The Response of Anomalous Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Patterns Related to Drought and Flood in Southern China to Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

With the extreme drought(flood)event in southern China from July to August in 2022(1999)as the research object,based on the comprehensive diagnosis and composite analysis on the anomalous drought and flood years from July to August in 1961-2022,it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of the vertically integrated moisture flux(VIMF)anomaly circulation pattern and the VIMF convergence(VIMFC)anomaly in southern China in drought and flood years,and the VIMFC,a physical quantity,can be regarded as an indicative physical factor for the"strong signal"of drought and flood in southern China.Specifically,in drought years,the VIMF anomaly in southern China is an anticyclonic circulation pattern and the divergence characteristics of the VIMFC are prominent,while those are opposite in flood years.Based on the SST anomaly in the typical draught year of 2022 in southern China and the SST deviation distribution characteristics of abnormal draught and flood years from 1961 to 2022,five SST high impact areas(i.e.,the North Pacific Ocean,Northwest Pacific Ocean,Southwest Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and East Pacific Ocean)are selected via the correlation analysis of VIMFC and the global SST in the preceding months(May and June)and in the study period(July and August)in 1961-2022,and their contributions to drought and flood in southern China are quantified.Our study reveals not only the persistent anomalous variation of SST in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean but also its impact on the pattern of moisture transport.Furthermore,it can be discovered from the positive and negative phase fitting of SST that the SST composite flow field in high impact areas can exhibit two types of anomalous moisture transport structures that are opposite to each other,namely an anticyclonic(cyclonic)circulation pattern anomaly in southern China and the coastal areas of east China.These two types of opposite anomalous moisture transport structures can not only drive the formation of drought(flood)in southern China but also exert its influence on the persistent development of the extreme weather.

Mechanism and Forecasting Methods for Severe Droughts and Floods in Songhua River Basin in China

The influence of various factors, mechanisms, and principles affecting runoff are summarized as periodic law, random law, and basin-wide law. Periodic law is restricted by astronomical factors, random law is restricted by atmospheric circulation, and basin-wide law is restricted by underlying surface. The commensurability method was used to identify the almost period law, the wave method was applied to deducing the random law, and the precursor method was applied in order to forecast runoff magnitude for the current year. These three methods can be used to assess each other and to forecast runoff. The system can also be applied to forecasting wet years, normal years and dry years for a particular year as well as forecasting years when floods with similar characteristics of previous floods, can be expected. Based on hydrological climate data of Baishan (1933-2009) and Nierji (1886-2009) in the Songhua River Basin, the forecasting results for 2010 show that it was a wet year in the Baishan Reservoir, similar to the year of 1995; it was a secondary dry year in the Nierji Reservoir, similar to the year of 1980. The actual water inflow into the Baishan Reservoir was 1.178 × 10 10 m 3 in 2010, which was markedly higher than average inflows, ranking as the second highest in history since records began. The actual water inflow at the Nierji station in 2010 was 9.96 × 10 9 m 3 , which was lower than the average over a period of many years. These results indicate a preliminary conclusion that the methods proposed in this paper have been proved to be reasonable and reliable, which will encourage the application of the chief reporter release system for each basin. This system was also used to forecast inflows for 2011, indicating a secondary wet year for the Baishan Reservoir in 2011, similar to that experienced in 1991. A secondary wet year was also forecast for the Nierji station in 2011, similar to that experienced during 1983. According to the nature of influencing factors, mechanisms and forecasting methods and the service objects, mid-to long-term hydrological forecasting can be divided into two classes:mid-to long-term runoff forecasting, and severe floods and droughts forecasting. The former can be applied to quantitative forecasting of runoff, which has important applications for water release schedules. The latter, i.e., qualitative disaster forecasting, is important for flood control and drought relief. Practical methods for forecasting severe droughts and floods are discussed in this paper.

THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON POSSIBLE SCENARIOS OF FLOOD AND DROUGHT IN CHINA IN THE CASE OF GLOBAL WARMING

According to Prof. Zhu Kezhen’s(Chu K.C.)historical climatic division,the last 500 years in China can be divided into several alternately cold and warm periods.The periods of 1470-1520,1620-1720,1840-1890 had cold winters,while those of 1550-1600,1770-1830 had warm winters.Based on such division,in four kinds of periods,i.e.cold, warm,cold-warm,and warmcold (transition period),the differences between flood/drought degree in 120 stations in China and average of flood/drought degree in the last 500 years have been calculated. Positive anomaly indicates drought-prone area,while negative anomaly indicates flood-prone area. This historical experience provides a background to analyze the possible scenarios in the case of global warming in the future.The final results suggest that in the case of global warming the hazards of flood probably increase in many parts of China,such as southeast coast area,southwest,northwest, some parts of northeast and inner Mongolia while the hazards of drought probably decrease in the North China Plain,the middle reaches of the Huanghe River and its southern adjacent area. This distribution is basically consistent with that of precipitation in warming periods in this century and that resulted from climatic model in the case of CO2 doubling.

Development of a Meteorological and Hydrological Coupling Index for Droughts and Floods along the Yangtze River Valley of China

To comprehensively investigate characteristics of summer droughts and floods in the Yangtze River valley, a meteorological and hydrological coupling index （MHCI） was developed using meteorological and hydro- logical data. The results indicate that： （1） in representing drought/flood information for the Yangtze River valley, the MHCI can reflect composite features of precipitation and hydrological observations; （2） compre- hensive analysis of the interannual phase difference of the precipitation and hydrological indices is important to recognize and predict annual drought/flood events along the valley; the hydrological index contributes more strongly to nonlinear and continuity features that indicate transition from long-term drought to flood conditions; （3） time series of the MHCI from 1960-2009 are very effective and sensitive in reflecting annual drought/flood characteristics, i.e. there is more rainfall or typical flooding in the valley when the MHCI is positive, and vice versa; and （4） verification of the MHCI indicates that there is significant correlation between precipitation and hydrologic responses in the valley during summer; the correlation coefficient was found to reach 0.82, exceeding the 0.001 significance level.

The Operational Forecasting of Total Precipitation in Flood Seasons (April to September) of 5 Years (1983-1987)

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION We have discovered that there exists a good corresponding relationship between theanomalous axes of soil temperature at a depth of 1.6m in winter (December to February) andprecipitations in following flood season (Tang et al., 1982a). We have also designed a simplethermodynamical model and applied it to the forecasting of precipitations in the flood season(Tang et al., 1982 b,c). The practical forecast started from 1975. Before 1980, however, therewere only 40-50 stations in China for measuring the soil temperature at a 1.6m depth. Since1980, the stations have been increased to a total of about 180, but no available mean valueshad been obtained from newly added stations before 1982. Therefore the analysis and map-ping of anomalies of soil temperature was not performed until 1983, and from then on theprecision of analysis has been greatly improved. The following is the actual situation of forecast in five years from 1983 to 1987.

Asymmetric relationships between El Nino/La Nina and floods/droughts in the following summer over Chongqing,China

This study presents a detailed analysis of the asymmetric relationships between the warm/cold phase of the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation and the typical flood/drought years in summer over Chongqing.Furthermore,its underpinning mechanisms are also explored.The results show that:(1)El Ni?o and La Ni?a have an asymmetric influence on summer precipitation in the following year over Chongqing.Generally,the composite atmospheric circulation anomalies for El Ni?o years are consistent with the composite results for typical flood years in summer over Chongqing,which indicates a tight link between typical flood years in summer over Chongqing and El Ni?o events.However,the relationship between typical drought years in summer over Chongqing and La Ni?a events is not significant.(2)From winter to the following summer,the extent of positive SST anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific associated with typical flood years in summer over Chongqing shrinks,whereas in the tropical Indian Ocean,the extent slightly expands.This trend indicates that the impact of El Ni?o on typical flood years in summer over Chongqing is maintained through the‘relay effect’of SSTs in the tropical Indian Ocean,which is the result of a lagged response of positive SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean to El Ni?o events in winter.

湖北省2000—2019年降水时空变化分析

为评估长序列降水时空变化及其对旱涝灾害的影响,采用趋势分析、累积距平分析等方法,选择降水集中指数(PCI)、降水异常指数(PAI)等指标分析了湖北省2000—2019年20 a间降水时空分布特征以及旱涝灾害发生状况。结果表明:近20 a湖北省累计年降水量增加了0.03%,降水多集中在4—8月份,雨热同期;2019年较2000年东部降水量增加;纬度决定了省内降水量的基数,总体呈现南部多于北部,经度影响降雨量变幅,表现为东西方向降水量空间分布的较大变异性;20 a间的PCI呈下降趋势,降水季节性和时段性特征较明显,PAI显示2005—2015年期间具有洪涝转干旱的趋势,2015年SPI值最大为1.425,出现了较严重洪涝;总体来看湖北省旱涝灾害呈现周期性波动特点,时间周期特征显著。研究成果对年际尺度上区域气候变化应对、旱涝灾害预警等方面具有重要意义。

探析水文测报应对气象极端天气

水文中心在实际工作中做好汛期水文测报工作,应密切关注研究分析气象极端天气数据对水文测报的影响。近年来,我国气象极端天气多发,在实际防汛抗旱工作中,水文站始终要把分析气象极端天气作为水文测报预警启动的重要工作。在气象预警工作的基础上,各水文站要落实水文测报的各项准备工作,制定好汛前工作计划,从预警条件启动到实际水文测报,优化工作流程以便于取得更精准的水文测报信息,为防汛抗旱工作做出更大的贡献。

Tropical Stratospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall

Interannual variability of both SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (October-December) rainfall over subdivisions of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Tamil Nadu have been examined in relation to monthly zonal wind anomaly for 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa at Balboa (9°N, 80°W) for the 29 year period (1958-1986). Correlations of zonal wind anomalies to SW monsoon rainfall (r = 0.57, significant at 1% level) is highest with the longer lead time (August of the previous year) at 10 hPa level suggesting some predictive value for Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The probabilities estimated from the contingency table reveal non-occurrence of flood during easterly wind anomalies and near non-occurrence of drought during westerly anomalies for August of the previous year at 10 hPa which provides information for forecasting of performance of SW monsoon over Coastal Andhra Pradesh. However, NE monsoon has a weak relationship with zonal wind anomalies of 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa for Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Tamil Nadu.Tracks of the SW monsoon storms and depressions in association with the stratospheric wind were also examined to couple with the fluctuations in SW monsoon rainfall. It is noted that easterly / westerly wind at 10 hPa, in some manner, suppresses / enhances monsoon storms and depressions activity affecting their tracks.

珠江流域水旱灾害防御“四预”系统模型研发及应用

针对珠江流域水旱灾害特点,探讨了水旱灾害防御“四预”业务应用对水利专业模型的需求,梳理了相应关键科学问题和亟需突破的技术难点。介绍了珠江流域水旱灾害防御“四预”系统中研发的水利专业模型及其应用实例,包括通用性一二维水动力模型HydroMPM、珠江河口及河网区风暴潮模型、三维斜压咸潮模型以及水库群多目标联合调度模型。结合智慧水利建设的深入推进,展望了水利专业模型未来的发展方向。

青藏高原夏季旱涝年降水准双周振荡及低频环流特征分析

为了研究青藏高原夏季降水的低频振荡特征,利用1978-2017年高原地区62个气象站日降水资料和ERA5高分辨率逐日再分析资料,采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、Lanczos滤波以及合成分析方法,对青藏高原夏季旱涝年降水的低频振荡特征、气象要素场变化及环流特征进行了深入分析,揭示了高原地区旱涝年降水低频振荡周期特征、环流特征以及低频风场、涡度场等传播特点。结果表明:(1)高原夏季降水存在10~20天的振荡周期;旱涝年的周期频率不同,涝年振荡频率明显高于旱年;涝年显著的振荡为10~20天和30天以上的振荡,而旱年主要以10~20天的振荡为主。(2)涝年在低频降水强位相,高空低频气旋控制高原主体,高空辐散,低空辐合,来自孟加拉湾偏南风的水汽供应充足,低频扰动强,利于降水发生,自西向东存在低频反气旋-低频气旋-低频反气旋的异常环流分布;反之在低频降水弱位相,高空低频反气旋控制高原主体,高空辐合,低空辐散,暖湿的偏南气流较弱,低频扰动偏弱,不利于降水发生。旱年配置有相似的特征,但低频反气旋-低频气旋-低频反气旋的环流形势不明显,整体上振荡强度较涝年偏弱,低频要素场强度也偏弱。(3)低频波动的传播旱涝年有所不同,涝年高原纬向上高低空为低频振荡的汇区,且经向上也是汇区,振荡汇区降水发生更频繁,故涝年降水偏多。在旱年低频振荡经向上高层由高原向外传播,故旱年低频降水发生偏少。

水文情报预报在防汛抗旱工作中的作用与应用

水旱灾害在我国发生频率较高,对百姓的日常生活生产及社会的和谐稳定会造成不良影响。因此,做好防汛抗旱工作意义重大。水文情报预报作为防汛抗旱基础依据,可为防汛抗旱工作提供有价值的指导。文章重点阐述水文情报预报在防汛抗旱工作中的作用与应用。

中国东部夏季降水型的研究

文章对比分析了气候中心的分型（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类雨带），及北京大学的旱涝型（１ａ、１ｂ、２、３、４、及５型），并指出这两种分型的优缺点．其次根据中国东部夏季（６～８月）降水量的ＲＥＯＦ分析，提出了一种新的分型．这种新的分型突出了雨带的主要位置，在一定程度上反映了全国降水异常的分布趋势．

陕西省旱涝季度、年度预报和集成预报方法

在大量天气预报实践的基础上，通过分析地理环境、气候背景、大型天气过程的转型及“突变”、太阳活动及天文原因选取预报因子，分析了降水特征，确定了旱涝指标，并采用人工神经元网络、车比雪夫多项式、方差分析等方法建立预报模型，最终用集成预报方法建立预报模型和预报系统。经过试报，准确率达到８３．３％，取得了良好的效果。

特枯水文年长江河口汛期盐水入侵观测分析

基于2006年汛期10月长江干流大通水文站逐时水位流量资料和长江口区现场实测水文、盐度资料,探讨了特枯水文年份在大型水利枢纽调控影响下的长江口区汛期盐水入侵及其对淡水资源的影响。结果表明:①2006年汛期10月大潮期间,外海上溯至北支的咸潮强度较大,倒灌南支严重,导致观测期间陈行水库、宝钢水库河段不存在淡水资源;②北支高盐度的咸水倒灌主要经白茆沙北水道而进入南支,长江入海冲淡水则主要由白茆沙南水道下泄入南支,两股不同性质的水流在白茆沙尾部汇合,其影响范围可到南港吴淞口;③观测期间,外海高盐水团经南北槽上溯,其强度和上溯距离可影响到吴淞口,致使除吴淞口附近水域存在淡水资源外,南港吴淞口以下河段皆为高盐水体覆盖。

浙江省夏季旱涝年及前期异常特征

采用 1 951～ 1 960年浙江省 4站和 1 961～ 1 999年浙江省 3 6站的夏季降水资料划分了浙江省夏季旱涝年。研究了夏季旱涝的同期及前期环流异常特征 ,研究了浙江省夏季旱涝的预报方法。

跨季度动力气候预测系统IAP DCP-II

概述中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的跨季度动力气候预测系统 (IAPDCP II) ,及其在我国夏季降水距平预测业务中的应用情况。该系统的试用始于 1 988年 ,1 998年定型为现今版本 (即IAPDCP II)。 1 998年起至今 ,每年预测的检验说明 ,该系统有较好的跨季度预测能力 ,能预报出夏季降水距平的大范围分布形势。

华南旱、涝年前汛期水汽输送特征的对比分析

利用卫星遥感反演的降水资料及中国740个测站逐日降水资料，根据定义的旱涝指数，划分了1957—2002年期间的华南旱涝年份。利用NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，分别讨论华南前汛期4～6月、4月及6月的水汽输送的气候特征。在此基础上，进一步研究了4～6月、4月及6月水汽输送及其源地在华南前汛期涝年和早年的不同特征。结果表明：影响华南的水汽输送环流在南海夏季风建立前后具有明显不同的气候特征，华南前汛期（4～6月）降水应分为南海夏季风爆发前4月份至夏季风爆发与南海夏季风爆发至6月两个时段。来源于西太平洋的水汽输送变化和来自中国北方的水汽输送变化对华南降水异常有重要作用，而阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送变化对华南的降水异常影响不大。

衡阳市农业旱涝灾害发生规律及大灾预测

衡阳市是湖南省重要的农业生产基地,以雨养农业为主,经常遭遇干旱与洪涝威胁。本文以衡阳市为研究区域,利用近50a的旱涝灾害资料,采用统计分析方法得出衡阳农业旱涝灾害发生的历史规律为:旱灾发生频率高于涝灾发生频率;一年当中夏秋容易出现旱灾,春末夏初容易出现涝灾;北部农业旱灾发生频率大于南部;北部和湘江河谷农业涝灾发生频率大,东部山地和中部丘陵地带发生频率相对较小。利用灰色理论建立大旱、大涝年预测模型,1986-2006年模拟结果与实际基本一致,预测2012年是衡阳大旱风险年、2014年为大涝风险年。结果有利于衡阳积极应对巨灾,有助于促进衡阳农业经济的可持续发展。

近50年来新疆气候变化与洪、旱灾害扩大化

新疆是一个自然灾害发生较为频繁的区域。近年来,受气候变化和当地人类活动强度加大的影响,新疆洪、旱灾害呈现出了扩大化的趋势。利用相关统计资料对1950—1997年的新疆气候变化对洪、旱灾害的作用进行了初步分析,结果表明,近年来新疆洪、旱灾害扩大化除了当地社会人文方面的原因外,全球变暖导致的新疆气温升高与夏季降水异常现象的增多是主要的原因。