Effects of formal credit on pastoral household expense: Evidence from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China

Formal credit is critical in agricultural production,allowing more expenditure and productive input,thereby improving farmers'welfare.In pastoral China,formal financial institutions are gradually increasing.However,a limited understanding remains of how formal credit affects herders'household expenses.Based on a survey of 544 herders from the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China,this study adopted the propensity score matching approach to identify the effect of formal credit on herders'total household expenses,daily expenses,and productive expenses.The results found that average age,grassland mortgage,and other variables significantly affected herders'participation in formal credit.Formal credit could significantly improve household expenses,especially productive expenses.A heterogeneity analysis showed that formal credit had a greater impact on the household total expense for those at higher levels of wealth;however,it significantly affected the productive expense of herders at lower wealth levels.Moreover,the mediating effect indicated that formal credit could affect herders'household income,thus influencing their household expenses.Finally,this study suggests that policies should improve herders'accessibility to formal credit.

A Formal Model for Analyzing Fair Exchange Protocols Based on Event Logic

Fair exchange protocols play a critical role in enabling two distrustful entities to conduct electronic data exchanges in a fair and secure manner.These protocols are widely used in electronic payment systems and electronic contract signing,ensuring the reliability and security of network transactions.In order to address the limitations of current research methods and enhance the analytical capabilities for fair exchange protocols,this paper proposes a formal model for analyzing such protocols.The proposed model begins with a thorough analysis of fair exchange protocols,followed by the formal definition of fairness.This definition accurately captures the inherent requirements of fair exchange protocols.Building upon event logic,the model incorporates the time factor into predicates and introduces knowledge set axioms.This enhancement empowers the improved logic to effectively describe the state and knowledge of protocol participants at different time points,facilitating reasoning about their acquired knowledge.To maximize the intruder’s capabilities,channel errors are translated into the behaviors of the intruder.The participants are further categorized into honest participants and malicious participants,enabling a comprehensive evaluation of the intruder’s potential impact.By employing a typical fair exchange protocol as an illustrative example,this paper demonstrates the detailed steps of utilizing the proposed model for protocol analysis.The entire process of protocol execution under attack scenarios is presented,shedding light on the underlying reasons for the attacks and proposing corresponding countermeasures.The developedmodel enhances the ability to reason about and evaluate the security properties of fair exchange protocols,thereby contributing to the advancement of secure network transactions.

Formal Modeling of Self-Adaptive Resource Scheduling in Cloud

A self-adaptive resource provisioning on demand is a critical factor in cloud computing.The selection of accurate amount of resources at run time is not easy due to dynamic nature of requests.Therefore,a self-adaptive strategy of resources is required to deal with dynamic nature of requests based on run time change in workload.In this paper we proposed a Cloud-based Adaptive Resource Scheduling Strategy(CARSS)Framework that formally addresses these issues and is more expressive than traditional approaches.The decision making in CARSS is based on more than one factors.TheMAPE-K based framework determines the state of the resources based on their current utilization.Timed-Arc Petri Net(TAPN)is used to model system formally and behaviour is expressed in TCTL,while TAPAAL model checker verifies the underline properties of the system.

Formal Verification Platform as a Service:WebAssembly Vulnerability Detection Application

In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service(FVPS),which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections,this work builds a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime model.It proposes an optimized methodology of the functional equivalent translation from source program languages to formal languages.This methodology utilizes an external application programming interface(API)table to replace the source codes in compilation,thereby pruning the part of housekeeping codes to ease code inflation.Code inflation is a significant metric in formal language translation.Namely,minor code inflation enhances verification scale and performance efficiency.It determines the efficiency of formal verification,involving launching,running,and memory usage.For instance,path explosion increases exponentially,resulting in out-of-memory.The experimental results conclude that program languages like golang severely impact code inflation.FVPS reduces the wasm code size by over 90%,achieving two orders of optimization magnitude,from 2000 kilobyte(KB)to 90 KB.That means we can cope with golang applications up to 20 times larger than the original in scale.This work eliminates the gap between Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts and WebAssembly.Our approach is pragmatic,adaptable,extendable,and flexible.Nowadays,FVPS is successfully applied in a Railway-Port-Aviation blockchain transportation system.

MF2-DMTD: A Formalism and Game-Based Reasoning Framework for Optimized Drone-Type Moving Target Defense

Moving-target-defense(MTD)fundamentally avoids an illegal initial compromise by asymmetrically increasing the uncertainty as the attack surface of the observable defender changes depending on spatial-temporal mutations.However,the existing naive MTD studies were conducted focusing only on wired network mutations.And these cases have also been no formal research on wireless aircraft domains with attributes that are extremely unfavorable to embedded system operations,such as hostility,mobility,and dependency.Therefore,to solve these conceptual limitations,this study proposes normalized drone-type MTD that maximizes defender superiority by mutating the unique fingerprints of wireless drones and that optimizes the period-based mutation principle to adaptively secure the sustainability of drone operations.In addition,this study also specifies MF2-DMTD(model-checkingbased formal framework for drone-type MTD),a formal framework that adopts model-checking and zero-sum game,for attack-defense simulation and performance evaluation of drone-type MTD.Subsequently,by applying the proposed models,the optimization of deceptive defense performance of drone-type MTD for each mutation period also additionally achieves through mixed-integer quadratic constrained programming(MIQCP)and multiobjective optimization-based Pareto frontier.As a result,the optimal mutation cycles in drone-type MTD were derived as(65,120,85)for each control-mobility,telecommunication,and payload component configured inside the drone.And the optimal MTD cycles for each swarming cluster,ground control station(GCS),and zone service provider(ZSP)deployed outside the drone were also additionally calculated as(70,60,85),respectively.To the best of these authors’knowledge,this study is the first to calculate the deceptive efficiency and functional continuity of the MTD against drones and to normalize the trade-off according to a sensitivity analysis with the optimum.

Generativity of Self-Organizing Processes and Their Correlative Description in Terms of a Formal Language of Meta-Ordinal Generative Nature, in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle and the Explicit Solution to the “Three-Body Problem”

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).

Rice vs.Wheat:How Rice Farming Shaped Informal Finance in China

China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.

Relative Ding Projective Modules over Formal Triangular Matrix Rings

Let U be a (B, A)-bimodule, A and B be rings, and be a formal triangular matrix ring. In this paper, we characterize the structure of relative Ding projective modules over T under some conditions. Furthermore, using the left global relative Ding projective dimensions of A and B, we estimate the relative Ding projective dimension of a left T-module.

Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory Formally Kicks Off

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO),a major project as part of China’s national scientific and technological infrastructure,passed the national acceptance assessment and formally went into operation on May 10.Dedicated to cosmic ray observation and research,the design of LHAASO was approved by the national authorities on December 31,2015.Jointly sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the People’s Government of Sichuan Province,the construction of the principal part of the facility began in 2017 and was completed in 2021.

双重制度视角下政府补贴对企业研发投入影响悖论的新解与验证

本文利用中国A股上市公司2008—2020年的样本数据实证考察了政府补贴对企业研发投入的影响,并基于双重视角,即企业外部非正式制度层面的政治关联和内部正式制度层面的股权激励,探讨其对政府补贴与企业研发投入之间关系的调节作用。研究结果表明:(1)适度的政府补贴有助于促进企业研发投入,即政府补贴对研发投入会产生倒U型影响;(2)政治关联会负向调节政府补贴与研发投入之间的倒U型关系;(3)股权激励与政府补贴之间具有互补作用,不仅能抵消过度补贴可能带来的抑制效应,还能进一步增强补贴初期对企业研发投入的激励效应,将两者的倒U型关系转变为正向线性关系。此外,内生性问题分析结果表明上述结论具有稳健性。该研究结论有助于我国政府合理制定补贴政策,为企业科学使用政府补贴以促进研发活动提供有益启示。

属性偏序形式结构的数学形式化

属性偏序形式结构,作为一种基于人类认知原理和粒计算思想的知识发现和知识表示新理论,目前已有广泛的应用,但其理论基础缺乏抽象化数学化,这势必影响该理论的系统发展。针对上述问题,研究了属性偏序形式结构的数学形式化描述问题。首先,基于粒计算的思想提出了知识表示的形式化框架。在此基础上,通过定义对象集合的覆盖和最简覆盖,给出属性偏序形式结构的粒和粒群的概念,进而通过对粒衍生出粒群的充要条件的讨论,给出了属性偏序形式结构中的知识结构,从而完成属性偏序形式结构的数学形式化描述。最后,通过具体实例展示了利用数学形式化描述构造属性偏序形式结构的过程,并揭示了该过程所体现的人类认知规律。

面向知识结构分析的模糊概念格模型

知识空间理论使用数学语言对学习者进行知识评价与学习指导,属于数学心理学的研究范畴.技能与问题是构成知识空间的两个基本要素,深入研究两者之间的关系是知识状态刻画与知识结构分析的内在要求.在当前的知识空间理论研究中,没有明确建立技能与问题之间的双向映射,从而难以提出直观概念意义下的知识结构分析模型,也没有明确建立知识状态之间的偏序关系,不利于刻画知识状态之间的差异,更不利于规划学习者未来的学习路径.此外,现有的成果主要集中在经典的知识空间,没有考虑实际问题中数据的不确定性.为此,将形式概念分析与模糊集引入知识空间理论,建立面向知识结构分析的模糊概念格模型.具体地,分别建立知识空间与闭包空间的模糊概念格模型.首先,建立知识空间模糊概念格,并通过任意两个概念的上确界证明所有概念的外延构成知识空间.引入粒描述的思想定义技能诱导的问题原子粒,由问题原子粒的组合判定一个问题组合是否是知识空间中的一个状态,进而提出由问题组合获取知识空间模糊概念的方法.其次,建立闭包空间模糊概念格,并通过任意两个概念的下确界证明所有概念的外延构成闭包空间.类似地,定义问题诱导的技能原子粒,由技能原子粒的组合判定一个技能组合是否是闭包空间中某一知识状态所需的技能,进而提出由技能组合获取闭包空间模糊概念的方法.最后,通过实验分析问题数量、技能数量、填充因子以及分析尺度对知识空间与闭包空间规模的影响.结论表明知识空间模糊概念不同于现有的任何概念,也不能从其他概念派生而来.闭包空间模糊概念本质上是一种面向属性单边模糊概念.在二值技能形式背景中,知识空间与闭包空间中的状态具有一一对应关系,但这种关系在模糊技能形式背景中并不成立.

A Natural Language Generation Algorithm for Greek by Using Hole Semantics and a Systemic Grammatical Formalism

This work is about the progress of previous related work based on an experiment to improve the intelligence of robotic systems,with the aim of achieving more linguistic communication capabilities between humans and robots.In this paper,the authors attempt an algorithmic approach to natural language generation through hole semantics and by applying the OMAS-III computational model as a grammatical formalism.In the original work,a technical language is used,while in the later works,this has been replaced by a limited Greek natural language dictionary.This particular effort was made to give the evolving system the ability to ask questions,as well as the authors developed an initial dialogue system using these techniques.The results show that the use of these techniques the authors apply can give us a more sophisticated dialogue system in the future.

现代逻辑思维对诗性的背离与回归——从罗素、维特根斯坦到伽达默尔

亚里士多德创立的形式逻辑在原始思维中有其“互渗律”的起源,因而是基于语言本身的隐喻本性的,但直到康德,以往的隐喻都被理解为“使陌生变得熟悉”,成为形式逻辑的工具论,隐喻的“使熟悉变成陌生”的创新性一面却被忽视了。弗雷格和罗素等从逻辑中清除了陌生的东西,使之变得数理化、僵化而无创造性,必然遇到“罗素悖论”而无法自拔;维特根斯坦是一个转折,从早期的分析哲学的逻辑观到晚期摆脱工具主义而转向语言游戏,有了西方逻辑思维从背离诗性到回归诗性的苗头;最后,经过伽达默尔对这一苗头的修正和发挥,将其扩展为诠释学的“语言学转向”,为隐喻和诗性打开了一片广阔的天地。可惜,他受到海德格尔和基督教传统“圣言”的局限,最终未能就此将其创造性的对话学说提升到“语言学之后”的形而上学,而沉陷于传统存在论(本体论)的“物理学之后”中。

地方生态环境治理何以发生形式主义?——基于20个中央生态环保督察典型案例的组态分析

基于20个中央生态环保督察典型案例,采用定性比较分析方法(csQCA),透视地方生态环境治理形式主义行为的多种组态,以解释地方生态环境治理何以发生与再生产形式主义。研究发现:任何单一因素均无法构成形式主义问题产生的必要条件或充分条件,地方生态环境治理形式主义的产生实为“多重复杂并发因果”;六条路径、三类条件组态构成了地方环境治理形式主义产生的主要驱动机制,即“经济约束”驱动型,“注意力兑现悬浮”驱动型与“避责思维”驱动型,各因素的有效结合以“殊途同归”的方式引发形式主义的发生与再生产等。为了防范地方生态环境治理形式主义的产生,厚植高质量发展的绿色底色,提升人民群众的生态环境福祉,当前亟需在推动产业转型以促进“经济”“环保”目标的平衡、内外协同以兑现政府环境注意力,以及精准问责以疏解官员“避责”情结等方面下大功夫。

康德先验逻辑的逻辑分析

先验逻辑是康德认识论批判的主体部分,既有先验认识论结构,也有形式逻辑脉络,包含“真理的逻辑”和“幻相的逻辑”。在先验逻辑中,形式逻辑的对当关系、命题逻辑、三段论与先验认识论的概念分析、原理分析、幻相分析之间,具有精巧的对称结构。在哲学维度,先验逻辑是认识论和逻辑学的统一。其中,逻辑线索构成康德认识论迷宫的“导航”,同时它也是认识论体系的“脚手架”。在逻辑史维度,先验逻辑注重形式和内容的结合,意味着非经典逻辑的萌芽,对现代逻辑哲学具有启示意义,并成为黑格尔辩证逻辑的思想渊源。

基于身份认证的BACnet/IP分析与改进

为了解决BACnet/IP身份认证存在多种可攻击漏洞和密钥泄露带来的安全问题,提出了一种安全增强的BACnet/IP-SA协议认证方案。研究协议身份认证消息流模型,基于着色Petri网理论和CPNTools对身份认证消息流建模,采用Dolev-Yao攻击者模型和形式化分析方法对BACnet/IP进行安全性分析,发现协议漏洞并提出改进方案。BACnet/IP-SA协议使用设备的伪身份来保护真实身份信息,使用PUF响应进行认证,通过多信息集合的验证值来验证端身份的真实性并生成会话密钥。结合BAN逻辑和非形式化方法,对协议的安全性进行了证明。实验结果表明,所提方案能有效抵抗多类攻击和密钥泄露带来的安全威胁,在减少计算开销的同时增强了协议身份认证的安全性。

法治与形式原则的性能:以形式与实质关系为中心

法治理论的争论主题之一是形式与实质的关系,其中涉及形式原则的性能。形式原则的性能可以从三个方面检视:形式性、自足性、充分性。形式原则具有形式性,但是并非纯粹,它们可能关涉法律规范的内容安排以及实质价值在规范内容上的贯彻效果,它们的解释适用也会受到实质价值的影响。形式原则具有指引法治实践的能力,但是并不自足,其自身无法解决遵守程度和例外问题,也无法消弭不同原则间的内在张力。对于有限、抽象的法治构成目标来说,形式原则可以作为构成条件,然而对于更具实践性的法治实现目标而言,就不敷其用了。法律的形式与实质相互联系,相互塑造。当法治对法律的形式提出要求,实践这种要求难免会牵连法律的实质。法治不可缺少形式原则,但是形式原则并非如通常想象的那样纯粹、自足和万能。

创业选择中的正式制度作用差异解析--基于合约履行和产权保护的比较分析

完善的正式制度是激活地区创业活力的重要保障。然而,现有研究往往聚焦于整体制度或单一制度展开分析,忽视了不同制度对创业选择的作用机制差异及其潜在复杂效应,这既造成了现有诸多争论的产生,也极大限制了对创业选择中制度影响力的理解。基于制度解绑观点,文章将合约履行制度和产权保护制度视为国家正式制度的两个关键维度,采用分层线性模型对2010-2015年54个国家的355769个劳动力个体样本的检验结果表明,尽管两种制度的改善均有助于提高个体机会型创业可能性,但内在机制的差异却将导致不同制度在特定情境下表现出明显的效应差异。一方面,合约履行制度将在经济发展水平较低地区、对低人力资本个体的机会型创业决策产生更明显促进作用;另一方面,产权保护制度则将在经济发展水平较高地区、对高人力资本个体的机会型创业决策产生更明显促进作用。特别是,作用机制的差异也将导致两种制度对创业决策的共同作用产生潜在抵消效应。上述结论在采用多种稳健性检验后仍保持一致。文章研究结论揭示了对多元制度进行划分是有价值和必要的,有助于推动领域讨论从整体、单一制度的简单分析向多元制度复杂分析的视角转变,并为地方政府根据具体实践促进创业提供一定启示。

三支区间集半概念的代数结构及覆盖粗糙近似算子

针对在一个形式背景中以区间集为底集,考虑一个属性集(对象集)拥有的对象集(属性集)和不拥有的对象集(属性集)的知识表述而进行知识提取的问题,采取将区间集概念与三支决策、经典半概念相结合的方法,产生AE-区间集半概念和OE-区间集半概念两种形式的三支区间集半概念,同时发现AE-区间集半概念与OE-区间集半概念的纯双布尔代数结构。进一步深入讨论可知,AE-区间集半概念可分为AE1-区间集半概念与AE2-区间集半概念,利用粗糙集理论分别挖掘与AE1-区间集半概念和AE2-区间集半概念有关的近似算子的结构性质,对偶地可得OE-区间集半概念的相关结果。所得三支区间集半概念拓广了已有的三支决策集分别与区间集概念和半概念相结合的相关成果,成为一个新的知识表述。