China's foreign aid for global poverty alleviation:artemisinin-based combination therapies against malaria in Togo

From providing funds for the global fight against infectious diseases,to actively participating in global health security actions,to strengthening mutual cooperation in the field of health,and providing medical treatment,training and scholarships to countries in need,China’s foreign aid on global poverty alleviation is increasingly diversified and expanding in scale.Indeed,China is playing an increasingly important leading role in the global health agenda.It is worth mentioning that over the years,artemisinin compound have saved millions of lives all over the world,especially in poverty-stricken areas.China’s work mode of malaria elimination has also been written into WHO’s technical documents and recommended to other countries.Since 2007,Chinese medical staff has carried out the Artemisinin Compound Malaria Control Project in Comoros,bringing Chinese prevention and treatment programs to the local area.By 2014,Comoros had achieved zero deaths from malaria,and the number of cases had dropped by 98%.Now,this program is also extended to Togo,another African country.This article preliminarily summarizes the malaria profile in Togo and introduces China-Togo Cooperative Artemisinin Malaria Control Demonstration Project to provide a reference for better anti-malaria assistance in Togo,and also shows one of the substantive actions of China’s participation in global health governance,which contributes Chinese wisdom and offers Chinese solutions to global poverty alleviation.

Invigorating foreign aid administration:remittances’strategy,pro-poor and gender focus

Background:The pitfall of top-down approach to development is identified as a major cause of aid inefficiency.The approach is fraught with corruption and unethical practices that have bedeviled aid administration.Meanwhile,the impact of remittances has been widely acknowledged in the national development process.Methods:This study therefore reviews the extant foreign aid administrative norms and practices using various conceptual frameworks and diagrammatic representations with a view to identifying the inherent weaknesses in the process.Results:In the light of the findings,the study pitches its tent around the concept of remittances as a learning process for aid administration.Consequently,the pro-poor and gender focus approaches of remittances to development,as well as its bottomup approach is proposed as a conceptual framework for aid administration.Conclusions:The study concludes that,strict adherence to bottom-up approaches proposed in this article would keep corruption and other unethical practices which have rendered the aid administrative process inefficient,to the barest minimum.

Electoral Authoritarianism in Togo: How Has Foreign Aid Impacted the Democratization Process in Togo From 2005 to 2010?

After four decades of military dictatorship,Togo is still facing a dilemma of whether to break with the past and take a path of democratization or make changes in the continuity.The death of the former President Gnassingbe Eyadema in 2005 was seen by the Togolese community at home and around the world as a window of opportunity or a step toward the emergence of the political liberalization in the country.Unfortunately,with the backing of the Togolese army,Faure Gnassingbe,one of the sons of Eyadema,was enthroned as the country’s new President since 2005.The international economic sanctions on Togo in the aftermath of the death of Eyadema,due to continuing human rights abuses and violations by the authoritarian regime,have accentuated the already acute suffering and poverty of the Togolese population.However,the 2006 Global Political Agreement reached between the traditional political opposition parties and the government paved the way to the normalization of the international cooperation with Togo and hence the lifting of economic sanctions by the international community.Drawing from Solow-Swan growth model and a cross-national causality test of the development-democracy-growth hypothesis of Abbas Pourgerami,this paper investigates the impact of foreign aid on the democratization process since 2005 and argues that foreign aid played a paramount role in consolidating electoral authoritarianism instead of establishing a viable democracy in Togo.

Exploring the cooperation mechanism for foreign aid training in the field of ocean governance between China and ASEAN countries under the‘Belt and Road’Initiative

Analyzed the foreign aid training in the field of ocean governance between China and ASEAN countries under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative,and discussed problems and challenges faced by the foreign aid training.According to international training's characteristics and trend,the author put forward countermeasures and suggestions for the development of foreign aid training between China-ASEAN ocean governance by standardizing the management mechanism,expanding the layout of training,enriching the content of courses,fostering stronger team building,and enhancing the political mutual trust.

Institutional Quality,Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Recipient Countries

Foreign aid is an important aspect of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)for enhancing two-way cooperation with BRI countries. Based on the panel data of China’sforeign aid over the period 2000-2014, this paper employs the Worldwide GovernanceIndicators (WGI) to conduct an empirical study on the economic growth effects of China’sforeign aid and recipient countries’ institutional quality with the endogeneity of aid takeninto account. Results of our empirical study suggest that (i) China’s foreign aid, especiallyinfrastructure aid, can effectively promote economic growth in recipient countries;(ii)sound institutional development offers an important assurance for economic growth inrecipient countries;(iii) sample-specific regression reveals that the institutional quality ofrecipient countries can significantly influence the economic growth effects of China’s foreignaid, especially economic infrastructure aid for recipient countries in Asia and Europe.To improve aid effectiveness and quality, China needs to improve aid structure, superviseaid program implementation, and mitigate the impact of institutional risks in recipientcountries.

A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Remittances and Foreign Aid on Human Capital Growth and Brain Drain in Africa

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the impact the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, and foreign aid have had to human capital growth (HCG) and brain drain. The study data were collected from five African countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, and Morocco) from 2009 to 2018. Secondary sources were used in data collection, then autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling was used in the analysis. Before modelling was done, co-integration tests and panel unit were applied. The results revealed that Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid had a significant and positive impact on HCG in the long but not the short-run. Besides, remittances, Chinese FDI, and foreign aid demonstrated significant negative impacts on brain drain in the long term, not in the short term. This study makes important practical and theoretical contributions about the roles of Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid in the reduction of brain drain and the growth of human capital.

The International Political Significance of Chinese and US Foreign Aid： As Seen in United Nations General Assembly Voting

The effect of China＇s rapid development on Sino-US relations and the existing international order is an important theoretical issue in current international relations research. We use empirical research methods to explore whether and how China has influenced the results of US ＂vote-buying＂ in the United Nations General Assembly （UNGA） through foreign aid. We find that through the mechanisms of foreign policy preferences, vulnerability and credibility, Chinese foreign aid has decreased US manipulation of UNGA voting. However, this is not a subjective strategic choice on China＇s part but the objective result of Chinese economic development. Taking the game of Sino-US foreign aid in international politics as the entry point and squarely facing the structural contradictions and competition that exist between China and the US will help us understand not only the problems and obstacles China will encounter on its future developmental path, but also the necessity and difficulty of risk control in Sino-US relations.

The Dialectics of China＇s Foreign Aid： Interactions Shaping China＇s Aid Policy

China＇s foreign aid has received much attention, but the knowledge of its determinants is limited. We show how domestic political forces interact with international circumstances to shape Chinese aid policies. The article applies Carol Lancaster＇s framework on the interaction of domestic ideas, institutions, and in- terests in the development of foreign aid policy. We describe the dynamics of the Chinese domestic context and the interaction of these forces with international circumstances. The article concludes that shifts in ideology and interest both fa- cilitated and required changes in the foreign aid program. While other countries are subject to similar domestic political forces, China appears relatively unique as donor because of large oscillations and simultaneous continuity of its aid program under the pressure of these domestic political forces.

Saudi Arabia’s Economic Diplomacy through Foreign Aid: Dynamics, Objectives and Mode

Economic diplomacy is an important part of a country’s overall diplomacy,and foreign aid is an essential tool in a country’s economic diplomacy.With the accumulation of wealth,Saudi Arabia uses its petrodollars to carry out economic diplomacy,and by increasing the amount of aid and expanding aid targets,it achieves multiple goals.This article analyzes the policy objectives of Saudi Arabia’s foreign aid from the perspectives of political,economic and religious dynamics,and reviews the main models in this field,namely,strategic foreign aid,development-oriented foreign aid and humanitarian foreign aid.The author believes that Saudi Arabia’s foreign aid is double-sided.On the one hand,it actively implements the development goals of South-South cooperation and contributes to the promotion of global economic recovery and development;on the other hand,it promotes Wahhabi expansion and development,bringing certain threats to the world’s traditional security.However,since 2015,the Saudi government has begun to control,regulate,and minimize religious promotion to reduce certain threats that Wahhabism has generated.

China’s Foreign Aid to the Middle East:History and Development

As one of the important components of China’s Middle East diplomacy and overall foreign aid,Middle East states have received aid from China since 1954.While the research in this regard is fragmented to a certain extent,the problem of interpretation has become more and more controversial.This paper attempts to review the history of China’s aid to Middle East states through the integration of research data,through three stages of division and analysis of typical forms of aid.This paper finds that the medical teams of foreign aid sent by China in the 1960s and the labour export in the 1970s were developed from the practice of China’s aid to the Middle East states and then extended to other regions.In the early 21st century,China further strengthened its technological cooperation and human resources development cooperation with Middle East states in the new era of rising economic status.This article finds complexities in the role of Middle East states in the field of international aid and the dynamic changes in actual aid needs,due to the lack of authoritative information on relevant regions,total amount of country aid and the amount of funds for each type of aid,as well as the deviations in definitions of‘aid’at home and abroad,which has limited Chinese literature on aid to the Middle East.

Foreign Aid and Externality—A Perspective from China

The study conducted here is an attempt to answer the questions of where China stands as a recipient,what multilateral and bilateral aid has brought to China,and why.For the convenience of discussion,I shall concentrate on:The period after 1979 when China started its economic reformOfficial Development Assistance (ODA) commitments and types of flows,andThe OECD figures.

The Catastrophe of Corruption in the Sustainability of Foreign aid:A Prediction of Artificial Neural Network Method in Indonesia

The rising corruption levels in Indonesia are becoming a cause for concern and raise doubts about their impact on the stability of foreign aid in the country.Therefore,this study aims to predict the long-term viability of foreign aid in Indonesia based on international perceptions of corruption and corruption cases in the country.Data were obtained from World Governance Indicators,the Indonesian Ministry of Finance,and the World Bank,and the study used a backpropagation artificial neural network(ANN)for prediction.The results from ANN are compared to linear models and vector autoregression(VAR).The finding shows that ANN outperforms the other models based on the coefficient of determination and MSE values.Furthermore,it highlights the strong relationship between corruption perception and foreign aid sustainability with an R-value of 0.991.According to the ANN estimation,gratification has a significant impact on foreign aid.In response to this finding,the study recommends the Indonesian government take action to combat corruption in maintaining the international trust and ensuring the stability of foreign aid.

Poverty Reduction Effects of China’s Aid and Investment to Developing Countries

The Chinese approach to poverty reduction is a government-led and marketbased approach that gives priority to infrastructure and combines fiscal subsidy with development as an antidote to poverty.These characteristics are also evident in China’s cooperation with other developing countries on poverty reduction.China supports other developing countries to reduce poverty via aid and investment mainly in the field of infrastructure.While the government and SOEs take the lead in foreign aid and investment,China also invites other sources of capital to participate in market-based development in partnership with recipient countries.Our empirical research finds that aid and investment from China are generally conducive to reducing poverty incidence in recipient developing countries,but their poverty reduction effects vary across different types of aid and investment.The elements characteristic of the Chinese approach to poverty reduction proved to be effective in helping other developing countries reduce poverty as well.Nevertheless,the effectiveness of aid and investment in reducing poverty is subject to the governance and market efficiency of recipient countries.In order for the Chinese experience to work in less developed countries,future cooperation on poverty reduction must put a premium on governance and market systems.

深圳市2004-2017年外籍HIV/AIDS病例流行特征分析

目的描述、分析深圳市2004-2017年外籍HIV感染者和AIDS患者(HIV/AIDS)的流行病学特征及2010年我国允许外籍病例入境政策出台前后不同时段病例特征的差异。方法整理并筛选2004-2017年间外籍HIV/AIDS病例的基本信息,运用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果深圳市2004-2017年外籍HIV/AIDS病例共报告111例,其中HIV感染者100例,AIDS患者11例。平均年龄(33.0±8.8)岁;男女性别比例为3.8∶1;以文盲及小学文化程度为主(34.23%);未婚病例占48.65%;通过性途径感染的占44.14%;样本来源分布中,来自羁押场所的占60.36%。对比2010年新政前、后7年的外籍病例流行病学特征,结果发现在国籍、职业、文化程度、感染途径、样本来源、病程阶段、随访情况的分布上,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2011-2017年深圳外籍病例首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的检测率为76.74%(33/43),其中60.61%(20/33)的病例检测结果低于350个/μL,2例病例在深圳获得免费抗病毒治疗。结论深圳近年来外籍HIV/AIDS病例流行病学特征发生了较大改变,提高其随访和治疗水平需进一步加强多部门协作和政策研究。

How the African Public Views China＇s Aid to Africa

As a vital part of China's foreign relations,China's aid to Africa has scored great achievements.Based on data from the Afrobarometer Survey in 2010 and data from the database of China's aid to Africa in 2000-2010 co-created by the US Center for Global Development and AidData,this paper dissects the macro-and micro-level determinants of the African public's perception of the effectiveness of aid from China through an empirical analysis.As descriptive statistics reveal,the African public has a highly positive view of aid from China despite country differences.According to our further analysis of a multilevel model,aid recipients with higher levels of democracy and economic development have a more favorable view of aid from China,while the size and sector of aid from China are not correlated with public favorability.At the micro-level,age,gender,education,race and media consumption are positively correlated with the public perception of aid.In conclusion,China must refocus its future aid programs on livelihood and welfare that directly benefit local people,rather than simply increasing the amount of aid.In delivering its commitments to Africa,China must also attach importance to public communication and "telling the China story " in its international affairs to improve its national image and gain more recognition by the African people.

517名外训军人HIV/AIDS感染监测分析

目的 了解军队外训人员HIV感染状况,防止AIDS传入部队。方法 外训军人进入我军部队1周内抽血,抗-HIV检测分初筛和确认两步进行。结果 517名外训人员中检出7例抗-HIV阳性(1.35％),其中6例来自赞比亚,1例来自坦桑尼亚。结论 应加强对外训人员抗-HIV检测,控制AIDS传入部队。

A Study of China's Bamboo Project Aid to Rwanda

China,as the world's largest developing country,has long combined the common interest of the Chinese people with that of the people of all countries,and under the framework of South-South Cooperation,it has always provided assistance within its capacity to other developing countries. As an important component of aid to Africa,forestry plays an irreplaceable role in foreign aid. Currently,the forestry aid to Africa is gradually changing from the previous trading of resources to sustainable development and utilization of resources. Especially the implementation of Bamboo Planting,Processing and Utilization Project Aid of the Ministry of Commerce to Rwanda undertaken by China National Bamboo Research Center( CBRC),helps Rwanda and the entire east African region to achieve sustainable use of forest resources,improves local employment,provides a new path of development for China's forestry to " go out",and further strengthens the traditional friendship between China and Africa.

How China’s Aid Helps Recipient Countries Build Export Capacity

Based on data of China’s aid to 120 countries and recipient countries’export data between 2002-2014,this paper investigated the export effects of China’s aid.We found that China’s aid was conducive to recipient countries’exports to China,helping recipient countries boost their development capacity and meet China’s consumption demand at the same time.In this manner,China’s foreign aid has lived up to the principle of“mutually beneficial cooperation”.Heterogeneity test found that China’s aid helped recipient countries increase their exports of manufacturing goods of their comparative advantage,mainly medium-and low-end manufacturing products,to China without increasing the exports of non-manufacturing goods,such as agricultural produce as well as primary and resource goods.Our findings have thoroughly refuted criticisms like the“resource exploitation”narrative by Western countries against China.Apart from increasing African countries’exports to China,China’s aid also helped other recipient countries outside Africa,mostly medium-and low-income recipient countries,to export more to China.China’s aid-fortrade(AfT)programs did not significantly increase recipient countries’capacity to export to China.A test of the mechanism of action found that industrial development in recipient countries exerted only a partial intermediate effect in enhancing recipient countries’capacity to export to China.

新时代高等职业院校对外援助实践模式研究

高等职业院校是新时代我国开展高等职业教育对外援助的实践主体,发挥着核心作用。基于我国对外援助方式和管理体制创新的新变化和新要求,从政策层面、理论层面、实践层面三个维度构建对新时代高等职业院校对外援助实践的逻辑认知,通过对高等职业院校对外援助实践典型模式和关键性问题的剖析,探析符合新时代发展要求的高等职业院校对外援助实践模式,并根据国家关于“精准援助”的工作要求提出相应策略和建议,为高等职业院校在新时代高质量“走出去”提供理论支撑与实践参考。