QTL effects and epistatic interaction for flowering time and branch number in a soybean mapping population of Japanese×Chinese cultivars

Flowering time and branching type are important agronomic traits related to the adaptability and yield of soybean. Molecular bases for major flowering time or maturity loci, E1 to E4, have been identified. However, more flowering time genes in cultivars with different genetic backgrounds are needed to be mapped and cloned for a better understanding of flowering time regulation in soybean. In this study, we developed a population of Japanese cultivar（Toyomusume）×Chinese cultivar（Suinong 10） to map novel quantitative trait locus（QTL） for flowering time and branch number. A genetic linkage map of a F_2 population was constructed using 1 306 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP） markers using Illumina Soy SNP8 ki Select Bead Chip containing 7 189（SNPs）. Two major QTLs at E1 and E9, and two minor QTLs at a novel locus, qFT2_1 and at E3 region were mapped. Using other sets of F_2 populations and their derived progenies, the existence of a novel QTL of qFT2_1 was verified. qBR6_1, the major QTL for branch number was mapped to the proximate to the E1 gene, inferring that E1 gene or neighboring genetic factor is significantly contributing to the branch number.

不同心皮数量棉花心皮发育特征、基因表达及相关性状比较

【目的】探究棉花心皮发育特征,不同心皮数量的差异表达基因与植物激素含量,以及心皮数量与棉铃发育的关系。【方法】以3心皮(C3)、4心皮(C4)、5心皮(C5)棉花材料为研究对象,观察棉花心皮发育过程,统计不同杂交组配后代的心皮数量。花芽发育5 d、10 d和开花当天分别进行转录组测序及激素含量测定,并在不同发育时期测定棉铃的表型。【结果】花蕾长度为2~3 mm时,心皮原基发育起始;花蕾长度为4~5 mm时,心皮融合形成合生心皮。心皮原基的发育早于雌蕊器官。C3、C4、C5两两杂交F1的平均心皮数量介于双亲之间。C3、C4和C5中差异表达基因主要富集于生物学过程。花芽发育5 d、10 d和开花当天,富集通路中心皮发育相关基因AP1、AGL6、WUS、MYB21和ARF6在C5中的表达量高于C4,且显著高于C3。花芽发育5 d、10 d,C5的茉莉酸含量显著高于C3、C4,吲哚乙酸含量显著低于C3、C4;C4的脱落酸含量显著低于C3、C5。开花后20 d、35 d和60 d,C5的棉铃直径、棉铃鲜物质质量、棉瓣厚度以及纤维和胚珠鲜物质质量显著高于C3、C4。【结论】3、4、5心皮棉花亲本的杂交组配后代中,心皮数量介于双亲之间。多个心皮发育相关基因在C5中的表达量更高。开花前,C5中茉莉酸含量最高,吲哚乙酸含量最低。心皮数量增多利于增加棉铃直径、鲜物质质量,同时增加纤维和胚珠鲜物质质量。

配方施肥对紫薇花序着花数和花期的影响

为探究紫薇花序着花数和花期对氮、磷、钾配方施肥的响应,获得氮、磷、钾优化的施肥量,以紫薇优良新品种“紫精灵”为研究对象,采用氮、磷、钾“3414”施肥设计进行田间施肥试验,测定不同处理的花序着花数和花期,拟合花序着花数的肥料效应模型,采用频次分析法获得优化施肥量。结果表明:氮、磷、钾配方施肥显著提高了紫薇花序着花数,能提早始花期和盛花期、推迟末花期;施肥对紫薇花序着花数、花期、始花期、盛花期、末花期的单因子影响效应均是N>K>P,交互作用影响效应都是NK>NP>PK;氮、磷、钾对花序着花数的单因素效应为正,氮与磷交互效应为正,氮与钾、磷与钾的交互效应都是负;花序着花数最大的施肥量为氮肥(N)19.50g·株^(-1)、磷肥(P_(2)O_(5))13.82g·株^(-1)、钾肥(K_(2)O)3.66g·株^(-1),此时花序着花数为117.94朵;用频次分析法获得的优化施肥量为氮肥(N)10.95~17.37g·株^(-1)、磷肥(P_(2)O_(5))5.89~9.37g·株^(-1)、钾肥(K_(2)O)7.01~10.25g·株^(-1),预期花序着花数平均值为126.52朵。

Characterization and Identification of a Novel Mutant fon(t) on Floral Organ Number and Floral Organ Identity in Rice

The floral-organ-number mutant fon（t） was firstly discovered in the progeny of a cross between a diploid （Chunjiang 683） and a haploid （SARⅣ/-620-A） rice cultivar. The fon（t） mutant showed normal vegetative development and produced normal inflorescence structures. Difference between the mutant and the wild type was observed when the stamen primordia began to form. The mature flowers offon（t） mutant showed open-hull phenotypes, which resulted in the exposure of stamens and stigmas. Normally, a single fon（t） floret consisted of six to nine stamens and one or two pistils. In addition, stamen/pistil-like structures and bulged tissues near ovaries were also observed in a few fon（t） florets. But homeotic transformation of lodicules into palea/lemma-like organs was observed almost in all the open-hull florets. The phenotypes offon（t） flowers also suggested thatfon（t） gene might affect flower organ identity in the inner whorls. Genetic analysis showed that thefon（t） mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.

结果母枝留芽量对‘琐琐’葡萄萌芽特性及花芽形态分化的影响

为了解结果母枝留芽量对‘琐琐’葡萄萌芽特性及花芽形态分化的影响,以10 a生‘琐琐’葡萄为材料,研究结果母枝不同留芽量对萌芽率、成枝率、结果枝率、结果系数和花序抽生节位的影响,同时利用石蜡切片法对其花芽形态分化进行观察分析。结果表明:‘琐琐’葡萄在留1~3芽的短梢下萌芽率和成枝率达最高为83.33%和63.70%,在留4~6芽中梢下的结果枝率最高为73.72%,结果系数在1.6~1.8,花序抽生节位主要在结果枝3~5节位,新梢冬芽从花芽分化开始(5月14日)到稳定形成花穗(8月1日-9月15日)历时76~120 d,历经未分化期、始分化期、花原始体发育期、花序第1穗轴发育期和花穗形成期5个时期。‘琐琐’葡萄在短梢和中梢下的萌芽率、结果枝率和结果系数高于长梢。因此,在吐鲁番地区休眠期修剪时应采用中短梢混合修剪方式,以便促进芽的萌发和获得优质高产的葡萄果实。

路径幂图、Flower Snark图及多锥图独立数

图的独立数是图论中的重要参数,令G=(V(G),E(G))是一个简单有限无向图.如果V(G)的子集S中任意两个顶点均不相邻,则S是图G的一个独立集.顶点独立集大小的最大值,称为图G的独立数,记做α(G).研究了路径幂图、Flower Snark及其相关图、多锥图的独立数问题,首先构造出了它们的独立集,得到其独立数的下界,然后证明了该值也是其独立数的上界,并给出了它们独立数的准确值.

Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数及2-页交叉数问题

研究了Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数及2-页交叉数问题,Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数PN(F)=3,且Flower snark图的2-页交叉数cr(F)=n(n≥6).

花图的意大利控制数

目的:确定了花图J_(n)的意大利控制数γ_(w2)(J_(n))的准确值。方法:制定权转移规则,将初始权值至少为2的列转移权值给相邻的两列。分析拥有不同权值相邻的列和经权转移得到的新权值平均值,确定花图J_(n)的意大利控制数的下界;通过给出具体的标号方案,确定花图J_(n)意大利控制数的上界。结果:通过比较意大利控制数的上界和下界的值,确定了花图J_(n)的意大利控制数γ_(w2)(J_(n))的准确值,并得到最优的标号方案。结论:当n≥3时,花图的意大利控制数为γ_(w2)(J_(n))=[5n/3]。

基于改进数字高程模型的架空线路杆塔基础土方量计算方法研究

架空输电线路建设工程中,杆塔基础土方量计算影响着工程经济效益和施工工期,因此,需要选取合适的土方量计算方法。本文中首先分析了断面法、方格网法、等高线法和数字高程模型(DigitalElevationModel,DEM)法4种方法,并采用花授粉算法(FlowerPollinationAlgorithm,FPA)对传统DEM方法进行改进。将5种不同的方法运用到实际案例中比较不同方法的适应地形及计算精度。结果表明,改进后的DEM法可以获得X、Y、Z轴上的最优分割网格数量,适用地形范围最广、计算精度最高,计算速度相较于传统DEM法也有提高。

Flower snark图的强边染色

图G的强边染色是在对图G的边进行正常染色的基础上,使得长为3的路上的任意两条边染不同的颜色。对图G进行强边着色所需的最小颜色数,称为图G的强边色数,记为χ's(G)。本文研究了Flower snark及其相关图的强边染色,并得到Flower图的强边色数χ's(F_n)=6(n≥5)。

New taxa of Berberis (Berberidaceae) with greenish flowers from a biodiversity hotspot in Sichuan Province, China

A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,Both new taxa resemble B.sanguinea Franch.var.sanguinea,but B.viridiflora differs by the greenish flowers,and the petals being truncate,obtuse,or undulate at apex;while B.sanguinea var.viridisepala differs by the greenish or yellowish green flowers.Morphological features of the pollen grains of B.sanguinea and the two new taxa are revealed by scanning election microscope.B.sanguinea var.sanguinea displays obvious similarities with a sympatric congener,Berberis multiovula T.S.Ying in the morphology of flowers,stems and leaves,especially its ovule number varies greatly from 2 to 9,thus,B.multiovula characterized by the5-ovuled ovary is reduced to a synonymy of B.sanguinea var.sanguinea.On the basis of field surveys and study of herbarium specimens,a total of 16 species and varieties of Berberis are recorded from Baoxing County,and a key is provided.Among the 16 taxa,most phenotypic variations in Chinese Berberis can be displayed,including the habit of plants,most morphological variations of stems,branches and leaves,all types of inflorescences,all color types of flowers,and nearly all types of the shape and color of fruits.Baoxing County and its adjacent Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries possibly constitute an active diversification center of Berberis in eastern Hengduan Mountains of China.

Heterosis Study on Developmental Behavior of Flowering and Boll Setting in Upland Cotton

The developmental behavior was examined for flowering and boll setting in upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） at different boll-setting sites and blooming periods. Conventional and conditional methods were applied to analyze heterosis by an additive-dominance model with genotype by environment （GE） interaction effects. Positive general heterosis was significantly detected on middle-lower nodes at positions 1 and 2 for a number of flowers and bolls per plant. Deviation between HPBE1 and HPBE2 was relatively large for a number of flowers per plant at positions 3, 4, and 5, but much smaller for number of bolls per plant. There was increase of heterosis before the end of July, and the highest heterosis was observed at 22 DAF （22 days after flowering） for flowers and at 16 DAF for bolls, and then declined. There existed significant diversity of interaction heterosis for flowers as well as for bolls during blooming stages, but deviation between HPBE1 and HPBE2 was smaller for number of bolls per plant than that of flowers per plant. The cross of DP-15 （late-season variety）＇ HG-H-12 had positive general heterosis since 19 DAF, and negative HPB was observed for the cross of GL-5 （early-season variety）＇ HG-H-12 after 37 DAF. Interaction heterosis was mostly not significant for cross DP-15＇ HG-H-12, but the reverse was true for cross GL-5＇ HG-H-12. Positive conditional HPB was detected since 16 DAF until 43 DAF for cross DP-15＇ HG- H-12, and before 13 DAF for cross GL-5＇ HG-H-12.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci （QTLs） Determining Flowering in the Robusta Coffee （Coffea canephora Pierre）

The quantitative trait loci （QTLs） analysis for flower traits were performed based on three crossing of Coffea canephora in Indonesia. This study successfully identified 19 QTLs related to flowering. These QTLs consisted of 1） three QTLs associated with green candle flowering time located at linkage groups of A and D; 2） one QTL associated to white candle flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 3） two QTLs associated to blossom flowering time located at linkage groups of B; 4） two QTLs associated to number of flowers located at linkage groups of G and H; 5） five QTLs associated to score of flowers quality located at linkage groups of A, C and D; 6） five QTLs associated to number of star flowers located at linkage groups of D, E, F and G. Due to some QTLs are overlapping on the same linkage group, thus, these 19 QTLs for flower traits might be considered as 15 different ones which distributed on 14 regions of the eight linkage groups. Although pleiotropic genes might be the most likely explanation for the collocation of these QTLs, the present data are not sufficient to distinguish between a pleiotropic gene and a cluster of different loci controlling several traits. These results can be a first step for molecular breeding on Robusta coffee mainly in order to improve potential suitable characteristics such as number of flowers and number of normal flowers as well as to reduce adverse characteristics such as number of star flowers.

白三叶种子的适宜收获时期研究

为了明确哈尔滨地区白三叶(Trifolium repens)种子的适宜收获时期,试验以“菁牧2号”白三叶新品种为对象,采用田间观测和室内测定相结合的方法进行了不同收获期(初花期后第35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70天)白三叶的花序数、成熟花序数、花序小花数、花序荚果数、荚果种子数、种子产量(表现种子产量、实际种子产量)、千粒重、发芽率及活力指数等指标的比较与分析。结果表明:收获时期对白三叶种子产量和质量影响明显,随着收获时期的延长,白三叶的花序数、成熟花序数、花序小花数、花序荚果数、荚果种子数、表现种子产量、实际种子产量、千粒重、发芽率和种子活力指数等基本上都呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。所有指标都是在初花后第60天和65天达到或接近最大值,此时的实际种子产量较高,在34.80~36.91 g/m^(2)之间,发芽率为87.3%~91.8%,并且显著高于前期收获(初花期后第35~55天)。说明在哈尔滨地区,白三叶种子的最佳收获期为初花期后第60~65天。

外源激素对‘葡萄桐’雄树开花性状及果实特性的影响

【目的】油桐是四大木本油树种之一,其桐油是当前环保涂料的重要原料。但当前油桐产量低限制了油桐产业的发展,而激素对植物的增产增收有重要作用,旨在探寻促进油桐增产增收的重要激素类型。【方法】以油桐品种‘葡萄桐’6年生树体为试材,利用田间调查法对油桐林树体资源进行分类,同时以油桐雄树为材料,采用形态学观察法对雄树花芽分化过程进行了观察。通过喷施不同质量浓度的赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(6-BA)及乙烯利(CEPA)等4种植物生长调节剂,系统研究了外源激素对油桐开花性状的影响。【结果】在油桐林中,根据雌雄花的数量和种类,可以将其划分4种类型,分别为单花纯雌花树体、多花纯雌花树体、雌雄同株树体、多花纯雄花树体。油桐雄树花芽分化过程历时约3个月,可分为叶原基分化、花序原基分化、花序轴分化、花器官分化4个阶段。外源IAA处理油桐雄树的花数量和花性别未发生显著变化。高质量浓度的CEPA对油桐开花性状没有影响且抑制油桐开花。一定质量浓度的GA3可以诱导油桐雄树少量雌花的形成,同时也减少了花的数量。6-BA质量浓度为160 mg/L时,雌花数量最多,质量浓度为640 mg/L时,油桐纯雄花序转变成纯雌花序,质量浓度到达1280 mg/L时,油桐纯雄花芽不开花;6-BA诱导雄树形成的雌、雄花结构发育正常,果实品质与雌雄同株树果实品质一致。【结论】适当质量浓度的6-BA可显著增加油桐雌花和坐果数量,6-BA是油桐增产增收的重要激素类型。本研究为建立油桐产量提升的精准调控技术提供了重要科学依据,同时也为油桐产业发展奠定了重要基础。

基于欧氏距离曲线特征参数获取的金银花花期识别研究

金银花花期与其成分联系紧密,是影响金银花销售的重要因素。目前金银花花期主要依靠人工辨识,容易造成工作量大、效率低,缺乏客观标准等问题,简单、高效地自动化精确识别技术亟待开发。为此,在获取金银花照片的基础上,提出了基于欧氏距离检测算法的金银花花期筛分新方法。该思路首先对原图使用中值滤波,增强图片对比度、强化照片细节、减少噪音,使用pythonCV2库对图像进行灰度化和二值化的处理,对处理后的图片分别提取花梗处与花体的边缘信息,从而获得轮廓坐标及花梗坐标。然后,以花梗坐标为起点,顺时针依次计算与花体边界各个坐标的欧氏距离,从而绘制欧氏距离曲线图。通过观察欧氏距离曲线的走势、波峰个数以及曲线起伏次数,即可判断金银花花期。最后测试数据表明,金银花形态识别的准确率约为98.5%,并且该方法简单、快速、准确率高,具有潜在应用价值。

理想株型塑造之于玉米耐密改良

玉米是生产能力最强的谷物作物,其充足稳定供给对保证世界范围内的粮食安全至关重要。长期的研究和生产实践表明,提高品种耐密性和种植密度是提高玉米产量的关键,而塑造理想的株型是提高玉米耐密性的重要途径。报道显示紧凑的叶夹角、较低的穗位高、较少的雄穗分枝数、较早的开花期,是玉米耐密株型性状的重要组成部分。本文从这4类性状入手,对其与耐密性的关系、形态发育及遗传调控基础的研究进展进行综述,并通过对目前研究的分析,提出了未来玉米耐密株型改良研究的一些方向,期望能为未来的玉米耐密育种提供一些有用的借鉴。

一年生龙胆属植物的繁殖分配及其花大小、数量的权衡关系研究

对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸一年生龙胆属植物的花期繁殖分配及其花大小与数量间权衡关系的研究发现,1)个体越大,繁殖投入越高;2)繁殖分配与个体大小间无固定的相关模式,表明不同物种对相似环境压力的适应对策不同;3)花大小和总花数均随个体增大而增加,花数量的增加要比花大小的增加更加显著;4)在采用偏相关方法控制植物个体大小后,花大小与花数目之间表现出权衡关系,与理论预测一致。

锌硼钼配施对茉莉花开花及叶片养分的影响

为探索锌硼钼配施对茉莉花开花及叶片养分的影响,以2年生盆栽茉莉花为试材,采用三因素三水平正交设计,于修剪5 d后先后叶面喷施3次,修剪30 d后测量茉莉花花朵数量,修剪35 d后测量花径大小及叶片养分含量。结果表明:(1)随着喷施浓度的增加,叶片相应微量元素含量增加,适宜浓度的锌、硼肥能促进茉莉花开花及养分吸收,0.10%钼即抑制茉莉花开花。(2)0.50%锌、0.20%硼肥配施,茉莉花的平均花朵数量最多、花径最大。对花朵数量的影响为钼>锌>硼,对花径的影响为硼>钼>锌。(3)喷施锌肥是叶片锌、叶绿素含量的最主要影响因素;喷施硼肥是叶片硼、全磷含量的最主要影响因素;喷施钼肥是叶片钼、全氮、全钾含量的最主要影响因素。综上,0.50%锌、0.20%硼肥配施能促进茉莉花开花及叶片养分吸收。该研究为茉莉花平衡施肥提供技术指导。

野梅和栽培梅染色体数目及形态的研究

该文对野梅、果梅和花梅染色体的数目及形态进行了研究,共试材料110个,体细胞染色体数目均为2n=2x=16.对具代表性的种类进行染色体组型分析:洱源野梅、小(果)梅、果梅一号、‘日寒红’及‘小宫粉’均为对称或原始的1A核型;‘老人美大红’、‘送春’为较对称或较原始的2A核型;‘残雪’、‘美人’梅为较不对称或较进化的1B核型;‘长蕊变绿萼’、‘三轮玉蝶’、‘水朱砂’及‘黄山黄香’均为不对称或进化的2B核型.结果表明:梅是由野梅→果梅→花梅的演化趋势,在花梅中是以真梅系→杏梅系→樱李梅系的顺序先后出现的,这与前人研究推断的相一致.但是在真梅系中归纳的品种类型繁多,变化也较大,出现了相当不对称的或进化类型.