Effects of loose deposits on debris flow processes in the Aizi Valley, southwest China

Loose deposits, rainfall and topography are three key factors that triggering debris flows.However, few studies have investigated the effects of loose deposits on the whole debris flow process.On June 28, 2012, a catastrophic debris flow occurred in the Aizi Valley, resulting in 40 deaths.The Aizi Valley is located in the Lower Jinsha River,southwestern Sichuan Province, China. The Aizi Valley debris flow has been selected as a case for addressing loose deposits effects on the whole debris flow process through remote sensing, field investigation and field experiments. Remote sensing interpretation and laboratory experiments were used to obtain the distribution and characteristics of the loose deposits, respectively. A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanics of slope debris flows, and another field investigation was conducted to obtain the processes of debris flow formation, movement and amplification. The results showed that loose deposits preparation, slope debris flow initiation,gully debris flow confluence and valley debris flow amplification were dominated by the loose deposits.Antecedent droughts and earthquake activities may have increased the potential for loose soil sources in the Aizi Valley, which laid the foundation for debris flow formation. Slope debris flow initiated under rainfall, and the increase in the water content as well as the pore water pressure of the loose deposits were the key factors affecting slope failure. The nine gully debris flows converged in the valley, and the peak discharge was amplified 3.3 times due to a blockage and outburst caused by a large boulder. The results may help in predicting and assessing regional debris flows in dry-hot and seismic-prone areas based on loose deposits, especially considering large boulders.

Applying a modified conduit flow process to understand conduit-matrix exchange of a karst aquifer

Due to the high heterogeneity and complexity of water flow movement for multiple karst water-bearing mediums,the evaluation,effective development,and utilization of karst water resources are significantly limited.Matrix flow is usually laminar,whereas conduit flow is usually turbulent.The driving mechanisms of water exchange that occur between the karst conduit and its adjacent matrix are not well understood.This paper investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics and the mechanism of flow exchange in dual water-bearing mediums(conduit and matrix)of karst aquifers through laboratory experimentation and numerical simulation.A karst aquifer consisting of a matrix network and a conduit was proposed,and the relationship between the water exchange flux and hydraulic head differences generated from the laboratory experiments was analyzed.Two modes of experimental tests were performed with different fixed water level boundaries in the laboratory karst aquifer.The results indicate that the water exchange capacity was proportional to the square root of hydraulic head differences.The linear exchange term in the conduit flow process(CFP)source program was modified according to experimental results.The modified CFP and the original CFP model experimental data results were compared,and it was found that the modified CFP model had better fitting effects.These results showed that the water exchange mechanism between conduit and matrix is very important for solid-liquid interface reaction,water resource evaluation,and understanding of karst hydrodynamic behavior.

Simulation on flow process of filtered molten metals

Filtration and flow process of molten metals was analyzed by water simulation experiments. Fluid dynamic phenomena of molten metal cells through a foam ceramic filter was described and calculated by ERGOR equation as well. The results show that the filter is most useful for stable molten metals and the filtered flow is laminar, so that inclusions can be removed more effectively.

Stochastic Modelling of Great Letaba River Flow Process

A stochastic approach is presented in view that a time series modelling is achieved through an Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) model. The applicability of the ARMA model is then further presented using the Great Letaba River as a case study. River flow discharge for 25 years (1989-2014) for the Great Letaba River was obtained from the Department of Water and Sanitation, South Africa and analysed by Autoregressive (AR), Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Monte Carlo simulation approach was used to generate forecasts of the ARIMA error model for the next 25 years. Initial model identification was done using the Autocorrelation function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation function (PACF). The model analysis and evaluations provided proper predictions of the river system. The models revealed some degree of correlation and seasonality behaviour with decreasing river flow. Hence, in conclusion, the Great Letaba River flow has shown a decreasing trend and therefore, should be effectively used for sustainable future development.

Parametric Linear Stochastic Modelling of Benue River flow Process

The dynamics and accurate forecasting of streamflow processes of a river are important in the management of extreme events such as floods and droughts, optimal design of water storage structures and drainage networks. In this study, attempt was made at investigating the appropriateness of stochastic modelling of the streamflow process of the Benue River using data-driven models based on univariate streamflow series. To this end, multiplicative seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was developed for the logarithmic transformed monthly flows. The seasonal ARIMA model’s performance was compared with the traditional Thomas-Fiering model forecasts, and results obtained show that the multiplicative seasonal ARIMA model was able to forecast flow logarithms. However, it could not adequately account for the seasonal variability in the monthly standard deviations. The forecast flow logarithms therefore cannot readily be transformed into natural flows;hence, the need for cautious optimism in its adoption, though it could be used as a basis for the development of an Integrated Riverflow Forecasting System (IRFS). Since forecasting could be a highly “noisy” application because of the complex river flow system, a distributed hydrological model is recommended for real-time forecasting of the river flow regime especially for purposes of sustainable water resources management.

Relationship between effective solar radiation and sap flow process during an entire growing season in Western Mountains of Beijing

In order to explore the relationship between the time processes of solar radiation and sap flow, sap flow velocity （SFV） of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, effective solar radiation （ESR） and other environmental factors were synchronously monitored for one year in the Beijing Western Mountains by using a thermal dissipation probe （TDP） system and an automatic weather station. Results showed significant differences between changes in diurnal characteristics of ESR and sap flow in sunny days during three seasons. Starting times of sap flow occurred generally 1.5-3 hours later than those of solar radiation and there were small differences between Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis. But peak times and stopping times of sap flow varied considerably with large contrasts in ESR. The duration of sap flow showed clear differences among the seasons owing to the variable rhythms of climate factors in Beijing. Fluctuation amplitude in the duration of sap flow remained relatively stable during the autumn but changed greatly during spring and summer. Changes in diurnal sap flow velocity of both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis were about 0-3 hours later than those of ESR but with the same configuration. The start of sap flow was mainly induced by the sudden intensification of ESR （sunrise effect）. Seasonal models of SFV indicated that a cubic equation had the best fit. It was more practical to simulate seasonal water consumption models of trees with ESR. In further investigations, these models should be optimized.

基于Moldflow的带金属嵌件电机齿轮盖注塑工艺优化

汽车雨刮电机齿轮盖采用注射成型技术,内嵌齿轮盖中的3根金属嵌件起到导通电流的作用。在注射成型过程中要确保各金属嵌件有一定的间距,以保证电机正常工作。为了验证设计的方案是否满足设计要求,采用模流分析软件Moldflow对齿轮盖注射成型过程进行分析,以准确掌握金属嵌件的变形情况。初始方案仿真计算结果显示,注射成型后用于接地的嵌件31在XY平面内变形量过大,可能存在搭接短路风险,不满足设计要求。针对嵌件31变形量过大的问题,分析可能的原因,从注射成型工艺参数和嵌件定位方案两方面进行优化。在满足设计要求前提下,通过正交试验法获得最优的模具温度和熔体温度,仿真结果表明:将注射成型工艺参数中的模具温度调整为80℃,熔体温度调整为265℃,嵌件31的变形量减少27.3%;将嵌件31的定位方式更换成穿孔式定位,可有效增加嵌件的定位可靠性。两种优化方案共同实施后,嵌件31的最大变形量从0.55 mm降低到0.05 mm,变形量减小90.9%,满足设计指标要求,提升了设计产品的可靠性。

The Flow Processes of Carbon Fixation Value of Typical Ecosystems

Based on data from ChinaFLUX this study analyzed the daily value flow processes of carbon fixation, monthly value distribution, and daily accumulative processes in a year of two kinds of typical forest, two kinds of grasses and a farmland. The results showed that the annual value of carbon fixation of these ecosystems was different, and flow processes and cumulative processes followed different trends over a year. The sequence of the five kinds of ecosystems based on the annual value of carbon fixation from largest to smallest was Yucheng warm temperate agriculture ecosystem （Yucheng）, Qianyanzhou subtropical artificial coniferous forest ecosystem （Qianyanzhou）, Changbai Mountain temperate mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest ecosystem （Changbaishan）, Haibei alpine meadow ecosystem （Haibei）and Dangxiong alpine meadow ecosystem （Dangxiong）. Variability in the daily and monthly carbon fixation at Qianyanzhou was the smallest, followed by Changbaishan, Yucheng, Dangxiong and Haibei. The cumulative processes of daily carbon fixation for the five kinds of ecosystems were well fitted to cubic curves.

基于Moldflow的制件注塑模设计与研究

利用Solidworks设计了一种简单的制件模型,基于此制件应用Moldflow进行了其成型所用模具工艺尺寸、浇注效果等的研究分析。通过分析研究,获取了XS-ZY-500型注射机为即定制件的成型设备;同时,得出制件成型压力为60-120 MPa,最大注射压力在130-150 MPa,保压压力为注射压力的50%-80%;确定了最佳浇口位置,并计得出浇注完成时间为12.5 s;发现六水道冷却时冷却液分布较均匀合理可行,宜于制件的加工成型。本文的研究可以为注塑模设计分析提供一定的理论依据与参考,具有一定的工程意义。

基于Moldflow的数码相机前盖塑料成型工艺研究

文章以某数码相机前盖塑件为研究对象,采用Moldflow和Pro/E软件进行塑料成型工艺研究。利用Moldflow软件完成相机前盖模流仿真,对填充时间和气穴分布、回路冷却介质温度和管壁温度、翘曲变形等参数进行分析,然后使用Pro/E软件进行模具结构设计。基于Moldflow的数码相机前盖塑料成型工艺研究为缩短塑件开发周期,提高制品质量,降低生产成本,增强企业竞争力提供参考。

Study on the general layout of semi-submersible offshore drilling platforms based on process flow

The general layout of 6th generation semi-submersible drilling platforms is the main factor impacting the efficiency of their drilling operations. This paper provides a compound/integrated algorithm based on process flow that is aimed at improving efficiency, while giving attention to stability and safety at the same time. The paper describes the process flow of dual drilling centers and a hierarchical division of rigs based on the different modes of transportation of various drilling support systems. The general layout-centripetal overall arrangement spatially was determined based on drilling efficiency. We derived our modules according to drilling functionality; the modules became our basic layout units. We applied different layout algorithm to mark out the upper and lower decks. That is, the upper deck was designed based on the lowest transportation cost while the lower deck＇s calculations were based on the best-fit scope. Storage configurations in columns and pontoons were also considered for the layout design. Finally the center of gravity was taken into consideration and the general layout was adjusted accordingly, to result in an optimal center of gravity. The methodology of the general layout can provide a reference for implementation of domestic designs of semi-submersible rigs.

Efficient pipelined flow classification for intelligent data processing in IoT

The packet classification is a fundamental process in provisioning security and quality of service for many intelligent network-embedded systems running in the Internet of Things(IoT).In recent years,researchers have tried to develop hardware-based solutions for the classification of Internet packets.Due to higher throughput and shorter delays,these solutions are considered as a major key to improving the quality of services.Most of these efforts have attempted to implement a software algorithm on the FPGA to reduce the processing time and enhance the throughput.The proposed architectures,however,cannot reach a compromise among power consumption,memory usage,and throughput rate.In view of this,the architecture proposed in this paper contains a pipelinebased micro-core that is used in network processors to classify packets.To this end,three architectures have been implemented using the proposed micro-core.The first architecture performs parallel classification based on header fields.The second one classifies packets in a serial manner.The last architecture is the pipeline-based classifier,which can increase performance by nine times.The proposed architectures have been implemented on an FPGA chip.The results are indicative of a reduction in memory usage as well as an increase in speedup and throughput.The architecture has a power consumption of is 1.294w,and its throughput with a frequency of 233 MHz exceeds 147 Gbps.

基于Moldflow技术的塑料缸盖罩成型过程及模流数值分析

为解决传统人工鉴定塑料缸盖罩瑕疵产品的方式效率低下、成本高,以及传统的直流道数学模型不适用于弯流道的问题。对塑料制品的成型原理及过程进行了阐述,基于Moldflow对塑料缸盖罩成型过程进行了模流分析,建立了熔体在弯流道中流动的理论模型,采用Moldflow在不同的注射速率条件下进行数值模拟。实验结果表明:采用的塑料缸盖罩的生产工艺有制品内、外温差大,冷却不均的问题;塑料熔体在弯流道内的流动速度、剪切速率以及温度都随着注射速率的增大而增大,熔体粘度随着注射速率的增大而降低;熔体在流经弯流道时外侧与内侧熔体的指标差值较直流道更大。

Study on the Deconvolution Method and Processing Flow of Airgun Source Data

With its high repeatability,the airgun source has been used to monitor the temporal variations of subsurface structures. However,under different working conditions,there will be subtle differences in the airgun source signals. To some extent,deconvolution can eliminate changes of the recorded signals due to source variations. Generally speaking,in order to remove the airgun source wavelet signal and obtain the Green's functions between the airgun source and stations,we need to select an appropriate method to perform the deconvolution process for seismic waveform data. Frequency domain water level deconvolution and time domain iterative deconvolution are two kinds of deconvolution methods widely used in the field of receiver functions,etc. We use the Binchuan( in Yunnan Province,China) airgun data as an example to compare the performance of these two deconvolution methods in airgun source data processing. The results indicate that frequency domain water level deconvolution is better in terms of computational efficiency;time domain iterative deconvolution is better in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio( SNR),and the initial motion of P-wave is also clearer. We further discuss the sequence issue of deconvolution and stack for multiple-shot airgun data processing. Finally,we propose a general processing flow for the airgun source data to extract the Green 's functions between the airgun source and stations.

CFD simulation of effect of anode configuration on gas–liquid flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid two-phase flow and alumina transport process in an aluminum reduction cell were conducted to investigate the effects of anode configurations on the bath flow, gas volume fraction and alumina content distributions. An Euler–Euler two-fluid model was employed coupled with a species transport equation for alumina content. Three different anode configurations such as anode without a slot, anode with a longitudinal slot and anode with a transversal slot were studied in the simulation. The simulation results clearly show that the slots can reduce the bath velocity and promote the releasing of the anode gas, but can not contribute to the uniformity of the alumina content. Comparisons of the effects between the longitudinal and transversal slots indicate that the longitudinal slot is better in terms of gas–liquid flow but is disadvantageous for alumina mixing and transport process due to a decrease of anode gas under the anode bottom surface. It is demonstrated from the simulations that the mixing and transfer characteristics of alumina are controlled to great extent by the anode gas forces while the electromagnetic forces(EMFs) play the second role.

Study on Flow and Mixing Characteristics of Molten Steel in RH and RH-KTB Refining Processes

The flow and mixing characteristics of molten steel during the vacuum circulation refining, including RH(Ruhrstahl Heraeus) and RH KTB(Ruhrstahl Heraeus Kawasaki top blowing) processes, were investigated on a 1/5 linear scale water model of a 90 t multifunction RH degasser. The circulation rate was directly and more accurately determined, using a new method by which the more reliable results can be obtained. The fluid flow pattern and flow field in the ladle were demonstrated, observed and analyzed. The mixing time of liquid in the ladle was measured using electrical conductivity method. The residence time distribution in the RH model was obtained by tracer response technique. The influence of the main technological and geometric factors, including the gas top blowing (KTB) operation, was examined. The results indicated that the circulation rate of molten steel in the RH degasser can be fairly precisely calculated by the formula: Q lp =0.0333 Q 0.26 g D 0.69 u D 0.80 d(t/min), where Q g-the lifting gas flow rate (NL/min); D u and D d-the inner diameters of the up and down snorkels (cm), respectively. The maximum value of circulation rate of molten steel in the case of the 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser (the “saturated” rate) is approximately 31 t/min. The corresponding gas flow rate is 900 NL/min. Blowing gas into the vacuum chamber through the top lance like KTB operation does not markedly influence the circulatory flow and mixing characteristics of the RH process under the conditions of the present work. There exist a major loop and a large number of small vortices and eddies in the ladle during the RH refining process. A liquid liquid two phase flow is formed between the descending stream from the down snorkel and the liquid around the stream. All of these flow situation and pattern will strongly influence and determine the mixing and mass transfer in the ladle during the refining. The correlation between the mixing time and the stirring energy density is τ m∝ε -0.50 for the RH degasser. The mixing time rapidly shortens with an increase in the lifting gas flowrate. At a same gas flow rate, the mixing times with the up and down snorkel diameters either of 6 and 7 cm are essentially same. The 30 cm diameters either of the up and down snorkels for the RH degasser would be reasonable. The concentration time curve showed that three circulation cycles are at least needed for complete mixing of the liquid steel in the RH degasser.

Calculating Method for Influence of Material Flow on Energy Consumption in Steel Manufacturing Process

From the viewpoint of systems energy conservation, the influences of material flow on its energy consumption in a steel manufacturing process is an important subject. The quantitative analysis of the relationship between material flow and the energy intensity is useful to save energy in steel industry. Based on the concept of standard material flow diagram, all possible situations of ferric material flow in steel manufacturing process are analyzed. The expressions of the influence of material flow deviated from standard material flow diagram on energy consumption are put forward.

Influence of Material Flow in Steel Manufacturing Process on Atmosphere Environmental Load

The standard material flow diagram in steel manufacturing process was proposed to analyze the influences of various material flows on environmental load of 1tof final product.Two influence factors and reducing measures of environmental load were pointed out.The environmental load was appraised for a typical technological process in a Chinese steel plant.

Modeling study on the flow patterns of gas–liquid flow for fast decarburization during the RH process

A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.

Formaldehyde degradation by UV/TiO_2/O_3 process using continuous flow mode

The degradation of formaldehyde gas was studied using UV/TiO2/O3 process under the condition of continuous flow mode. The effects of humidity, initial formaldehyde concentration, residence time and ozone adding amount on degradation of formaldehyde gas were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the combination of ozonation with photocatalytic oxidation on the degradation of formaldehyde showed a synergetic action, e.g,, it could considerably increase decomposing of formaldehyde. The degradation efficiency of formaldehyde was between 73.6% and 79.4% while the initial concentration in the range of 1.84--24 mg/m^3 by O3/TiO2flJV process. The optimal humidity was about 50% in UV/TiO2/O3 processs and degradation of formaldehyde increases from 39.0% to 94.1% when the ozone content increased from 0 to 141 mg/m^3. Furthermore, the kinetics of formaldehyde degradation reaction could be described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate constant k of 46.72 mg/（m^3.min） and Langmuir adsorption coefficient K of 0.0268 m^3/mg were obtained.