Raised bed planting promotes grain number per spike in wheat grown after rice by improving spike differentiation and enhancing photosynthetic capacity

The yield of wheat in wheat–rice rotation cropping systems in the Yangtze River Plain, China, is adversely impacted by waterlogging. A raised bed planting(RBP) pattern may reduce waterlogging and increase the wheat yield after rice cultivation by improving the grain number per spike. However, the physiological basis for grain formation under RBP conditions remains poorly understood. The present study was performed over two growing seasons(2018/2019and 2019/2020) to examine the effects of the planting pattern(i.e., RBP and flat planting(FP)) on the floret and grain formation features and leaf photosynthetic source characteristics of wheat. The results indicated that implementation of the RBP pattern improved the soil–plant nitrogen(N) supply during floret development, which facilitated balanced floret development, resulting in a 9.5% increase in the number of fertile florets per spike. Moreover, the RBP pattern delayed wheat leaf senescence and increased the photosynthetic source capacity by 13.9%, which produced more assimilates for grain filling. Delayed leaf senescence was attributed to the resultant high leaf N content and enhanced antioxidant metabolism. Correspondingly, under RBP conditions, 7.6–8.6% more grains per spike were recorded, and the grain yield was ultimately enhanced by 10.4–12.7%. These results demonstrate that the improvement of the spike differentiation process and the enhancement of the leaf photosynthetic capacity were the main reasons for the increased grain number per spike of wheat under the RBP pattern, and additional improvements in this technique should be achievable through further investigation.

Impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China

The impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China were evaluated for two cultivars, II You 128, an indica rice, and Wuyunjing 7, a japonica rice. Warming by 3.0 °C stimulated the nighttime respiration rate and decreased the photosynthesis rate, resulting in significant decreases of 21.2% and 24.9% in aboveground biomass accumulation for II You 128 and Wuyunjing 7, respectively. Warming significantly reduced the rates of seed setting and grain filling, especially of inferior kernels(those lower in panicles), while the filling rate of superior kernels remained almost unchanged. As a result, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were respectively 3.7% and 30.0% lower for II You 128 and 12.8% and 34.3% for Wuyunjing 7 in warmed plots than in the unwarmed control. Nighttime warming also significantly reduced the grain milling and appearance quality of both varieties. More negative effects of warming on inferior than on superior kernels were found. The above results have important implications for rice variety cultivation in East China.

Rules of Pesticide Use for Food Crop Diseases and Pests: A Concise Diagram Based on Correspondence Analysis

In order to ensure food security, the selection of pesticide must take into account the controlling effect and economy in the chemical control of food crop diseases and pests. Although China has registered a large number of pesticides and fungicides on food crops, traditional statistical methods cannot treat the complex relationships between crops, pests and diseases, as well as pesticides. To this end, the correspondence analysis was used to mine the data of pesticides being registered after January 1, 2010 for the prevention and control of pests and diseases on wheat, corn, and rice in China, in order to reveal the general rules of pesticide use for the prevention and control of grain crop pests and diseases and to provide scientifically recommended pesticide regimens.(1) Recommended pesticides for wheat diseases and pests: For underground pest control, phoxim, diazinon or clothianidin is recommended;imidacloprid is recommended for aphid control;avermectin is recommended for mite control;chlorpyrifos is recommended for midge control;the pesticides for rust control could be selected according to the order of epoxiconazole>flutriafol>kresoxim-methyl>cyproconazole≈hexaconazole;tebuconazole is recommended for the prevention and control of smut;difenoconazole is recommended for the simultaneous occurrence of take-all, smut and sheath blight;it is recommended to use carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl for the control of scab;and triazolone or pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of powdery mildew.(2) Recommended pesticides for corn diseases and pests: For the control of underground pests, fipronil, carbosulfan or chlorpyrifos are recommended;thiamethoxam is recommended for control of planthoppers and corn aphids;Bacillus thuringiensis or phoxim is recommended for control of corn borers;pyraclostrobin is recommended for the control of northern leaf blight;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of head smut;and fludioxonil+metalaxyl-M is recommended for the control of corn stalk rot.(3) Recommended pesticides for rice diseases and pests: It is recommended to use triazophos, avermectin analogs or methoxyfenozide for the control of borers;for rice planthoppers, the pesticides could be selected in order of pymetrozine>imidacloprid>thiamethoxam>thiazide>nitenpyram;avermectin analogs are recommended for the control of rice leaf rollers;tebuconazole is recommended for the control of rice false smut;prochloraz and its manganese salts are recommended for the control of bakanae disease;hymexazol is recommended for the control of wilt disease;thifluzamide or hexaconazole is recommended for the control of sheath blight;and the pesticides for the control of rice blast are in order of tricyclazole>kasugamycin>fenoxanil>isoprothiolane>Bacillus subtilis. In addition, potential applications of correspondence analysis in other fields of plant protection are discussed.

高标准农田建设提升了农户种粮积极性吗?——基于双季稻种植的考察

高标准农田建设是增强粮食综合生产能力,强化国家粮食安全保障的重要举措。基于江西省1556份微观农户调查数据,采用双季稻种植行为来衡量农户种粮积极性,实证分析高标准农田建设对传统双季稻主产区农户种粮积极性的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设显著提高了农户种粮积极性,促进传统双季稻主产区农户种植双季稻,并扩大双季稻种植规模,该结论在进行稳健性检验后依然成立。(2)机制分析表明,促进农业社会化服务发展、降低农业生产成本、诱导农地转入是高标准农田建设提高农户种粮积极性的三个重要路径。(3)异质性分析发现,高标准农田建设对农地调整、低细碎化与非平原地区农户的双季稻种植行为有更明显的促进作用。为进一步强化粮食安全保障,更好地发挥高标准农田建设的种粮激励效应,应持续大力推进高标准农田建设,优化高标准农田建设模式,着力降低高标准农田的细碎化程度。

新粮食安全观下我国大米进口贸易发展的特征、问题与建议

2001-2022年,我国大米进口贸易总体保持增长态势,已跃居世界大米进口榜首,产品结构以碎米为主,来源地区主要集中在南亚和东南亚,进口均价呈先升后降态势。近年来,我国大米进口贸易发展中存在着增势过猛,粮食安全风险上升;来源地数量不足,市场集中度较高;进口优势不显著,均价相对偏高;进口门槛偏低,保护程度有限等问题。新形势下,全面贯彻新粮食安全观,强化战略思维,提升自给能力;拓展进口来源,优化市场结构;完善进口管理政策,提升产业链与供应链的安全性;完善大米储备机制,增强抵御国际风险能力,实现我国大米进口贸易可持续健康发展。

缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦产量、氮素利用和籽粒品质的影响

为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响,在沿淮下游地区,以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料,通过随机区组试验,以缓释掺混肥(SRF,N∶P2O5∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和丰卉尿素(U,46%N)为供试肥料,设置U四次分施(M_(1))、SRF一次基施(M_(2))、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施(M_(3))、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施(M_(4))、M_(3)模式减氮15%(M_(5))和M_(4)模式减氮15%(M_(6))6种施肥模式,分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明,缓释掺混肥一次基施(M_(2))和减氮15%条件下两次分施(M_(5)和M_(6))较常规肥料处理(M_(1))均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施(M_(4))可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转,增加籽粒氮素积累量,提高氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M_(1)处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%,较M_(2)处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%;M_(4)处理较M_(1)处理增产9.01%和6.78%,较M_(2)处理增产11.43%和12.10%,实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上,60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产,适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。

“一带一路”视角下我国与陆路邻国粮食贸易的比较优势与紧密度分析

近年来,受国际地缘政治局势的影响,国际粮食价格波动屡创新高,美国小麦期货价格甚至创下1363.50美分/蒲式耳的10年新高。作为全球主要的农产品出口国,俄罗斯小麦和乌克兰大麦、玉米、葵花籽等出口受到严重的影响。当前,国内粮油农产品进口量不断增长,且进口高度集中于少数几个全球粮食主产国,国内粮食供应越来越受到全球粮食产量和国际局势的影响。因此,借助“一带一路”倡议,加强与周边陆路邻国粮食贸易对我国粮食供应安全具有至关重要的作用。

A meta-analysis of global crop water productivity of three leading world crops(wheat,corn,and rice)in the irrigated areas over three decades

The overarching goal of this study was to perform a comprehensive metaanalysis of irrigated agricultural Crop Water Productivity(CWP)of the world’s three leading crops:wheat,corn,and rice based on three decades of remote sensing and non-remote sensing-based studies.Overall,CWP data from 148 crop growing study sites(60 wheat,43 corn,and 45 rice)spread across the world were gathered from published articles spanning 31 different countries.There was overwhelming evidence of a significant increase in CWP with an increase in latitude for predominately northern hemisphere datasets.For example,corn grown in latitude 40–50°had much higher mean CWP(2.45 kg/m^(3))compared to mean CWP of corn grown in other latitudes such as 30–40°(1.67 kg/m^(3))or 20–30°(0.94 kg/m^(3)).The same trend existed for wheat and rice as well.For soils,none of the CWP values,for any of the three crops,were statistically different.However,mean CWP in higher latitudes for the same soil was significantly higher than the mean CWP for the same soil in lower latitudes.This applied for all three crops studied.For wheat,the global CWP categories were low(≤0.75 kg/m^(3)),medium(>0.75 to<1.10 kg/m^(3)),and high CWP(≥1.10 kg/m^(3)).For corn the global CWP categories were low(≤1.25 kg/m^(3)),medium(>1.25 to≤1.75 kg/m^(3)),and high(>1.75 kg/m^(3)).For rice the global CWP categories were low(≤0.70 kg/m^(3)),medium(>0.70 to≤1.25 kg/m^(3)),and high(>1.25 kg/m^(3)).USA and China are the only two countries that have consistently high CWP for wheat,corn,and rice.Australia and India have medium CWP for wheat and rice.India’s corn,however,has low CWP.Egypt,Turkey,Netherlands,Mexico,and Israel have high CWP for wheat.Romania,Argentina,and Hungary have high CWP for corn,and Philippines has high CWP for rice.All other countries have either low or medium CWP for all three crops.Based on data in this study,the highest consumers of water for crop production also have the most potential for water savings.These countries are USA,India,and China for wheat;USA,China,and Brazil for corn;India,China,and Pakistan for rice.For example,even just a 10%increase in CWP of wheat grown in India can save 6974 billion liters of water.This is equivalent to creating 6974 lakes each of 100 m^(3)in volume that leads to many benefits such as acting as‘water banks’for lean season,recreation,and numerous ecological services.This study establishes the volume of water that can be saved for each crop in each country when there is an increase in CWP by 10%,20%,and 30%.

Impact of Irrigation on Food Security in Bangladesh for the Past Three Decades

Bangladesh has made impressive progress in agriculture sector in the last three decades and has almost be-come self-sufficient in food grain production. This is a tremendous achievement owing to its small territory and huge population and this was achieved through agricultural mechanization and modernization. Irrigation is one of the leading inputs has direct influence to increase yield, food grains production and plays vital role for ensuring food security in Bangladesh. The present study examined the growth of irrigated area and its impact on food grain production during last three decades. Time series data were used for the study. Differ-ent statistical methods such as mean, percentage, linear and exponential growth model were applied for get-ting meaningful findings. Various technologies have been used for irrigating crops which have contributed to rapid expansion of irrigated area. The conventional irrigation methods (Low Lift Pump, Dhone, Swing Bas-ket, Treadle Pump etc.) were replaced by modern methods (i.e Deep Tube Well and Shallow Tube Well). In addition, surface water irrigation also sharply declined, losing its importance due to lack of new surface irri-gation project and the ineffectiveness of earlier project. Groundwater covered 77 percent of total irrigated area and major (62%) extractions occurred through Shallow Tube Wells (STWs). The rapid expansion of ground water irrigation in respect to STWs irrigation was due to government’s withdrawal on restrictions on tube well setting rule, encouraging private sector and the cost effectiveness of Chinese engine which have been affordable to the small and medium farmers. Irrigated area thus, increased by about three times and cropping intensity also increased from 154 to 176 percent. Boro rice, an irrigated crop, consumed 73 percent of the total crop irrigation and contributed to a greater extent in total rice production in Bangladesh. Boro rice alone contributed to 55 percent of total food grain and was also highest (3.44 MT per hectare) compared to aus rice (1.66 MT per hectare) and aman rice (1.99 MT per hectare) per unit production. Consequently, the cultivated area of boro rice increased by 1168 to 4068 thousand hectares. The higher productivity of boro rice has almost helped the nation to meet her food requirements (about 24 Million MT). Boro rice production was highly correlated (r = .978) with irrigated area. Expansion of one hectare of irrigated area added 3.22 MT of boro rice in Bangladesh. Finally, the study suggested for expansion of irrigated areas (ground water and surface water), adoption of modern technologies and formulation of farmers’ friendly policy.

早熟高产小麦品种川麦1247的灌浆特性和功能基因研究

【目的】研究早熟小麦品种川麦1247的灌浆特性和功能基因,为今后四川盆地早熟高产小麦新品种的选育提供参考。【方法】以四川盆地目前推广种植的早、中、晚3种熟性的高产小麦品种为材料,用Logistic方程对籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,推导出一系列灌浆参数,通过相关分析对籽粒灌浆参数与粒重的关系进行探讨,并利用小麦50K SNP基因芯片对川麦1247的功能基因进行检测。【结果】川麦1247全生育期较四川大面积推广中熟品种提早4~5 d,较晚熟品种提早7 d。与其他品种相比,川麦1247的抽穗期较早,灌浆持续时间较短,且平均灌浆速率较高。从灌浆3个阶段来看,川麦1247的灌浆快增期、缓增期持续时间较短,而灌浆渐增期、缓增期的灌浆速率较高。从不同熟性小麦品种籽粒灌浆速率变化动态来看,早熟品种能持续保持较快的灌浆速度,且灌浆高峰的峰值高。利用50K SNP基因芯片对川麦1247的功能基因进行分型表明,川麦1247含光周期基因Ppd-D1a、春化基因vrn-A1、Vrn-D1a以及正向控制千粒重基因(TaSus2-2A、TaGASR-7A、TaGW2-6B、TaSus1-7B、TaGS1a和TaGS-D1a)的聚合效应可能是川麦1247在早熟、高产性状上表现优良的重要原因。【结论】川麦1247灌浆速率高,可以弥补灌浆期缩短的不利影响,同时还聚合早熟、高产相关优异功能基因资源。因此,川麦1247在当前生产上和早熟小麦育种中均具有较高的利用价值。

自然灾害对中国粮食市场供需的影响

为把握中国粮食市场供需形势,探究自然灾害对粮食产量冲击影响及内在机制,该文借助中国农业产业模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:①稻谷、小麦市场供需呈下滑态势,稻谷净进口增长,小麦净进口下滑;玉米供需总体保持增长,净进口维持在较高水平;粮食自给率总体高位运行,2035年稻谷、小麦、玉米自给率分别达到99.05%、98.65%和92.34%。②自然灾害不利于粮食生产和消费,推动净进口增加;随着自然灾害不断增强,粮食市场所受影响加深,粮食自给率下降;水灾对粮食市场供需影响更大,旱灾影响相对较小;自然灾害成灾率每提高1个百分点,稻谷、小麦和玉米自给率较基准水平下降0.16个百分点、0.38个百分点和0.33个百分点。建议坚持以自给为主、夯实国内粮食供给保障基础,推动多元合作、巩固拓展国际粮食供应链,强化监测预警、持续提升粮食安全风险管控能力,多渠道打好组合拳,强化粮食安全韧性和应对自然灾害等风险挑战能力。

全麦面团的改良及对全麦食品品质影响的分析

全麦食品是指用全麦粉为主要原料,通过一定的生产工艺加工而成的一种粗粮食品。全麦粉包括胚芽、胚乳和麸皮。全麦食品保留了谷物中大量的维生素、矿物质和纤维素,营养价值高,但没有去除麸皮等成分制成的全麦食品颜色较深,口感较粗糙。以普通小麦粉为主要原料,添加不同比例的全麦粉,辅助添加食用盐、碱、抗坏血酸、乳化剂,甚至牛奶、坚果等可以改善全麦面团的品质,从而制作出加工性能好,营养价值高的全麦面包。

磷钾肥施用量和方法对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究不同磷、钾肥施用量和施用方法对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮、磷、钾素吸收与利用的影响,为稻茬小麦增产增效提供参考。【方法】2020-2021年在江苏仪征市进行小麦田间试验,种植制度为稻麦轮作,供试小麦品种为弱筋型‘宁麦33’,该地块稻麦秸秆长期全部还田。试验采用裂区设计,主区为磷肥,分别设置3个一次基施磷(P) 0、72和144 kg/hm^(2)处理(分别为P0、P1、P2)和1个基施与拔节期追施磷(P)各72 kg/hm^(2)处理(P3);钾为副区,设置3个一次基施钾(K) 0、72和144 kg/hm^(2)处理(K0、K1、K2)和1个基施与拔节期施钾(K)各72 kg/hm^(2)处理(K3)。小麦收获后,调查生物量与籽粒产量,分析植株和籽粒中氮磷钾含量和籽粒蛋白质含量。【结果】施磷、钾肥对植株氮、磷、钾养分积累量、养分利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量有显著效应和交互效应,适量的磷、钾肥(72 kg/hm^(2))配施有助于量质效协同提升,而过量施用(144kg/hm^(2))增益效应不明显,甚至对养分利用效率和籽粒品质有负面影响。P2较P1未显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮、钾素农学效率,但降低了磷素农学效率和偏生产力;在P0条件下,K2较K1处理提升了籽粒产量及磷钾素积累量。P3较P2处理未明显影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、养分利用效率,K3较K2未明显影响籽粒产量和蛋白质含量,但显著增加了氮磷生理利用效率和农学效率。具体组合处理间相比,P3K2、P1K2、P1K3组合对籽粒产量和养分利用率的提升效应要优于含P0、P2与K1的组合。【结论】施氮基础上,磷、钾肥在提高植株生理生长方面存在一定的正协同效应,磷提高钾的效果好于钾提高磷的效果;磷肥分次施用与一次性基施的效果没有显著差异,而钾肥分次施用较一次基施的提升效应明显。综合而言,弱筋小麦品种宁麦33在沙壤土且有效磷不足条件下,为实现小麦量质效协同提升,推荐采用一次基施磷素72 kg/hm^(2)和钾素一次性基施或基追施144 kg/hm^(2)配施组合。

糙米和全麦对高脂饮食大鼠肠道菌群及脂代谢的影响

为评价糙米和全麦对肠道菌群及脂代谢的调节作用,以SPF级SD大鼠为研究对象,随机分为6组,每组12只,包括空白对照组、糙米组、全麦组、高脂模型组、糙米高脂组、全麦高脂组,实验周期为12周。实验结束后对大鼠血清生化指标、肝脏和结肠组织病理学指标及结肠微生物多样性进行检测分析。结果表明,糙米可降低高脂饮食诱导的大鼠体质量增加,并降低血清总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平,缓解结肠组织炎细胞浸润(P<0.05)。全麦降低大鼠血清游离脂肪酸(Free fatty acid,FFA)水平并抑制肝脏脂质蓄积(P<0.05)。在正常饮食组中,糙米可降低结肠内厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值,并增加布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度(P<0.05),全麦增加布劳特氏菌属和罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)相对丰度(P<0.05)。在高脂饮食组中,糙米和全麦降低结肠中有害菌土孢杆菌属(Terrisporobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)和Lachnoclostridium相对丰度,糙米增加拟杆菌属相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上,增加糙米和全麦的摄入具有调控肠道稳态的健康作用,研究结果可为制定科学合理的全谷物膳食指导及开发全谷物健康食品提供理论基础。

氮肥减施对稻田综合种养水稻产量和品质的影响

稻田综合种养是一种将水稻种植与水产禽类养殖相结合的绿色循环农业模式。与水稻单作相比,稻田综合种养降低了化学氮肥施用量,起到了减氮节肥效果,但氮肥减施对综合种养模式下水稻产量和品质的影响效果并不一致。本研究收集了2009—2021年间发表的以水稻单作为对照,以稻田综合种养水稻为处理的111篇相关文献;将综合种养模式分为甲壳类、鱼类、两栖类和水禽类共4类,应用整合分析方法评估了氮肥减施对各稻田综合种养模式水稻产量和品质的影响,定量分析了在不影响水稻产量前提下不同综合种养模式的合理减氮范围。结果表明,在0~150和150~180 kg/hm^(2)施氮(N)区间,甲壳类、鱼类和水禽类综合种养模式水稻产量分别比水稻单作提高1.15%~19.00%、1.45%~27.00%和3.47%~10.59%,其中,甲壳类和鱼类综合种养模式会降低水稻有效穗数,而通过提高结实率和千粒重来增加水稻产量。相比于水稻单作,甲壳类、鱼类、两栖类和水禽类综合种养模式减氮范围的上限分别是26.24%、21.64%、14.04%和41.94%时,可确保水稻产量不低于7.5 t/hm^(2)。相比水稻单作,鱼类和水禽类综合种养模式在各个施氮区间对稻米加工、外观、蒸煮和营养品质均有一定提升。在150~180和>180 kg/hm^(2)施氮(N)区间甲壳类和两栖类综合种养模式的稻米加工和外观品质降低,而蒸煮和营养品质则有所提升。本研究定量分析了不同稻田综合种养模式水稻适宜的施氮区间,可为各模式合理的氮肥减施和水稻增产提质提供理论依据和实践指导。

Differential levels of mite infestation of wheat and barley in Czech grain stores

While mites are able to utilize numerous food sources, the suitability of the food strongly influences population growth. The different suitabilities of various stored agricultural products will thus affect the level of infestation. In this study, we compared field mite infestation rates in two stored cereals： wheat and barley. We analyzed mite abundance, frequency and species composition in samples of grain obtained from 79 selected Czech grain stores. Stored barley seemed to be more vulnerable to mite attack than wheat, as we consistently found more infested samples, more species and higher mean and median mite abundance per sample in barley as compared to wheat. The mean mite abundance per sam- ple were 55 and 506 individuals for wheat and barley, respectively. In barley, 10% of sampies exceeded allergen risk threshold （i.e., 1 000 individuals per kg of grain）. Altogether, 25 species were identified from approximately 35 000 individuals. The most frequently identified species were the same in wheat and barley, that is, Tydeus interruptus Sig Thor, Acarus siro L., Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist, Lepidoglyphus destructor （Schrank） and Tyrophagus putrescentiae （Schrank）. Based on principal components analysis, we found a closer association of T. interruptus, T. putrescentiae, L. destructor and Cheyletus eruditus （Schrank） with barley samples, corresponding to the high frequency and abundance values of these mites. The probable reasons for the higher infestation, especially mite abundance in barley, are discussed in relation to the higher proportion of crushed parts, which may release favorable nutrient sources and amplify the abundance values.

小麦品种籽粒品质与食品品质关系的研究

以陕西关中地区 16个小麦品种 (品系 )为材料 ,系统分析了小麦品种籽粒品质性状与面包、面条、馒头 3种面制食品品质的关系。结果表明 ,蛋白质品质、粉质参数、拉伸参数与食品品质关系密切 ,籽粒品质与其相关程度较低 ;蛋白质品质对面包品质、面条蒸煮品质有显著正影响 ,对馒头品质影响不显著 ;粉质参数、拉伸参数中与面包品质呈正相关的性状 ,对煮熟面条表观状态、馒头外观形状有不利影响 。

长期施肥下中国主要粮食作物产量的变化

【目的】阐明长期不同施肥下中国主要粮食作物产量变化态势及其差异,为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。【方法】对中国主要长期试验不施肥(CK)、施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)3个处理的玉米、小麦、水稻等粮食作物产量700多组数据进行整理和统计分析。【结果】长期不施肥的玉米和小麦产量总体上表现为极显著(P<0.05)下降趋势,年下降量分别为110.9和33.4kg·hm-2,而水稻产量基本保持稳定。施用化肥,玉米、小麦和水稻的产量均呈极显著(P<0.01)下降趋势,年平均下降量分别为90.9、48.5和25.3kg·hm-2。化肥配施有机肥,3种作物的产量随时间没有显著变化,均比较稳定,与NPK比较,玉米、小麦和水稻产量变异系数分别降低了8%、4%和3%。3种作物比较,小麦和玉米产量年际间变异较大,而水稻产量相对稳定。施肥的作物产量与不施肥的作物产量(反映土壤基础地力)呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,基础地力产量每增加一个单位,施肥产量增加量NPKM处理比NPK处理小0.12～0.31kg·hm-2·a-1,表明长期施用化肥作物产量对基础地力的依赖程度高于化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)。【结论】中国农田长期不施肥或施用化肥的作物产量变化趋势为玉米和小麦下降,水稻基本稳定;化肥配施有机肥具有明显的增产和稳产效果,是农业生产可持续性的施肥模式。

糙米食品研究现状及发展趋势

稻米是我国主粮之一,现代加工技术由于片面追求高精度,而使得糊粉层和胚芽中的营养成分大部分被除去,导致营养失衡,继而引发糖尿病、肥胖症、心血管病等慢性病,因此,全谷物食品成为一个开发和利用的热点。作为全谷物食品的重要原料之一,糙米能有效降低心脑血管疾病、糖尿病和恶性肿瘤等相关慢性疾病的风险。目前为止,世界各国已相继开发出了发芽糙米、糙米饼干、糙米面包、糙米饮料和糙米粉等多种糙米食品。文中首先介绍了糙米中的多种营养因子的营养价值和功能特性,如谷胱甘肽、膳食纤维、γ-氨基丁酸和谷维素等;其次,介绍了国内外发芽糙米食品和焙烤糙米食品等多种类型的糙米食品的加工技术及研究现状,最后,分析了糙米食品的开发中所存在的问题,并对发展趋势进行了探讨。

麦秸还田与氮肥运筹对超级稻强弱势粒粒重与品质的影响

以两个超级稻品种(籼稻扬两优6号和粳稻南粳45)为材料,设置麦秸还田和氮肥运筹两种处理方式,研究其对籽粒粒重与主要米质的影响。结果表明,两处理的影响程度在品种类型与不同粒位间(强、弱势粒)存在差异。与麦秸不还田相比,麦秸还田提高籽粒千粒重、粗蛋白含量和崩解值,降低了整精米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量和消减值;与m基蘖肥∶m穗粒肥=5∶5处理相比,m基蘖肥∶m穗粒肥=7∶3处理增加了千粒重、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、崩解值,降低了整精米率、粗蛋白含量和消减值。两处理对弱势籽粒千粒重、整精米率、垩白度等的调控作用显著大于强势粒;对千粒重、整精米率、粗蛋白含量等的影响,麦秸还田与氮肥运筹之间存在互作效应;麦秸还田方式下,氮肥比例控制在5.5∶4.5或6∶4左右,可以较好地协调粒重与米质。