Methodology for the Calculation of the Runoff Coefficient with the Arrangement Tirado

For this research work, an adequate methodology was sought for the calculation of the runoff coefficient with the Tirado arrangement. To achieve this, first, the variables that affect the runoff coefficient were identified, then the model was described with the Tirado arrangement, and as a third part for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the Tirado model is proposed. From the theory for the calculation of the runoff coefficient, the equation of the weighted coefficients and the expression of Nadal were manipulated, resulting in the following relationship , considering this as the expression for the arrangement Tirado. The expression is tested with different intensities, the magnitudes correspond to 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm/hrs, resulting in runoff coefficient 0.82, 0.87, 0.89, 0.91 respectively. This means that, the higher the intensity, the runoff coefficient will be higher, logically the characteristics of the basin affect that this coefficient has variation in the space studied.

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.

Experimental Study of Runoff Coefficients for Different Hill Slope Soil Profiles

The estimation of peak discharge from a catchment due to intense rainfall is a difficult task that may occur in a return period. If cannot be estimated accurately, it may lead to serious problem in hydraulic structure design like bridge, culvert across a river and drainage system. The main parameter which affects the peak flow is runoff coefficient of the catchment which directly depends on the soil type, its slope and land use pattern with vegetation covers. For the purpose, this study was carried out to estimate maximum runoff coefficients for different land profiles and soil types in hill slope model developed in 10 degree with the horizontal to the rainfall simulator rig (Basic Hydrology system-S12) experimentally which can give more reliable value than the real field test method as it is easier than field test especially in hill slope. The soil slope preparation was made of sand, silt and clay separately and the experiments were carried out in a controlled system. The slope prepared represented a small catchment on a plot of 2.02 meter length, 1 meter wide and 0.15 m depth soil plots (at the slope of 10° to the horizontal plane). From the experiment in different soil plots, the rainfall runoff coefficients were observed as 0.428 - 0.53 for sand soil slope, 0.46 - 0.55 for silt soil slope and 0.42 - 0.51 for clay soil slope under uniform rainfall rate of 4 lpm to 13 lpm in each soil slope. Rainfall runoff correlation equation was found with the values of R above 90% in each soil slope. The value observed is within the range of rational value of 0.05 to 0.95 as standard which concluded that the performance of simulator was found good to deal with rational values. And the runoff coefficients for these soil types can be taken within the range obtained to estimate peak discharge in any small catchment area depending on the soil types.

Determination of Potential Runoff Coefficient Using GIS and Remote Sensing

Flash floods in arid environments are a major hazard feature to human and to the infrastructure. Shortage of accurate environmental data is main reason for inaccurate prediction of flash flooding characteristics. The curve number (CN) is a hydrologic number used to describe the storm water runoff potential for drainage area. This study introduces an approach to determine runoff coefficient in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using remote sensing and GIS. Remote sensing and geographic information system techniques were used to obtain and prepare input data for hydrologic model. The land cover map was derived using maximum likelihood classification of a SPOT image. The soil properties (texture and permeability) were derived using the soil maps published my ministry of water and agriculture in Saudi Arabia. These soil parameters were used to classify the soil map into hydrological soil groups (HSG). Using the derived information within the hydrological modelling system, the runoff depth was predicted for an assumed severe storm scenario. The advantages of the proposed approach are simplicity, less input data, one software used for all steps, and its ability to be applied for any site. The results show that the runoff depth is directly proportional to runoff coefficient and the total volume of runoff is more than 136 million cubic meters for a rainfall of 103.6 mm.

牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区不同时间尺度径流变化特征

为做好补水工程水资源调度、配置、流域水安全治理和区域防汛抗旱工作,充分发挥工程效益,基于牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区代表站长系列水文资料,采用集中度、不均匀系数、Hurst系数、M-K趋势检验、滑动T检验等多种方法分析了牛栏江—滇池补水工程水源区不同时间尺度径流变化特征。结果表明,水源区不同时间尺度径流年际变化大、丰-平-枯周期明显;年内分配向均匀性和坦化趋势演变;最小1、7 d径流显著上升,其他7个径流趋势变化不显著,均发生突变;年、丰水期、极端最大等5个径流指标突变后径流量减少明显,枯水期和极端最小等4个径流指标突变后为增长趋势;年径流突变后8~10月来水量减少明显;预计补水工程水源区未来一段时间不易发生极端枯水事件,但总来水量可能会进一步衰减。

绿色屋顶降雨径流特性及其结构参数优选试验研究

为研究北方半湿润区绿色屋顶降雨径流特性,探究结构参数变化对其雨水蓄滞效应的影响,为海绵城市绿色新基建提供数据支撑及引导。建立绿色屋顶(坡度0°)、普通屋顶(坡度0°)、坡面屋顶(坡度5°)3种类型屋顶的对照试验,以及基于基质层厚度、基质层、排水层和排水方式结构参数调整的五组绿色屋顶试验,基于实测降雨径流开展监测。研究表明:监测期内,绿色屋顶、普通屋顶、坡面屋顶综合降雨量的平均径流系数分别为0.27、0.50、0.77,绿色屋顶降雨径流削减效应明显。随着降雨强度增大,绿色屋顶产流概率呈逐渐增大趋势,径流总量控制率呈逐渐较小趋势,绿色屋顶对小雨~大雨级别场次降雨蓄滞效应显著。监测期内降雨事件中,绿色屋顶降雨径流系数与降雨总量显著正相关,与前期降雨间隔天数和前期降雨量为弱负相关;绿色屋顶降雨径流控制效率显著降低对应降雨强度临界值为30 mm。绿色屋顶雨水蓄滞效应影响因素显著程度由大到小依次为基质层(超轻量基质层)、排水方式(距底部5 cm排水)、基质层厚度(20 cm)、排水层(陶粒层)。绿色屋顶降雨径流特性及雨水蓄滞效应受到内、外因多因素影响,后续应基于长序列降雨监测期,进一步研究不同结构、不同尺度的绿色屋顶的海绵城市生态效应。

河南省主要河川径流变化归因

为相对全面客观地分析气候变化和人类活动对河南省主要河川径流变化的影响,基于河南省内卫河、伊洛河、洪汝河和唐河流域1961—2022年径流和降水资料,以及国家气候中心根据Penman-Monteith公式计算的年潜在蒸散发资料,比较4个蒸发对比站年潜在蒸散发和蒸发皿年蒸发值,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法和累积双曲线法分析4个研究流域控制水文站年径流序列的变化趋势和突变年份,以及4个流域年降水和潜在蒸散发的变化趋势。采用基于Budyko假设的弹性系数法对径流变化开展归因分析。结果表明:4个蒸发对比站年潜在蒸散发与蒸发皿年蒸发变化趋势基本一致,4个水文站年径流深及4个流域年降水和年潜在蒸散发均呈下降趋势。4个水文站年径流深分别在1977年、1985年、2008年和2010年发生了突变。气候变化对径流减少的贡献率在卫河和伊洛河流域为7%以下,在洪汝河和唐河流域约为12%~18%,降水减少不显著和潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势是贡献率小的原因,可见人类活动是影响4个流域径流变化的主要驱动因素。

径流曲线数模型在湖南省山区小流域的优化与应用

径流曲线数模型(Soil Conservation Service Curve Number Model,简称SCS-CN模型)可以利用降雨资料估算径流,对水资源合理配置和山洪灾害预警具有重要意义,因为其方便计算、参数简单,而被广泛应用。目前标准SCS-CN模型在山区小流域的适用性欠佳,因此需要对模型参数进行优化以提高预测精度。本文以湖南省螺岭桥流域为例,根据实测降雨径流资料优化径流曲线数CN(Curve Number)查算表,并利用步长优化参数算法研究初损率对模型精度的影响,将优化模型的方法应用于湖南省凤凰小流域,验证该优化方法的可靠性。结果分析表明:与标准SCS-CN模型相比,优化后的SCS-CN模型效率系数NSE从0.576提升至0.813,决定系数R^(2)为0.858。将模型优化方法验证于气候地形条件相似的凤凰流域,模型NSE值提高117%。通过预测径流深与实测径流深比较,优化模型模拟精度较为理想,对湖南省山区小流域场次降雨产流预报有一定的参考意义。

北方岩溶区降水入渗补给系数及补给机制:以羊庄岩溶水系统为例

为建立北方岩溶区水文地质参数系列,提高岩溶地下水可采资源计算精度,笔者团队于20世纪80年代开始,在山东羊庄封闭式泉排型岩溶水系统开展了岩溶水均衡试验研究,积累了40余年的监测试验数据。根据长期野外水均衡要素观测资料,推导出裸露型、半覆盖型和覆盖型岩溶区降水入渗补给系数计算公式,建立了岩溶区降水入渗补给系数α与降水量P和地下水位埋深D的相关方程,以及可调控的最大降水入渗补给系数系列,揭示了降水入渗补给过程与α变化机制。结果表明:α随水位埋深D的改变而改变,每个降水量P段分别对应一个最大降水入渗补给系数α_(max)和最大降水入渗补给量即补给极限G_(max),相应的水位埋深便是最佳水位埋深D_(critical)。D>D_(critical)时,包气带截留量随着水位埋深的增大而增大,α<α_(max);D<D_(critical)时,地表径流量随着地下水位埋深的减小而增大,α<α_(max)。不同的降水量段对应不同的D_(critical),降水量增大时,对应的α_(max)及D_(critical)也增大。在任意水位埋深时,G_(max)为蓄满产流临界降水量与包气带最大截流量之差。本研究解决了岩溶区降水入渗补给的关键科学问题,即揭示降水入渗补给机制、建立降水入渗补给系数与降水量和水位埋深的定量关系,提升了我国北方岩溶水资源基础性研究水平。

动态径流系数法和基于城市功能区的SWMM参数率定方法研究

城市雨洪模型是研究城市内涝形成规律及演进过程的重要手段,但在我国城市化进程加速、雨水内涝监测能力不足的背景下,模型参数率定和应用面临挑战。为解决缺乏实测雨洪数据条件下城市雨洪模型参数校准的难题,本文提出了根据地理和气候特征计算雨水径流量的动态径流系数法和基于城市功能区的Storm Water Management Model(SWMM)参数率定方法。在福建省三明市的应用表明:动态径流系数法与规范和经验公式结果一致,与传统方法相比则能反映降雨产流随雨强、下渗等因素变化的规律,更符合城市降雨产流的实际过程。基于城市功能区的参数率定方法结果与研究区城市化水平和下垫面特征相符。率定后雨水径流过程NSE值达到0.80,雨水总径流量误差处于6%以内,洪峰时间误差小于3分钟。本文提出的方法可为缺乏实测雨洪数据地区的城市雨洪模拟提供参考。

基于SWMM的杭州小和山区域LID措施

【目的】缓解杭州城西小和山区域涝水问题。【方法】基于海绵城市理念,利用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)针对研究区域设置的5种低影响开发(low impact development, LID)改造设施的效益指标权重进行判别,实现不同LID设施下的综合效益优选,并利用暴雨管理模型(storm water management model, SWMM)构建研究区域雨洪模型,比较LID设施布设前后的汇水情况。【结果】对研究区域中12%的学校和住宅区域用地增添雨水花园,25%的广场铺装改造为透水铺装,65%的道路设置渗渠,可使洪峰出现时刻延迟45 min,洪峰流量削减率达61.5%,径流系数削减率为19.2%。可见,改造措施对洪峰流量、地表径流系数和洪峰时间等均起到显著的削弱作用。【结论】本研究结果对缓解同类区域涝水问题及提升防涝治理技术具有参考意义。

产流风险与绿地分布相关性研究——以郑州市金水河片区为例

利用ArcGIS与SCS-CN、SWMM模型相结合对研究区产流状况进行模拟,通过莫兰系数分析研究区产流风险与绿地分布在空间上的联系。绿地分布与产流风险相关性显著,研究区域的产流风险与绿地分布呈基于产流风险的绿地失配现象,在城市尺度上对绿地空间进行合理分配与布局优化,更加高效地解决城市内涝问题。

互助北山特长隧道涌水量预测研究

【目的】为了给隧道设计和施工提供依据,需对隧道涌水量进行预测。【方法】以青海互助北山特长隧道为例,基于勘察报告,综合分析其自然地理情况和工程地质条件,对地表水和地下水化学特征进行详细分析,采用降水入渗系数法、地下径流模数法和地下水动力法等三种方法对隧址区涌水量进行预测分析。【结果】结果表明,采用地下径流模数法计算的结果对施工安全的保障更有利。【结论】研究成果对类似特长隧道涌水量预测具有一定参考意义。

低绿地率保障性租赁住房小区海绵城市设计探讨

以西安某更新保障性租赁住房小区为例,从绿色发展的海绵城市设计思路分析、绿化景观选取、低影响海绵设施分析比选、结合场地的汇水分区划分、结合场地下垫层分析在总平面图中对海绵设施进行合理布局,切实做好小区内的水资源规划,在满足海绵城市设计强制性指标的同时尽量达到引导性指标的要求。重点通过该项目海绵城市设计案例的分析、布置及计算等,探讨海绵技术措施在低绿化率小区中的建设思路,并提出了几点建议和注意事项。

Simulation of Runoff and Sediment Yield for a Kaneri Watershed Using SWAT Model

Watershed as an entry point acts as a beginning to address the issues of sustainable rainwater management for improving livelihoods. Extraction of watershed parameters using Geographical Information System (GIS) and use of simulation models is the current trend for hydrologic evaluation of watersheds. In the present study, the open Source Tool Quantum GIS 2.2.0 was used for preparation of maps to verify the spatial extent of the area. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) having an interface with Arc-View GIS software (ArcGIS 10.1 with Arc SWAT 2012 extension) was selected for the estimation of runoff and sediment yield from Kaneri watershed, located in Western Maharashtra region. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the monthly and yearly runoff was obtained as 0.849 and 0.951 respectively for the calibration period 1979 to 2000 and 0.801 and 0.950 respectively for the validation period 2001-2013. The R2 value in estimating the monthly and yearly sediment yield during calibration period was computed as 0.722 and 0.788 respectively. The R2 for monthly and yearly sediment yield values for validation period was observed to be 0.565 and 0.684 respectively.

Geoprocessing Applied in the Estimate of Infiltration and Surface Runoff in HPP’s Contribution Watershed

The knowledge of the hydrological regime contributes to the prediction of periods of higher or lower water supply as a function of the frequency and volume of rainfall in relation to the pedological, land cover, and land use conditions. This work aims at evaluating the spatio-temporal variability of the infiltration and runoff potential of an area formed by 4 sub-basins tributary to the São Marcos River in Cristalina (GO). The SCS/NRCS-USDA (2004) method was used, using geoprocessing resources, considering soils in dry, semi-humid and humid conditions. The estimates indicate that rainfall with an average of 6.83 mm, in the September-October transition, in the face of soils in the dry condition does not provide surface runoff. Thus, the variability of pedological characteristics associated with the various conditions of coverage and land use indicates that even the areas with lower infiltration potential begin to contribute effectively with their respective channels in the transition from October to November, when rainfall events are more frequent and significant, and the soils are already in conditions of greater humidity.

考虑高程的降水空间插值方法研究——以巴河流域为例

在气候变暖的背景下,构建质量可靠的降水数据,对水资源管理与水土流失预防与治理至关重要。基于站点观测数据,利用空间插值方法是获得可靠的降水数据的重要途径。为提高空间插值方法对水文站点稀疏、地形复杂的山区流域降水数据精度,以巴河流域为例,采用径流系数作为评价指标,评估GLADS、GSMaP以及再分析数据集CMFD等3种降水数据的适用性,并考虑高程变化对降水空间垂直分布的影响,提出了一种基于高程递推的反距离加权法,分析研究区不同高程降水的空间变化规律。结果表明:GLADS、GSMaP以及再分析数据集CMFD降水数据对巴河流域的年均降水量的模拟存在不同程度的低估现象,模拟精度从大到小排序为CMFD>GSMaP>GLADS,均不能准确的刻画巴河流域降水量随高程的变化。巴河流域水文观测站点较少,代表性有限,遥感数据反演精度偏低,基于高程递推的反距离加权法模拟的巴河流域降水空间分布再现效果较好,明显优于传统的反距离加权法。该方法得到的降水量能够更好的反映高程变化对巴河流域降水空间分布的影响,巴河流域年均降水量为1522 mm,径流系数为0.92,降水量主要来源于4000~6000 m高海拔地区,相对贡献率最大,占比高达89.5%,4000 m以下海拔对应的降水量占比为10.1%。研究可为水文资料短缺的高寒山区流域的水文模拟与预报提供参考。

Quantitative research of annual runoff distribution characteristics in the Dagujia River basin,Yantai,China

Mann-Kendall method and minimum variance method are used in this study to analyze the mean value variable-point of the runoff data observed by Fushan Hydrological Station in the Dagujia River basin from 1966 to 2004. Based on the results, the runoff time is divided into four periods with the similar hydrological variation character. The annual runoff distribution characters in the Dagujia River basin are discussed by using the non-uniform coefficients, concentration degree and concentration period, variation range, etc. The results indicate that: (1) River runoff is very unevenly distributed throughout the year in Dagujia River. About 90% of runoff is in the period from June to October, while the runoff from November to April of the next year is lower. (2) The annual runoff distribution characters during 1966-1971 are very similar to that of 1982-1996, and the runoff of 1972-1981 is almost similar to that of 1997-2004. (3) The annual runoff distribution characters have changed obviously during 1997-2004 compared with the other periods, which makes it more difficult to exploit and use the water resource in the future.

植草沟曼宁粗糙系数变化特征及影响因素

随着海绵城市的快速发展,植草沟得到了广泛应用。目前关于植草沟沿程流量的计算一般采用谢才公式,但其适用条件与植草沟存在显著差异,导致计算结果存在一定误差,其中曼宁粗糙系数变化是引起误差的原因之一。在假定谢才公式适用的前提下,通过足尺试验,系统研究了恒定流量、变流量进水条件下植草沟曼宁粗糙系数的变化特征,并进一步分析了植被高度对曼宁粗糙系数的影响。结果表明:植草沟沿程流量以及曼宁粗糙系数均随流动距离增加而降低;不同进水流量条件下,曼宁粗糙系数与进水流量密切相关,随进水流量增加而增加,试验条件下其最大值为0.22;另外,在植草沟不同植被高度以及不同变流量进水条件下,曼宁粗糙系数在峰值流量时刻的变化范围为0.19~0.22,试验条件下植被高度对曼宁粗糙系数影响较小。因此,植草沟的曼宁粗糙系数受沿程流量的影响较大,研究成果可以为植草沟沿程流量计算时曼宁粗糙系数的精确取值提供参考。

近40年挠力河流域沼泽湿地退化特征及驱动因素量化研究

受人为因素、气候变化和水文条件的影响,近40年挠力河流域沼泽湿地退化严重。基于1980-2020年多期土地利用数据及长时间序列水文和气象数据资料,分析了挠力河流域沼泽湿地退化特征,通过线性拟合、相关分析和逐步多元回归分析,定量探讨了流域沼泽湿地退化与水文条件、气候变化和人为干扰的关系。结果表明:近40年挠力河流域沼泽湿地面积萎缩严重,生态景观也呈现退化趋势;流域径流系数变化率与沼泽湿地面积、最大斑块指数和斑块占景观面积指数变化率的变化趋势呈现较好的一致性;气象要素中气温对表征湿地面积类的生态指标影响显著,相对湿度对表征密度和景观形状类的生态指标影响显著;人为干扰度与沼泽湿地面积、最大斑块指数、斑块占景观面积指数和聚集度指数呈显著负相关。RDA1和RDA2分别解释沼泽湿地景观指数变化总方差的73.93%和24.78%,人为干扰的贡献率高达59.3%。各自然保护区成立后人为因素对湿地的影响减弱,自然因素对湿地的影响更加突出。