Neutral Pion Electromagnetic Form Factor as a Bound System of 3 + 1 Dimensional QCD

We investigate a neutral pion electromagnetic form factor in momentum space and obtain Gaussian-like function for it. The characteristic form of our neutral pion electromagnetic form factor is consistent with the results published by Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration. .

CFD-Based Method of Determining Form Factor k for Different Ship Types and Different Drafts

The value of form factor k at different drafts is important in predicting full-scale total resistance and speed for different types of ships. In the ITTC community, most organizations predict form factor k using a low-speed model test. However, this method is problematic for ships with bulbous bows and transom. In this article, a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)-based method is introduced to obtain k for different type of ships at different drafts, and a comparison is made between the CFD method and the model test. The results show that the CFD method produces reasonable k values. A grid generating method and turbulence model are briefly discussed in the context of obtaining a consistent k using CFD.

Numerical Study on Scale Effect of Form Factor for DTMB5415, KCS,KVLCC2, and 4000TEU Container Ship

Four ships,a twin-propeller naval ship,two single-propeller container ships,and a single-propeller very large crude carrier(VLCC),were studied to investigate the scale effect of the form factor.The viscous flow fields of the ships at different scales were solved numerically via the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method combined with the shear stress transport k–ωturbulence model.The numerical method was validated through comparisons with experimental data,and numerical uncertainty analysis was carried out based on the ITTC recommended procedure.On this basis,scale effects of the form factor were analyzed using different friction lines,and scale effects of flow fields and the mean axial wake fractions were further analyzed in details.The results showed that the form factor exhibited scale effects when adopting the ITTC-1957 line,and it increased with the increase in the Reynolds number.The scale effect of the form factor reduces the prediction precision of the full-scale ship resistance.The friction line has a significant effect on the form factor.The form factor exhibits little dependence on the Reynolds number when using the numerical friction line or the Katsui line,which is useful for full-scale ship resistance predictions.With the increasing Reynolds number,the boundary layer thickness becomes thinner and the axial velocity contour contracts toward the center plane,and there is nearly a linear relationship between the reciprocal of mean axial wake fraction on propeller disc and Reynolds number in logarithmic scale for the three types of ship forms.

Numerical Prediction of Form Factor and Wave Interference of A Trimaran for Different Outrigger Positions

Trimaran hydrodynamics have been an important research topic in recent years.Trimarans have even been chosen for naval surface combatants.In this case,investigation of a trimaran with different outrigger positions is important and necessary for better hydrodynamic performance.This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of trimaran hydrodynamics.The trimaran model used in this study is a 1/80 scale high-speed displacement frigate-type concept developed by the Center for Innovation in Ship Design(CISD)at Naval Surface Warfare Center,Carderock Division(NSWCCD).The numerical simulations were conducted for different outrigger positions at low and moderate Froude numbers by using commercial CFD software solving URANS equations.A verification and validation study was carried out for the numerical method in one configuration and one ship velocity.The existing experimental results for the trimaran resistance in the literature were used for validation.Five different outrigger positions were analyzed and the form factor of each configuration was calculated by the Prohaska method.The total resistance was decomposed to its components using the form factor.The interference factor was calculated for each configuration in terms of total resistance,residual resistance and wave resistance.Also,wave profiles using the longitudinal wave cuts in different locations were obtained both numerically and experimentally.It was concluded that the outrigger position had different effects on the interference,total resistance and wave profile at different Froude numbers.It was also shown that the CFD results were in good agreement with the experimental data in all configurations.In conclusion,this study presents the results of interference effects for different trimaran configurations in terms of wave resistance in addition to the total resistance and residual resistance.The numerical method was validated not only with the total resistance test data but also the longitudinal wave profiles along the hull.

A Diquark-Quark Model with Its Use in Nucleon Form Factorst

The nucleon electromagnetic form factors are investigated within a simple diquark-quark model using the light-front formalism. In this model, baryon is described as a bound state of one quark and one clustering diquark. The calculational results are compared with the experimental ones. We also regard the quarks in a baryon as pointlike constituent quarks.

Local Quark-Hadron Duality and Magnetic Form Factors of Bound Proton

We discuss the consequence of local duality for elastic scattering, and derive a model-independent equation between structure functions at x ～ 1 and elastic electromagnetic form factors. Then the electromagnetic form factors of proton are discussed using the quark-hadron duality theory. We also debate the form factor of proton in a bound state.It may be an effective approach to study the form factor of proton in media.

Determining Nuclear Form factor for Detection of Dark Matter in Relativistic Mean Field Theory

In this work, we derive the nuclear form factor for the spin-independent collision between the WIMPs and nucleus in terms of the relativistic mean field （RMF） theory. Comparison with the traditional form factors which are commonly used in literature is given and it is found that our results are slightly above that of the 2PF model by 4% to 8%, but deviate from the Helm form factor by 15% to 25% for the whole recoil energy spectrum of 0 -100 keV. Moreover, taking Xe and Ge as examples, we show the dependence of the form Factor on the recoil energy.

Quantifying.Associations among Dimensions of Ears and Their Form Factors in Maize(Zea Mays)Using Dimensional Analysis

Ear morphological traits such as volume and shape are important features of maize and the quantitative associations among them can help understand kernel yield determination. 150 mature ears each of 4 maize cultivars were collected from field experiments, and ear length(L), diameter(D), area(S) and volume(V) were recorded for individual ears, kernel weight per ear also recorded for a portion of the examined ears. Following principles of dimensional analysis, 8 theoretical equations of 3 sets,which relate ear higher dimensions to its length and diameter, were developed and parameterized and validated with the field observations. The 3 optimized equations showed that the shape of ears in maize can be featured with 3 dimensionless form factors, namely diameter-to-length ratio(c=D/L), areal form factor(b=S/L/D), and volumetric form factor(a=V/L/D/D). Statistically,all of them were significantly different among cultivars, and a's values varied from 0.582 to 0.612, and b's 0.839-0.868, and c's 0.242-0.308. Volumetric form factor and areal form factor could estimate precisely ear volume and area respectively, but diameter-to-length ratio was not suitable to estimate ear diameter by its length. Ear volume explained almost all variation of ear kernel weight and product L*D*D did the same substantially. Dimensional analysis proved to be promising in understanding relationship among morphological traits of ears in maize. Its application in crop researches should improve our knowledge of the physical properties of crop plants.

Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of Proton in Relativistic Constituent QuarkModel

Based on relativistic constituent quark (RCQ) model, the electric and magnetic form factors are analyzed. The ratio of the two form factors for the proton , which is an image of its charge and magnetization distributions, is calculated in the light-front formulism of RCQ model. Recently, this ratio was measured at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) using the polarization technique. The new data presented span the range and are well described by a linear Q2 fit. Also, the ratio reaches a constant value while Q2 becomes larger than 2 (GeV)2. Our calculation results are presented and appear to be consistent with the experimental ones.

Nucleon Form Factors and N-△ Transitions in a Hypercentral Constituent Quark Model with Meson Cloud

We study the nucleon form factors and the nucleon-△（1232） transitions in a framework of hypercentral constituent quark model. The pion meson cloud effect is taken into account explicitly. Our results show that the pion cloud contributes substantially to the nucleon form factors as well as to the helicity amplitudes of △（1232）, and it gives an improved agreement compared to the experimental.

Microscopic Calculations of Core-Polarization Effect on Inelastic Electron Scattering Form Factors for Different Parity States in （14^）

Inelastic electron scattering form factors has been calculated for different parity for the two （C3） transitions of 14^N for （5.83MeV） （f^π, T = 20） level and, （5.106MeV） （f^π, T = 30） level in the frame work of shell model. The model space wave functions are generated by using the Cohen-Kurath （CK） interaction, where 4He is assumed as a core and ten nucleons are distributed over the lp-shell which forms the model space. Core-polarization effects （CP） （the effects from outside lp-shell model space） are included through the first order perturbation theory. The core-polarization effects increase the form factor to be up near the experimental data which are not sufficient to give a good comparison with the calculating data.

Study on the Form Factor Estimation Method of High-Speed Catamaran with Asymmetrical Hulls

The method used to estimate the form factor of low-speed vessel will cause a large error when estimating the form factor of high-speed catamaran because of the interference effects. A method based on computational fluid dynamics( CFD) method is proposed to estimate the form factor of high-speed catamaran with asymmetrical hulls. This paper focused on a 2000-toners catamaran with asymmetrical hulls to compare the difference between normal method and CFD method. The resistance of this catamaran is calculated by the CFD method,and it was compared to the model test data to verify the validity of this method. The form factors calculated by CFD method are very different from the results calculated by Prohaska method in high speed area.Thus,the method used to estimate the form factor of low-speed vessel is not applicative for high-speed catamaran. It is more accurate and efficient when using the CFD method to estimate the form factor of high-speed catamaran with asymmetrical hulls.

Proton and Neutron Electromagnetic Form Factors Based on Bound System in 3 + 1 Dimensional QCD

We propose a new description of a nucleon as a pair of pions. The baryon number of our description of nucleon is not 1 but 0. However, this is probable because the proton spin crisis shows that the baryon spin cannot tell the number of composing quarks anymore. Because we use the derived pion wave function to describe a nucleon, our description has automatically the pionic degree of freedom and can be compared to the constituent quark model. Using this description, we investigate the electric charge and magnetization density functions of protons and neutrons. The electric charge density function of neutron is quite similar to those of Galster model and Maints data except the magnitude of singularity. The density functions of proton also show the similar behavior as those of Kelly’s except near origin. Taking the Fourier transform of the density functions, we obtain the Sachs electromagnetic form factors that can be compared to those in the parametrization derived by Ye et al.

Effects of the Form Factor and the Force of the Gravity on the Thermal Exchanges by Natural Convection in a Rectangular Cavity Filled with Nanofluid

Effects of the form factor on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a two-dimensional cavity filled with Al2O3-nanofluid has been analyzed numerically. A model was developed to explain the behavior of nanofluids taking account of the volume fraction φ. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically by alternating an implicit method (Method ADI) for various Rayleigh numbers varies as 103, 104 and 105. The nanofluid used is aluminum oxide with water Pr = 6.2;solid volume fraction φ is varied as 0%, 5% and 10%. Inclination angle Φ varies from 0° to 90° with a step the 15° and the form report varies as R = 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 4. The problem considered is a two-dimensional heat transfer enclosure. The vertical walls are differentially heated;the right is cold when the left is hot. The horizontal walls are assumed to be insulated. The nanofluid in the cavity is considered as incompressible, Newtonian and laminar flow. The nanoparticles are assumed to have a shape and a uniform size. However, it is supposed that the two fluid phases and nanoparticles are in a state of thermal equilibrium and they sink at the same speed. The thermophysical properties of nanofluids are assumed to be constant at the exception of the variation of density in the force of buoyancy, which is based on the approximation of Boussinesq values.

Gravitational form factors of the proton from near-threshold vector meson photoproduction

We systematically analyze the quark and gluon gravitational form factors(GFFs)of the proton by connecting the energy-momentum tensor and near-threshold vector meson photoproduction(NTVMP).Specifically,the quark contributions of GFFs are determined by applying global fitting to the cross section of the lightest vector mesonρ0 photoproduction.Combined with the gluon GFFs obtained from heavy quarkonium J/ψphotoproduction data,the complete GFFs are obtained and compared with the experimental results and lattice quantum chromodynamics determinations.In addition,we use the resonance via Padé(RVP)method based on the Schlessinger point method to obtain a model-independent quark D-term distribution through direct analytical continuation of deeply virtual Compton scattering experimental data.If errors are considered,the results obtained with RVP are essentially consistent with those obtained by NTVMP.Moreover,the comprehensive information on GFFs helps to uncover the mass distribution and mechanical properties inside the proton.This study is not only an important basis for delving into the enigmatic properties of the proton,but also has significance for theoretically guiding future JLab and EIC experimental measurements.

General properties of the spectral form factor in open quantum systems

The spectral form factor(SFF)can probe the eigenvalue statistic at different energy scales as its time variable varies.In closed quantum chaotic systems,the SFF exhibits a universal dip-ramp-plateau behavior,which reflects the spectrum rigidity of the Hamiltonian.In this work,we explore the general properties of SFF in open quantum systems.We find that in open systems the SFF first decays exponentially,followed by a linear increase at some intermediate time scale,and finally decreases to a saturated plateau value.We derive general relations between(i)the early-time decay exponent and Lindblad operators;(ii)the long-time plateau value and the number of steady states.We also explain the effective field theory perspective of general behaviors.We verify our theoretical predictions by numerically simulating the Sachdev−Ye−Kitaev(SYK)model,random matrix theory(RMT),and the Bose−Hubbard model.

Contributions to the nucleon form factors from bubble and tadpole diagrams

The nonlocal chiral effective theory is applied to investigate the electromagnetic and strange form factors of nucleons.The bubble and tadpole diagrams are included in the calculation.With the contributions from bubble and tadpole diagrams,the obtained electromagnetic form factors are close to the results without these contributions as long as the low energy constants c_(1) and c_(2) are properly chosen,while the magnitudes of strange form factors become larger.The electromagnetic form factors are in good agreement with the experimental results,while the magnitudes of strange form factors are larger than the lattice data.

B_((s))→D^(∗∗)_((s))form factors in HQEFT and model independent analysis of relevant semileptonic decays with NP effects

The form factors of B(s)decays into P-wave excited charmed mesons(including D∗0(2300),D1(2430),D1(2420),D∗2(2460)and their strange counterparts,denoted generically as D∗∗(s))are systematically calculated via QCD sum rules in the framework of heavy quark effective field theory(HQEFT).We consider contributions up to the next leading order of heavy quark expansion and give all the relevant form factors,including the scalar and tensor ones only relevant for possible new physics effects.The expressions for the form factors in terms of several universal wave functions are derived via heavy quark expansion.These universal functions can be evaluated through QCD sum rules.Then,the numerical results of the form factors are presented.With the form factors given here,a model independent analysis of relevant semileptonic decays B(s)→D∗∗(s)lν¯l is performed,including the contributions from possible new physics effects.Our predictions for the differential decay widths,branching fractions,and ratios of branching fractions R(D∗∗(s))may be tested in more precise experiments in the future.

Deuteron electromagnetic form factors and tensor polarization observables in the framework of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model

We study the electromagnetic form factors and tensor polarization observables of the deuteron in the framework of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model.We find a profile function for the bulk twistτ=6 vector field,which describes the deuteron on the boundary and fix the infrared boundary cut-off of AdS space in accordance with the ground state mass of the deuteron.We obtain the deuteron charge monopole,quadrupole,and magnetic dipole form factors and tensor polarization observables from the bulk Lagrangians for the deuteron and photon field interactions.We plot the momentum transfer dependence of the form factors and tensor polarization observables and compare our numerical results with those in the soft-wall model and experimental data.

Gluon gravitational form factors of protons from charmonium photoproduction

Inspired by the recent near-threshold J/ψphotoproduction measurements,we discuss gluon gravitational form factors(GFFs)and internal properties of the proton.This work presents a complete analysis of the proton gluon GFFs connecting the gluon part of the energy-momentum tensor and the heavy quarkonium photoproduction.In particular,a global fitting of the J/ψdifferential and total cross section experimental data is used to determine the gluon GFFs as functions of the squared momentum transfer t.Combined with the quark contributions to the D-term form factor extracted from the deeply virtual Compton scattering experiment,the total D-term is obtained to investigate their applications in describing the proton mechanical properties.These studies provide a unique perspective on investigating the proton gluon GFFs and important information for enhancing QCD constraints on the gluon GFFs.