Ecosystem Service Value Assessment of Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense Ecological Landscape Forest in Shenzhen City in 2021

Taking Wutong Mountain Rhododendron moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen City as an example,the value of the forest was assessed by constructing an ecological service value assessment system and accounting method.The assessment results showed that the total ecosystem service value of R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest was 13.195 billion yuan,and the top three services included the value of forestry products,the value of biodiversity maintenance and the value of leisure and recreation,indicating that the ecosystem service of Wutong Mountain R.moulmainense ecological landscape forest in Shenzhen has great ecological and economic value,especially in forestry products,biodiversity maintenance,and leisure and recreation.

Index of Atmospheric Purity reflects the ecological conditions better than the environmental pollution in the Carpathian forests

The Index of Atmospheric Purity(IAP)is a popular tool used for the assessment of air quality in polluted urban areas,on the basis of phytosociological data of epiphytic lichen communities.We hypothesized that this indicator could also be used in less polluted forest areas to determine the quality of ecological conditions for lichens.The aim of the present study was to verify the use of IAP method in the assessment of environmental pollution,and alternatively for the assessment of general ecological conditions in protected mountain forests of Gorce National Park(Polish Western Carpathians)based on the epiphytic lichen biota associated with Picea abies.The spatial distribution of IAP values on monitored sites in GNP was compared with:1)spatial distribution of accumulated sulfur,nitrogen,selected heavy metals,and total heavy metals in Hypogymnia physodes thalli in 1993 and 2018(30 sites),2)mean ecological indicator values characterizing species requirements for light(L),substrate reaction(R)and nutrients(N),in 1993,2013 and 2018(33 sites).Generalized linear model and redundancy analysis were performed for disclosing most influencing factors affecting lichen communities.The study revealed a few negligible relationships between IAP values and accumulation of such elements as Ni,Mn,Cd,and Cr in both monitoring periods.Simultaneously,IAP can be useful for the identification of forest areas with a high degree of naturalness.

Phenological study of congeneric Myrcia species and Clethra scabra in wetland and drained habitats in a Montane Forest

Although important,phenological studies comparing congeneric species or the same species growing in different habitats are still scarce for the tropics.Herein,we integrate phylogeny,ecology and biometeorology to verify whether the phenophases of congeneric species Myrcia laruotteana and Myrcia amazonica or Clethra scabra differ when their populations inhabit wetland and drained habitats and to determine what abiotic factors affect the vegetative and reproductive phenophases of these species in distinct habitat patches.We collected data on phenological events of 80 trees for 1 year in Itacolomi State Park,Brazil,and related them to abiotic local factors.Contrary to our expectation,the phenophases of the congeneric species did not differ between habitats,but the reproductive phenophases of C.scabra did and was greater in drained soil.Phenophases of C.scabra were affected by the depth of the water table and maximum temperature in the wetland soil.Insolation,precipitation,maximum temperature and relative humidity influenced Myrcia and Clethra in the drained soil.The differences between C.scabra populations suggest that this species is phenotypically plastic and can present distinct phenophases depending on the habitat it inhabits.On the other hand,the congeneric Myrcia species may have similar phenophases in distinct habitats because of their shared similarities during their evolution.This study provides a better understanding of the ecology of these species and their adaptations to different abiotic conditions.Data of this nature are important in a changing world and can inform strategies for adaptive management.

Monitoring spatiotemporal soil moisture changes in the subsurface of forest sites using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)

The effects of drought on tree mortality at forest stands are not completely understood. For assessing their water supply, knowledge of the small-scale distribution of soil moisture as well as its temporal changes is a key issue in an era of climate change. However, traditional methods like taking soil samples or installing data loggers solely collect parameters of a single point or of a small soil volume. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a suitable method for monitoring soil moisture changes and has rarely been used in forests. This method was applied at two forest sites in Bavaria, Germany to obtain high-resolution data of temporal soil moisture variations. Geoelectrical measurements (2D and 3D) were conducted at both sites over several years (2015-2018/2020) and compared with soil moisture data (matric potential or volumetric water content) for the monitoring plots. The greatest variations in resistivity values that highly correlate with soil moisture data were found in the main rooting zone. Using the ERT data, temporal trends could be tracked in several dimensions, such as the interannual increase in the depth of influence from drought events and their duration, as well as rising resistivity values going along with decreasing soil moisture. The results reveal that resistivity changes are a good proxy for seasonal and interannual soil moisture variations. Therefore, 2D- and 3D-ERT are recommended as comparatively non-laborious methods for small-spatial scale monitoring of soil moisture changes in the main rooting zone and the underlying subsurface of forested sites. Higher spatial and temporal resolution allows a better understanding of the water supply for trees, especially in times of drought.

Soil Seed Banks in Two Environments of Forest Restoration Post Bauxite Mining:Native Tree Plantation and Natural Regeneration

The objective of this study was to compare the soil seed bank in an area under natural regeneration(F1)and another reforested through seedling planting(F2),seven years after bauxite mining,in Southeast,Brazil.In each area,10 sampling points were randomly distributed,using three samples of topsoil to represent each point.The samples were transported to a shade house and evaluated for six months,where emerging individuals were identified every two weeks.Floristic similarity was evaluated with cluster analysis based on the Jaccard index(SJ).Species richness and abundance of individuals were compared using Student's t test.In F1,2,114.94 propagules m-2 were registered,belonging to 51 species and 24 botanical families,Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’=2.770 and Pielou evenness index J’=0.705.In F2,1,168.62 propagules m-2 were registered,belonging to 42 species and 22 families,H’=2.618 and J’=0.700.The(SJ)between F1 and F2 was 0.61,indicating a high similarity.The results showed high density of propagules,good diversity and absence of ecological dominance.The high number of individuals and diversity of tree species with zoochoric dispersion found in the areas indicates that both natural regeneration and reforestation were efficient in the ecological restoration of bauxite mined areas.

Value Assessment of Ecosystem Service Function of Ecological Public Welfare Forests in Wenchang City

Based on the measurement parameters and index in the Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008),the value of ecological service functions of ecological public welfare forest in Wenchang City was evaluated and analyzed.The results show that the total value of ecosystem service function of ecological public welfare forests in Wenchang City is about 4.020 billion yuan,of which storage capacity,water purification,soil fixation,fertilizer(N,P and K fertilizer) conservation,carbon sequestration,oxygen release,forest nutrient accumulation,providing anion,absorbing SO_2,absorbing fluoride,absorbing NxO,absorbing soil heavy metals,dust retention,noise reduction,sterilization,forest protection,forest biodiversity protection,and forest recreation(ecological tourism) are about 1.510 billion,582.256 million,3.769 million,268.220 million,116.360 million,2.747 million,22.682 million,42.817 million,1.722 million,74,600,131,900,187.918 million,77.409 million,28.721 million,43.090 million,180.696 million,571.036 million,and 108.677 million yuan

Categorized Analysis of Forest Ecological Values in the China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program

The China’s Conversion Cropland to Forest Program(CCFP)is one of the largest national ecological construction programs,which has effectively improved ecological environment and produced large ecological benefi t.To provide references for further improving ecological benefi t of CCFP,we analyzed the features,differences and relationships of the categorized forest ecological“benefi t value”(B-V)s in 3 kinds of forest restoration ways in different regions in CCFP,using the data of Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network(CFERN)from 1999 to 2013 and the methods of the national standards of(LY/T1606-2003),(LY/T1721-2008)and(LY/T1952-2011).The result showed that annual B-Vs of unit area varied in the range of 3.5-10.0 e4 RMBs/hm2·a.Water conservation B-Vs and species conservation B-Vs are the 2 largest constituents,nutrient accumulation B-V was the least in total B-Vs.The B-Vs performed inconsistently among the forest restoration ways and different regions.The rank of average annual total B-Vs of unit area from high to low was“hillside forest conservation”,“returning cropland to forest”,“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Species conservation B-Vs and water conservation B-Vs in southern regions were higher than that of northern and northwestern regions in China.The hot and rainy regions could produce higher species conservation B-Vs.The regression analysis indicated that water conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly positive correlation with the relevant total B-Vs and positive correlation with the relevant atmosphere purification B-Vs whether in regional or in unit area scale.Unit area species conservation B-V was negatively correlated with the relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except the way of“afforestation on suitable barren hills and wasteland”.Regional total species conservation B-Vs had signifi cantly negative correlation with its relevant nutrient accumulation B-Vs except“hillside forest conservation”way.We suggest that suitable forest restoration ways must be selective according to the regional specifi c,B-V features and local ecological goals.

Comparative Research on Zoning of High Conservation Value Forest and Ecological Forest

High conservation value forest(HCVF) theory has aroused wide concerns among related forestry sectors in China,but the zoning and identification of HCVF only have been implemented in a few forest management units(FMUs). As there is no quantitative indicator for identifying and zoning HCVF in China,most FMUs are unable to have an exact zoning result. This paper introduced the concepts of HCVF and ecological forest,and compared their similarities and differences in terms of identification criteria,zoning methods and application scope. With four Chinese FMUs as case studies,some suggestions were proposed for establishing a zoning scheme of HCVF so as to promote the development of HCVF in China.

Construction and Management of Public Welfare Forest in Hainan Province

Through investigating ecological service functions of public welfare forest in Hainan Province, this paper explored type constitution and problems of its ecological service functional value, optimization of its scale and layout, promoted effective protection and benign development, and proposed strategies for the construction and management of public welfare forest in Hainan Province.

应用3S技术研究厦门市森林生态网络布局

该文探讨了3S技术在厦门市森林生态网络体系中的应用方法和手段,从整体上提高了厦门市生态环境建设的水平。本文可为相同自然条件和社会务件的城市森林生态建设提供参考。

Wind profiles in and over trees

风速是森林生态系统研究中最为重要的变量之一,同时也是控制气流运输过程最基本的要素。由于树木生理指标和生长过程对风速的改变十分敏感,因此风速随高度的变化规律,即风速廓线的研究十分重要。一般认为,在裸地或林冠上的风廓线均呈对数规律变化,但是在单株树木和林分内风速随高度的变化则不呈对数规律。本文根据最近在海岸松林内风的研究结果,总结了针叶树种单株树木内、林分内和林冠上层以及海岸林区的风速廓线变化规律,其主要结论如下:1)单株针叶树树冠内的风速廓线呈指数形式分布,2)在林分内的风速廓线可用风的减弱系数来表示,3)[(\267\347)(\300\252\317\337\324\332\301\326\271\332\262\343)]上的分布可由风廓线参数(摩擦速度、粗糙长度、零平面位移)确定,4)在海岸林区,极端风速的分布可以使用了建筑上的风荷载模型进行预测。另外,本文提出了该研究领域尚需进一步探讨的问题,主要包括:1)风速廓线与树木特征及林分特征间的关系,2)利用简单的方法预测了风速廓线参数,3)风速廓线在树木生理、生态研究的作用、树木生长过程中风的微生态学效应以及森林生态和管理应用等方面。图4表1参60。

辽西地区沙棘资源可持续利用探讨

针对辽西地区现有沙棘资源经营的现状及存在的问题,对大面积沙棘人工林的死亡进行了调查分析,提出了将现有沙棘资源根据立地条件划分为不同林种,按不同林种进行分类经营的技术措施。同时,针对沙棘大面积死亡的经验和教训,对不同林种的更新改造及沙棘种植园和生态经济林的建设提出了可持续经营的方向及切实可行的方法。

天然混交林水土保持生态修复技术研究

应用群落边缘效应原理和林窗更新等生态学理论,根据种间关联性分析结果,确定林分内建群种与各种群的种间关系,对与建群种有竞争关系的树种进行适宜间伐,形成林窗和边缘界面层。根据群落空间分布格局和林下更新的分析,阐明适宜人工干预对生态修复的促进作用,为水土保持建设提供一种新的有效途径。

黄羊滩人工防风固沙林生态效益研究

全面准确评价人工固沙林的生态效益,是人工固沙林可持续经营的理论依据。该文按照树种、林龄和配置模式,选择了京津风沙源南部区黄羊滩的18个有代表性的林分（草地）进行研究,选取了防风固沙、改良土壤、调节气候和物种多样性等方面的7个指标因子,运用灰色系统理论关联度分析法对人工林生态效益进行了综合评价。研究结果表明：防风固沙林的建立,降低了林地输沙率,固沙效益明显。13a生白榆林、7a生白榆林、26a生柠条和黄柳林等输沙率为0,固沙目标全面实现。进入退化阶段的沙打旺人工草地不能维持有效防护结构,输沙率为18.9g/cm·d,其它林分输沙率在0~10g/cm·d之间;防风固沙林也具有明显的小气候效应。除沙打旺草地外,其它林分均发挥不同程度的增加湿度和减缓温度变化的作用。其中17a生侧柏林相对湿度比空旷地提高了7.7个百分点,为湿度效应最大值,13a白榆林比空旷地温度日较差降低了2.8℃,为温度效应最大值;17a侧柏林、13a白榆林、26a柠条林、5a柠条林、沙地柏林、7a白榆林等6个林分与理想林分最为接近,这6个林分生态效益最好。沙打旺人工草地关联度最低,其综合生态效益最差;即侧柏、白榆、柠条和沙地柏营造的人工固沙林综合生态效益最好,可以在黄羊滩及周边地区大面积推广。沙打旺是流动、半流动沙地无可替代的先锋物种,生长衰退出现前,应及时引进功能更强的灌木树种进行改良。年龄较大的侧柏林、白榆林和柠条生态效益最明显,说明人工固沙林需要较长时间的恢复,生态效益才能充分发挥。

Forage offering and seasonal intake comparisons to evaluate European rabbit threat in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia

Background:The European rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus L.1758)was introduced into different regions of the world,generating significant trade‑offs that critically impacted native vegetation.Here,we evaluate the rabbit’s forage intakes in three vegetation types(forests,shrublands,and grasslands)along the four seasons in a temperate forest landscape in Southern Patagonia and discuss the potential threats over native vegetation.We formulated the following questions:(i)what is the forage offer at each vegetation type?(ii)what is the rabbit’s forage intake and how it varied across the seasons along the year?and(iii)which vegetation types and plant life forms were more used according to the rabbit’s forage intakes?Methods:We censused understory vegetation to characterize the forage offer at each vegetation type and determined seasonal dietary intakes using microhistological analysis of pellets.The plant species identified in the field were grouped according to life form classes(tree regeneration,shrubs,forbs,graminoids,orchids,ferns,bryophytes,and hemiparasites).Data were analysed through uni‑and multi‑variate analyses,determining relationships between forage offer and the rabbit’s forage intakes.Results:Forage intakes revealed changes in plant life form consumption across vegetation types,where intake pressure was considerably different for tree regeneration(p=0.001),graminoids(p=0.001),and hemiparasites(p=0.001).Besides,significant changes in consumption among seasons were detected for shrubs(p=0.001),ferns(p=0.030),and hemiparasites(p=0.002).Although many species play an important role in the rabbit’s forage intake networks(e.g.,Chiliotrichum diffusum,Holcus lanatus),the strongest intake linkages were found in exotic grasses(e.g.,Poa pratensis and Festuca sp.),native hemiparasites(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.),native shrubs(e.g.,Empetrum rubrum),and native trees(e.g.,Nothofagus sp.).The summer and autumn seasons presented higher intake compared to the winter and spring seasons.Furthermore,hemiparasites intake(e.g.,Misodendrum sp.)suggests that rabbits utilize different forage sources depending on the vegetation types.Conclusions:Rabbits regularly inhabit the forest,even though it is not their preferred vegetation type to live.Rabbit management entails isolating regions that are more favourable to intake and emphasizing the year’s season for rabbit control efforts.

√2 Rule for Controlling the Tree Pattern in Forest Cut

A forest’s productivity can be optimized by the application of rules derived from monopolized circles.A monopolized circle is defined as a circle whose center is a tree and whose radius is half of the distance between the tree itself and its nearest neighbor.Three characteristics of monopolized circle are proved.(1)Monopolized circles do not overlay each other,the nearest relationship being tangent.(2)“Full uniform pattern”means that the grid of trees(a×b=N)covers the whole plot,so that the distance between each tree in a row is the same as the row spacing.The total monopolized circle area with a full uniform pattern is independent on the number of trees and
4 times the plot area.(3)If a tree is removed,the area of some trees’monopolized circle will increase without decreasing the monopolized circles of the other trees.According to the above three characteristics,“uniform index”is defined as the total area of monopolized circles in a plot divided by the total area of the monopolized circles,arranged in a uniform pattern in the same shaped plot.According to the definition of monopolized circle,the distribution of uniform index(L)=x^(2)(2n)/2πn for a random pattern and E(L)=1/n;the variance of L is D(L)=1/nπ^(2).It is evident that E(L)is independent on N and the plot area;hence,L is a relative index.L can be used to compare the uniformity among plots with different areas and the numbers of trees.In a random pattern,where L is equivalent to the tree density of the plot in which the number of trees is 1 and the area isπ,the influence of tree number and plot area to L is eliminated.When n→∞,D(L)→0 and L→1/π=0.318;it indicates that the greater the number of tree is in the plots,the smaller the difference between the uniform indices will be.There are three types of patterns for describing tree distribution(aggregated,random,and uniform patterns).Since the distribution of L in the random pattern is accurately derived,L can be used to test the pattern types.The research on Moarshan showed that the whole plot has an aggregated pattern;the first,third,and sixth parts have an aggregated pattern;and the second,fourth,and fifth parts have a random pattern.None of the uniform indices is more than 0.318(1/Π),which indicates that uniform patterns are rare in natural forests.The rules of uniform index can be applied to forest thinning.If you want to increase the value of uniform index,you must increase the total area of monopolized circles,which can be done by removing select trees.“Increasing area trees”are the removed trees and can increase the value of the uniform index.A tree is an increasing area tree if the distance between the tree and its second nearest neighbor is√2 p times longer than that between the tree itself and its first nearest neighbor,which is called the√2 p rule.It was very interesting to find that when six plots were randomly separated from the original plot,the proportion of increasing area trees in each plot was always about 0.5 without exception.In random pattern,the expected proportion of increasing area trees is about 0.35–0.44,which is different from the sampling value of 0.5.The reason is very difficult to explain,and further study is needed.Two criteria can be used to identify which trees should be removed to increase the uniform index during forest thinning.Those trees should be(1)trees whose monopolized circle areas are on the small side and(2)increasing area trees,which are found via the√2 p rule.

Sessile oak forest plant community changes on the NE Iberian Peninsula over recent decades

Aims Our aims were 3-fold:(i)to determine whether global change has altered the composition and structure of the plant community found in the sessile oak forests on the NE Iberian Peninsula over the last decades,(ii)to establish whether the decline in forest exploitation activities that has taken place since the mid-20th century has had any effect on the forests and(iii)to ascertain whether there is any evidence of impact from climate warming.Methods We assess changes in the plant community by comparing a cur-rent survey of sessile oak forest with a historical data set obtained from previous regional studies dating from 1962 to 1977.We ana-lyse the regional changes in the community in terms of biodiversity variables,species composition and plant traits.Furthermore,plants traits such as plant life forms and chorological groups are used to discern any effects from land-use changes and climate warming on the plant community.Important Findingsthere has been a loss of diversity in the community and,in the hottest region,there is also a loss of species richness.the composition of the community suggests that,although significant changes have taken place over recent decades,these changes differ between regions as a result of the low impact global change has had in the western regions.For instance,while the tree canopy cover in the western sessile oak forests remains stable,the eastern sessile oak forests are still recovering from the former exploitation that led to a loss of their rich and abundant herbaceous stratum.In fact,the recovery process in the catalan Pre-coastal Range has constituted an increase in the Euro-Siberian plants typical to this community.Moreover,in the eastern forests,there is evidence that climate warming has impacted the thermophilization of the sessile oak forests found on the coastal Range.

Truffle-like fungi sporocarps in a eucalypt-dominated landscape: patterns in diversity and community structure

Truffle-like fungi are highly diverse yet poorly known in Australia.To assess the species richness,biomass,and community assemblages of truffle-like fungi in different habitats we sampled sporocarps of truffle-like fungi in three eucalypt-dominated forest types(grassy woodland,wet sclerophyll forest,and dry sclerophyll forest)once in summer and once in winter,at two sites(Mount Kaputar and New England)in northern New South Wales,Australia.One hundred and eighteen species in 35 genera were collected;over half(51.7%)of the species were undescribed.Grassy woodland and wet forest communities had greater species richness and a lower standing crop than dry forest communities.Species richness and standing crop was greater in winter than in summer.Overall,species from the family Russulaceae,and the genera Dermocybe,Descomyces,and Hysterangium were dominant.Community composition varied among forest types and each forest type exhibited a suite of unique and common species,although much variation was unexplained.Variation in community structure was associated with some habitat attributes;at Mount Kaputar,woody plant species richness,canopy cover,litter depth,soil phosphorous,and elevation helped explain the sporocarp communities of different forest types,while at New England,woody plant species richness,rainfall,topographic aspect,soil texture,and soil nitrogen helped explain communities.This work contributes to knowledge of trufflelike fungal diversity,the factors affecting sporocarp distribution across landscapes,and the availability of sporocarps as a food resource for mycophagous mammals.Greater understanding of fungal diversity and mammal-fungal interactions also has important implications for managing forest biodiversity.

Market-based instruments for ecosystem services:framework and case study in Lishui City,China

Introduction:Effective provision of ecosystem services(ES)and improvements in well-being of residents can be realized through policy interventions of stakeholder behavior.Of the several policies,market-based instruments(MBIs)have become the focus of global attention.Outcomes/others:To couple the theory with practice and solve the key problem of unclear definition of property rights,the framework of MBIs is designed.First,property rights of market creation must be clearly defined,verifiable,transferable,enforceable,and have policy continuity.Then,four key characteristics of MBIs need to be considered in the case design,namely those involving ES,stakeholders,trading mechanisms,and guarantee mechanisms.The Pledge Financing of the Right of the Ecological Public Welfare Forest(PFREPWF)in Lishui City is a typical case of China’s current marketization,which is a supplement and improvement to the ecological compensation policy.Based on clearly defined contract rights,Lishui City has realized the integration of ecological compensation and credit creation.Discussion:The case design still has the problems of lack of quantification and lack of correlations with ES.Conclusion:The theoretical and practical analysis around the market mechanism has reference value for solving market failures and providing environmental services.