study may be useful for breeding nutrient-rich wheat varieties.

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds Content of Extracts from Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl and Striga hermonthica (Delille) Benth Used as Antheminthic in Burkina Faso

The revaluation of medicinal plants in the veterinary pharmacopoeia is essential for the development of livestock in Burkina Faso. In order to justify the use of C. sesamoides and S. hermonthica in the treatment of gastrointestinal parasitosis of small ruminants, a quantification of phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity and acute toxicité evaluation of both plants were performed. Acute toxicity was evaluated by administering a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of both plants to mice. The highest total polyphenol content for C. sesamo?des was obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction with 47.236 ± 2.57 mgEAG/100mg while that of S. hermonthica was 74.871 ± 2.57 mgEAG/100mg obtained with the n-butanol Fraction. The dichloromethane extract of S. hermonthica obtained the highest total flavonoid content with 7.31 ± 0.48 mgEQ/100 while the highest total flavonoid content of C. sesamo?des was obtained with ethyl acetate fraction with 5.4273 ± 0.35 mgEQ/100mg. The aqueous extract of C. sesamo?des obtained the highest content of condensed tannins with 3.028 ± 0.13 mgEAT/100mg. Both plant’s extracts did not show any signs of toxicity in NMRI mice after administration of the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The antioxidant activity by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods was good compared to those of Quercetin and Trolox taken as standard.

Effects of Biological Fertilizer and Paclobutrazol on Total Flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicus

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the effects of applying biofertilizer instead of paclobutrazol on the content of flavonoids in Ophiopogon japonicas and determine its quality characteristics,in order to provide the scientific basis for the quality control of GAP and the comprehensive utilization of resources. [Methods] O. japonicas collected in Lingxing Town and Huayuan Town of Sichuan Province was divided into three groups: blank control group,paclobutrazol group and biofertilizer group. Root tuber of O. japonicas was obtained,and the enzyme was killed by the microwave,and then it was dried in 60℃. The content of flavonoids in root tuber of O. japonicus was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Then,SPSS19. 0 was used to analyze the results. [Results]The average contents of flavonoids in different treatments were as follows: 0. 184%-0. 198% in control group; 0. 283%-0. 330% in the paclobutrazol group; 0. 404%-0. 428% in the biofertilizer group. Biological bacterial fertilizer had a significant role in promoting the synthetic accumulation of homoisoflavonoids in O. japonicus( P <0. 001**). [Conclusions]The application of biological fertilizer can not only significantly improve the content of homoisoflavonoids in root ruber of O. japonicus,but also significantly optimize the micro ecological environment of soil. Therefore,biofertilizer should be widely used to gradually replace paclobutrazol in the main production areas of O. japonicas.