LEVEL SET输运方程的求解方法及其对气-液两相流运动界面数值模拟的影响

用数值模拟方法来研究气-液两相流动与传热现象是当今多相流领域的一个热门课题。由于两相流固有的复杂性,气-液两相流界面迁移现象的数值模拟一直是两相流研究中的一大难点。本文介绍了捕捉气-液两相流相界面运动的水平集方法(LevelSet)及其研究进展,介绍了求解LevelSet输运方程的3种方法,即一般差分格式、Superbee-TVD格式和Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式。结合主流场的求解,分别用这3种方法对4种典型相界面在5种流场中的迁移特性进行了模拟计算,并对计算结果进行了比较和分析。结果表明,Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式求解LevelSet输运方程的效果最好,在以后的计算中将主要采用这种组合格式来进行气-液相界面输运方程的求解。

Aerodynamic map for soft and hard hypersonic level flight in near space

In this note, we design a velocity-altitude map for hypersonic level flight in near space of altitude 20-100 km. This map displays aerodynamic-related parameters associated with near space level flight, schematically or quantitatively. Various physical conditions for the near-space level flight are then characterized, including laminar or turbulent flow, rarefaction or continuous flow, aerodynamic heating, as well as conditions for sustaining level flight with and without orbital effect. This map allows one to identify conditions to have soft flight or hard flight, and this identification would be helpful for making correct planning on detailed studies of aerodynamics or making initial design of near space vehicles.

Forward flight of a model butterfly: Simulation by equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations

The forward flight of a model butterfly was stud- ied by simulation using the equations of motion coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations. The model butterfly moved under the action of aerodynamic and gravitational forces, where the aerodynamic forces were generated by flapping wings which moved with the body, allowing the body os- cillations of the model butterfly to be simulated. The main results are as follows： （1） The aerodynamic force produced by the wings is approximately perpendicular to the long-axis of body and is much larger in the downstroke than in the up- stroke. In the downstroke the body pitch angle is small and the large aerodynamic force points up and slightly backward, giving the weight-supporting vertical force and a small neg- ative horizontal force, whilst in the upstroke, the body an- gle is large and the relatively small aerodynamic force points forward and slightly downward, giving a positive horizon- tal force which overcomes the body drag and the negative horizontal force generated in the downstroke. （2） Pitching oscillation of the butterfly body plays an equivalent role of the wing-rotation of many other insects. （3） The body-mass- specific power of the model butterfly is 33.3 W/kg, not very different from that of many other insects, e.g., fruitflies and dragonflies.

Oxygen Isotope Records of Core 8KL of the South China Sea and Sea - level Change

Based on a comparison between the oxygen isotope records of benthic and plank tonic foraminifers from core 8KL of the South China Sea and sea-level change records derived from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea, it is found that both records are very similar from 72 K a B.P. to the present, especially for the benthic oxygen isotope record. The linear regression shows that δ18O changes (0.9995‰ for benthic foraminifers and 1.022‰ for planktonic foraminifers) are equal to 100 m in sea-level fluctuation. After making temperature correction in the δ18O record of benthic foraminifers from 72 to 120 Ka B.P., the curve of sea-level oscillation of the South China Sea since 186 Ka B.P. has been reconstructed. The lowermost sea - level that occurred in the last glacial maximum and oxygen isotope stage 6 is approximately - 130 m.

High levels of Zinc-α-2-Glycoprotein among Omani AIDS patients on combined antiretroviral therapy

Objective:To investigate the levels of zinc-α-2-glycoprotein(ZAG) among Omani AIDS patients receiving combined antiretroviral therapy(cART).Methods:A total of 80 Omani AIDS patients(45 males and 33 females),average age of 36 vears.who were receiving cART at the Saltan Qaboos University Hospital(SQUH).Muscat,Oman,were tested for the levels of ZAG.In addition,SO healthy blood donors(46 males and 34 females),average age of 26 years,attending the SOUH Blood Bank,were tested in parallel as a control group.Measurement of the ZAG levels was performed using a competitive enzyme—linked immunosorbent assay and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.Results:The ZAG levels were found to he significantly higher among AIDS patients compared to the healthy individuals(P=0.033).A total of 56(70%) of the AIDS patients were found to have higher levels of ZAG and 16(20%) AIDS patients were found to have high ZAG levels,which are significantly(P>0.031) associated with weight loss.Conclusions:ZAG levels are high among Omani AIDS patients on cART and this necessitales the measurement of ZAG on routine basis,as it is associated with weight loss.

Comparison between Google Earth KML Data and RTK Data on a Flight Planning Simulated to the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Microdrone MD4-1000

The UAVs （unmanned aerial vehicles） and the use of graphical data files of extension KML （keyhole markup language） have become popular nowadays. The KML files are associated to the Google Earth applications. Developed by Microdrone company for planning, overflight simulation and data flight analysis, the program mdCockpit was used in this experiment. The UAV Microdrone＇s flight path was programmed in two ways： using geo referenced images from Google Earth and entering points coordinates into the program. These points have had their geographical decimal coordinates collected by GPS （global positioning system） （RTK （real time kinematic）） method. The aim here is to describe a way of evaluating the difference between the alternatives of flight planning. A flight path, defined a route with 22 points, was also simulated in the program mdCockpit. The points were collected and saved, while the images captured by the program went automatically forming a georeferenced mosaic. A comparison between the differences of coordinates to each point was made by choosing on the images and also by a RTK positioning. The result was up to 14.20 m to a 100 m flight height. There is a significant change of position and this can result in unwanted over flights in locations or even jeopardizing the safety of air activity.

On the Current Situation of Basic - level Administrative Law Enforcement in China

With the development of economy and society, our country is on the road of rule by law, the legal system is progressing constantly. At the same time, we should also see that the administration according to law is not perfect, and its shortcomings exist in different degree and need to be further improved. Based on the analysis of the status quo of grass-roots administrative law enforcement in China, this paper tries to put forward corresponding countermeasures, so as to promote the work of law-based administration for the corresponding study.

基于多维空间的航路利用率

航路利用率表征了空域中航路的利用情况,通过计算航路利用率可以实现对空域资源进行更合理、高效的利用。为了更加准确地计算给定时间段内固定航路的利用率,通过构建抽象的三维空间,提出了一种基于多维空间的航路利用率计算方法。在考虑时间和空间两个角度之间的相互联系有了突破,从时间、航路、高度层三个维度建立航路时空利用率计算模型计算航路时空利用率,结合航路容量利用率,从时间、空间、容量三个角度出发,建立了航路利用率计算模型。最后通过算例分析计算得到某一空域四条航路的利用率。

Relation between Baseline Lipid Levels and Effectiveness of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

Objective To evaluate whether the effects of HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors on patients with hyperlipidemia are closely related to baseline lipid levels. Methods The data analyzed originated from 3 separate multicenter clinical trials with similar designs during 1994 to 1999. 166 patients with mean age 58. 9±9. 2 years were involved in Simvastatin Clinical Trial with simvastatin 10 mg once daily for 8 weeks. 146 patients with mean age 57. 9±8. 7years were involved in Lovastatin Clinical Trial with lovastatin 20 mg once daily for 8 weeks. 105 patients with mean age 57. 8±9. 3 years were involved in Atorvastatin Clinical Trial with atorvastatin 10 mg once daily for 6 weeks. Baseline total cholesterol (TC) was more than 5. 98 mmol. L - 1, and baseline triglyceride (TG) was less than 4. 52 mmo. L - 1. The patients were grouped by baseline lipid levels. Results The higher the baseline TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL - C) and TG levels were, the more effective the simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin was in reducing serum TC, LDL - C, and TG, respectively. A positive linear correlation was found between baseline values and effects of simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin in reducing serum TC, LDL - C, and TG, respectively. Conclusion The changes of reduction on serum lipid with HMG - CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with hyperlipidemia were influenced by baseline lipid levels.

Heath Assessment Method of EMU Trains in Level 3-5 Maintenance and Repair

An accurate and objective assessment of the health status of EMU trains is of great importance.In order to make sure the trains are functional,reliable,and endurable in their full life cycle(FLC),health assessment method for EMU trains after Level 3-5 maintenance and repair is studied.First,the element-selection principles and the assessment rules are defined;second,to present the complex topological relationship between the elements in assessment,a functional logical structure construction method is proposed;third,a health value calculation model is defined based on the element’s characteristics and their logical structures.The health variables of each element is calculated and fitted following the steps in the corresponding weight calculation methods.The assessment method is proved to be applicable and effective.

基于高度层与飞机类型的航路利用率研究

航路利用率表征了空域中航路的利用情况.为了更加准确地计算航路的利用率,针对在航路上不同的高度层对不同类型的飞机具有不同的适用性问题,根据不同高度层和飞机类型的组合情况,从时间、空间、容量三个角度建立了一种基于高度层与飞机类型的航路利用率计算模型.在考虑航路利用率的多维影响因素方面有了突破,通过算例分析计算得到某四条航路的利用率.

城市无人机航线飞行间隔与调控频率综合研究

聚焦城市无人机航线飞行,为确保运行安全,需要为无人机配备合适的飞行间隔。面向同航线纵向飞行场景,研究了考虑冲突频率与碰撞概率且符合ICAO间隔制定原则的间隔调控模型。通过研究仅考虑无人机定位误差下的碰撞风险,得到无人机纵向飞行间隔,作为后续间隔计算的基准;通过综合考虑定位误差和速度误差引发的位置不确定性,计算伴随无人机航线飞行进程的碰撞风险。加大纵向间隔会延迟突破安全目标水平的时机,但随着飞行进程的推进,碰撞风险终将突破安全目标水平。基于此,提出了无人机位置调控机制,对2架无人机位置进行定期调控,以消除速度所产生的累积误差。针对某1个指定的安全目标水平,得到了纵向间隔与位置调控频率的关系曲线,发现二者存在博弈关系,实施高频调控,需要采取更小的航线间隔;反之,则需要加大航线间隔。同时,为兼顾城市空间与位置调控能力的双重约束,提出了选取曲率最大值位置的所需飞行间隔与调控频率作为折中方案,发现安全目标水平要求越严格,所需调控频率和飞行间隔越大。实验得到在满足安全目标水平为5×10^(-9)次/飞行小时情况下,所需调控频率为87次/h,所需纵向飞行间隔为90 m;同时在实际运行环境中,应用上述评估模型与方法可以客观选择所需间隔和调控频率。本文研究可以兼顾城市物流无人机空中运行的安全,提高城市空域利用率和派送效率。

Investigation on the Structure of Chute-feed and Card Auto-leveller and Their Selection of Technological Processes

Based on the structure of chute - feed and autoleveHer, an analysis of their working principle and the verification of their practical production results have been carried out. Finally, the future investigation direetiom of chute - feed and card autuleveller are put forward.

冲突探测与解脱机制下城市物流无人机自由飞行间隔研究

聚焦自由飞行场景,为确保城市物流无人机运行安全,需要为无人机配备安全间隔。借鉴气体模型和位置误差概率模型,提出考虑冲突探测与解脱机制的无人机自由飞行间隔综合评估模型。首先应用气体模型评估无人机冲突发生频率;接着综合考虑空中交通特性、冲突探测与解脱机制、航线结构、空中交通服务能力,计算冲突发生时碰撞概率,得到总体碰撞概率。最后,对标安全目标水平,计算城市物流无人机自由飞行所需间隔。应用该模型,针对某运行空间无人机自由飞行场景,制定所需间隔。研究结果为城市物流无人机间隔标准制定提供可行方法,同时可用于指导冲突探测与解脱机制,降低突破间隔后碰撞概率。

民航飞行大学生各阶段心理压力水平测量与应对建议

民航飞行技术专业大学生(以下称为“飞行大学生”)的心理健康水平至关重要。笔者通过分析研究飞行大学生的压力源,设计飞行大学生压力水平问卷(Likert三级量表),该量表的Cronbach's系数为0.872,KMO取样适切性量数值为0.820,巴特利特球形度检验P值为0.000,该量表的内部一致性较好,信度和效度较高。笔者分析600份飞行大学生和396份民航地面专业大学生心理压力问卷,得出结论:飞行大学生比地面专业大学生压力平均值低22.33%,飞行大学生各阶段不同压力测试项目波动趋势基本一致,理论阶段学生心理压力均值最高,其次是中高教返校阶段学生,飞行训练阶段学生最低。笔者分析不同阶段飞行大学生心理压力产生的原因,提出了降低飞行大学生心理压力的应对建议。本研究为测量飞行大学生压力状况,提升该群体的心理健康水平提供理论依据。

基于MBSE的民机飞行控制系统架构设计

基于模型的系统工程(model-based systems engineering,MBSE)已被广泛应用于复杂系统设计之中。通过构建功能、行为和结构之间的关系,提出一种基于MBSE的多层级递进式架构设计流程。随后,以高度控制需求为导向,对民机飞行控制系统进行了示例化建模。结果表明,基于MBSE的民机飞行控制系统多层级递进式架构设计能够充分发挥数字模型可重用的优势,保证需求与功能、逻辑和物理架构的紧密结合,提高系统设计的可追溯性,可为后续领域层阶段模型设计提架构参考。

基于时隙-高度层协同的航路分配模型与算法

为科学合理地利用航路资源,实现航路时隙和高度层的协同分配,本文建立了时隙-高度层协同分配模型,提出分配算法的步骤,采用FCFS、模糊聚类和人工鱼群算法来计算模型,并进行算例分析。结果显示:3种算法的总延误时间都为547 min,而模糊聚类和人工鱼群算法分配的第一优先级别的航班延误时间都为0,低于FCFS算法的40 min。FCFS、模糊聚类和人工鱼群算法分配的总延误成本分别为225 500元、123 100元和119 100元。

载人登月绕月自由返回轨道混合-分层优化设计

针对载人登月绕月自由返回飞行任务,提出一种混合-分层轨道优化设计方法。将高精度模型下强约束自由返回轨道设计问题转化为有约束非线性规划求解问题,在此基础上提出一种混合-分层优化求解策略。在双二体模型下利用差分进化算法(DE)与序列二次规划(SQP)相结合的混合优化算法快速求解了满足弱约束条件下的轨道初值问题。采用序列二次规划(SQP)构造两层迭代格式,在高精度模型和强目标约束下对初步设计轨道进行逐层修正。最后,通过仿真测试,文章所述方法的可行性与有效性得到了验证。仿真飞行结果还进一步表明该设计方法具有求解精度高、收敛速度快等优点,为探月工程任务提供了一种有效的轨道设计工具。

气-液两相流界面迁移现象的数值模拟研究

借助于LevelSet函数,建立了气-液两相的统一控制方程组,并在交错网格中进行离散.用两种格式,即Superbee TVD格式和5阶WENO格式求解LevelSet函数的输运方程,用SIMPLER算法的思想对主流场控制方程的求解方法进行改进.数值实验结果表明,在求解LevelSet的控制方程时,5阶WENO方法比Superbee TVD格式的结果更准确;用改进的数值算法可成功实现对密度比大于1000/1的气-液两相流界面迁移问题的数值模拟.对几种典型大密度比气-液两相流问题的计算结果与实际问题的物理规律完全一致,验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性.

基于Schmidt-Appleman标准的中国地区凝结尾数值模拟分析

为了解中国地区凝结尾发生的时空分布特征和环境特征,按照Schmidt-Appleman标准,建立凝结尾发生模型,并基于中国大气探空数据,统计分析了2001～2017年中国地区凝结尾特征。结果表明,近年来凝结尾的发生数量呈增长趋势,其与年平均湿度呈正相关,相关系数达0. 96;大兴安岭地区、陕北地区、青海东南和川北地区以及天山地区是中国凝结尾高发地区,华南地区是凝结尾发生数量最少的地区;凝结尾发生数量季节差异明显,春夏多,秋冬少;凝结尾发生时环境的平均温度为-35. 2℃,平均湿度为50. 4%。高度7 000～12 000 m范围内凝结尾发生数量占总次数的79. 5%;凝结尾在不同高度层发生的概率不同,调整航空器的飞行高度层,可使凝结尾发生数量平均减少24. 9%。