An efficient and mild recycling of waste melamine formaldehyde foams by alkaline hydrolysis

Melamine formaldehyde foam(MFF)generates many poisonous chemicals through the traditional recycling methods for organic resin wastes.Herein,a high MFF degradation ratio of ca.97 wt.%was achieved under the mild conditions(160℃)in a NaOH–H2O system with ammelide and ammeline as the main degradation products.The alkaline solvent had an obvious corrosion effect for MFF,as indicated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The reaction process and products distribution were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and ^(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).Besides,the MFF degradation products that have the similar chemical structures and bonding performances to those of melamine can be directly used as the raw material for synthesis of melamine urea-formaldehyde resins(MUFs).Moreover,the degradation system demonstrated here showed the high degradation efficiency after reusing for 7 times.The degradation process generated few harmful pollutants and no pre-or post-treatments were required,which proves its feasibility in the safe removal or recovery of waste MFF.

Indoor Formaldehyde Removal Techniques through Paints: Review

Due to its ability to cause illnesses and discomfort even at low concentrations, formaldehyde pollution of indoor air poses a significant risk to human health. Sources of formaldehyde in indoor environments include textiles, paints, wallpapers, glues, adhesives, varnishes, and lacquers;furniture and wooden products like particleboard, plywood, and medium-density fiberboard that contain formaldehyde-based resins;shoe products;cosmetics;electronic devices;and other consumer goods like paper products and insecticides. According to the World Health Organisation, indoor formaldehyde concentrations shouldn’t exceed 0.1 mg/m3. The methods include membrane separation, plasma, photocatalytic decomposition, physisorption, chemisorption, biological and botanical filtration, and catalytic oxidation. Materials based on metal oxides and supported noble metals work as oxidation catalysts. Consequently, a paint that passively eliminates aldehydes from buildings can be developed by adding absorbents and formaldehyde scavengers to the latex composition. It will be crucial to develop techniques for the careful detection and removal of formaldehyde in the future. Additionally, microbial decomposition is less expensive and produces fewer pollutants. The main goal of future research will be to develop a biological air quality control system that will boost the effectiveness of formaldehyde elimination. The various methods of removing formaldehyde through paints have been reviewed here, including the use of mixed metal oxides, formaldehyde-absorbing emulsions, nano titanium dioxide, catalytic oxidation, and aromatic formaldehyde abating materials that can improve indoor air quality.

Comprehensive Analysis of Indoor Formaldehyde Removal Techniques:Exploring Physical,Chemical,and Biological Methods

This research focuses on the evaluation of diverse approaches for removing formaldehyde from indoor environments,which is a significant concern for indoor air quality.The study systematically examines physical,chemical,and biological methods to ascertain their effectiveness in formaldehyde mitigation.Physical methods,including air circulation and adsorption,particularly with activated carbon and molecular sieves,are assessed for their efficiency in various concentration scenarios.Chemical methods,such as photocatalytic oxidation using titanium dioxide and plasma technology,are analyzed for their ability to decompose formaldehyde into non-toxic substances.Additionally,biological methods involving plant purification and microbial transformation are explored for their eco-friendly and sustainable removal capabilities.The paper concludes that while each method has its merits,a combined approach may offer the most effective solution for reducing indoor formaldehyde levels.The study underscores the need for further research to integrate these methods in a practical,cost-effective,and environmentally sustainable manner,highlighting their potential to improve indoor air quality significantly.

Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber microstructure on formaldehyde carbonylation performance in membrane contactor

Membrane contactor is regarded as a promising method for reaction and process intensification. The feasibility of formaldehyde carbonylation to synthesize glycolic acid using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane contactor has been proved in our previous study. In this paper, the effect of membrane microstructure on process performance was further investigated. Three porous PTFE hollow fibers with different pore sizes and one polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/PTFE composite membrane with dense layer were fabricated for comparison. The physical and chemical properties of four membranes, including chemical composition, morphology, contact angle, liquid entry pressure, thermodynamic analysis and gas permeability, were systemically characterized. Experiments of formaldehyde carbonylation under different reaction conditions were conducted. The results indicated that the yield of glycolic acid increased with decreasing pore size for porous membranes, which was due to the improvement of wetting behavior. The dense layer of PDMS in composite hollow fiber could effectively prevent the solvent from entering membrane pores, thus the membrane exhibited the best performance. At reaction temperature of 120℃ and operation pressure of 3.0 MPa, the yield of glycolic acid was always higher than 90% as the mass ratio of trioxane and phosphotungstic acid increased from 0.2:1 to 0.8:1. The highest turnover frequency was up to 26.37 mol·g^(-1)·h^(-1). This study provided a reference for the understanding and optimization of membrane contactors for the synthesis of glycolic acid using solvent with low surface tension.

Rheological and physicomechanical properties of rod milling sand-based cemented paste backfill modified by sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate

Rod milling sand(RMS)—a coarse sand aggregate—was recycled for cemented paste backfill(CPB)for the underground mined area at the Jinchuan nickel deposit,named rod milling sand-based cemented paste backfill(RCPB).The adverse effects of coarse particles on the transportation of CPB slurry through pipelines to underground stopes resulting in weakening of the stability of the backfill system are well known.Therefore,sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde(SNF)condensate was used for the performance improvement of RCPB.The synergistic effect of solid content(SC),lime-to-sand ratio,and SNF dosage on the rheological and physicomechanical properties,including slump,yield stress,bleeding rate,uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),as well as mechanism analysis of RCPB,have been explored.The results indicate that the effect of SNF on RCPB performance is related to the SNF dosage,lime-to-sand ratio,and SC.The slump of fresh RCPB with 0.1wt%-0.5wt%SNF increased by 2.6%-26.2%,whereas the yield stress reduced by 4.1%-50.3%,indicating better workability and improved cohesiveness of the mix.The bleeding rate of fresh RCPB decreased first and then rose with the increase of SNF dosage,and the peak decrease was 67.67%.UCS of RCPB first increased and then decreased with the increase of SNF dosage.At the optimal SNF addition ratio of 0.3wt%,the UCS of RCPB curing for 7,14 and,28 d ages increased by 31.5%,28.4%,and 29.5%,respectively.The beneficial effects of SNF in enhancing the early UCS of RCPB have been corroborated.However,the later UCS increases at a slower rate.The research findings may guide the design and preparation of RCPB with adequate performance for practical applications.

Advances of manganese-oxides-based catalysts for indoor formaldehyde removal

Formaldehyde(HCHO)has been identified as one of the most common indoor pollutions nowadays.Manganese oxides(MnO_(x))are considered to be a promising catalytic material used in indoor HCHO oxidation removal due to their high catalytic activity,low-cost,and environmentally friendly.In this paper,the progress in developing MnO_(x)-based catalysts for HCHO removal is comprehensively reviewed for exploring the mechanisms of catalytic oxidation and catalytic deactivation.The catalytic oxidation mechanisms based on three typical theory models(Mars-van-Krevelen,Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood)are discussed and summarized.Furthermore,the research status of catalytic deactivation,catalysts’regeneration and integrated application of MnO_(x)-based catalysts for indoor HCHO removal are detailed in the review.Finally,the technical challenges in developing MnO_(x)-based catalysts for indoor HCHO removal are analyzed and the possible research direction is also proposed for overcoming the challenges toward practical application of such catalysts.

Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

The study characterized the curing behaviors of phenol formaldehyde(PF)resin under different vacuum degrees and explored the properties of 9-ply plywood panels hot-pressed under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions.The changes in core temperature and moisture content of the plywood mats during hot pressing were investigated as well.It was found that the gel times and gel temperatures of PF resin decreased with the increase of vacuum degree using a self-made device.FTIR spectra indicated the degree of polycondensation of hydroxymethyl gradu-ally increased with the increase in temperature.It was also observed that a higher degree of vacuum led to a slower polycondensation reaction rate of PF resin.During different hot-pressing processes,the bonding strengths in the innermost and uppermost gluelines of the vacuum hot-pressed plywood panels were up to 30%–50%higher than their counterparts of conventional hot-pressed products.A less difference in the bonding strengths between these two gluelines was also observed for vacuum hot-pressed products.In addition,the core of vacuum hot-pressed plywood was found to have a greater heating rate and higher temperature at thefinal stage of hot pressing,which was beneficial to cure the PF resin.The results from this study indicate a promising potential of introducing a vacuum during hot pressing to improve the quality and productivity of plywood products and provide a basis for adopting vacuum to hot press wood composites.

Evaluation of Formaldehyde as a Potential Cause of Olfactory Dysfunction in Hairdressers

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the olfactory function between hairdressers exposed to formaldehyde and unexposed controls, as exposure to toxic agents is a potential cause of olfactory disorders in humans. Hairdressing professionals frequently encounter formaldehyde, a component found in hair products that are known to have various toxic effects on the human body, including alterations in the sense of smell. Methods: A total of 32 hairdressing volunteers exposed to formaldehyde and 32 non-exposed volunteers matched for age, sex, education and smoking status underwent the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®). Results: The findings demonstrated a decrease in UPSIT® olfactory test scores and a higher degree of olfactory loss among hairdressers exposed to formaldehyde (mean UPSIT® scores: 30.6 vs 35.1, p Conclusion: Occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde is associated with diminished olfactory function. Education approach and promotion of personal protective equipment usage should be encouraged.

Evaluation of Formaldehyde as a Potential Cause of Olfactory Dysfunction in Hairdressers

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the olfactory function between hairdressers exposed to formaldehyde and unexposed controls, as exposure to toxic agents is a potential cause of olfactory disorders in humans. Hairdressing professionals frequently encounter formaldehyde, a component found in hair products that are known to have various toxic effects on the human body, including alterations in the sense of smell. Methods: A total of 32 hairdressing volunteers exposed to formaldehyde and 32 non-exposed volunteers matched for age, sex, education and smoking status underwent the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®). Results: The findings demonstrated a decrease in UPSIT® olfactory test scores and a higher degree of olfactory loss among hairdressers exposed to formaldehyde (mean UPSIT® scores: 30.6 vs 35.1, p Conclusion: Occupational exposure of hairdressers to formaldehyde is associated with diminished olfactory function. Education approach and promotion of personal protective equipment usage should be encouraged.

Mn掺杂Zigzag(8,0)型单壁碳纳米管吸附甲醛分子的密度泛函理论研究

甲醛是一种对人体健康造成巨大威胁的污染物。气态甲醛浓度的准确检测对大气空气治理评估和室内环境安全均有重要意义,而高效传感器的研发则是甲醛分子检测技术优化的关键。本研究通过基于第一性原理的DFT计算软件VASP,对甲醛分子在Mn掺杂Zigzag(8,0)型单臂碳纳米管上的吸附特性进行研究。结果表明:Mn掺杂Zigzag(8,0)型单臂碳纳米管是一种稳定的分子构型。区别于在原始CNT上的物理吸附过程,甲醛分子在Mn掺杂CNT上的吸附键长更短,吸附能更大,属于化学吸附过程。同时,甲醛分子在Mn掺杂CNT上的吸附过程还伴随着明显的电荷转移。吸附过程发生后,吸附样品的光吸收曲线在580~705 nm以及365~447 nm的范围内出现明显的蓝移,在307~360 nm的范围内出现了明显的红移。

乙酰丙酮分光光度法在室内甲醛检测中的应用

目的:为有效利用乙酰丙酮分光光度法,对室内甲醛含量进行检测。方法:通过控制样品采集、实验检测过程,验证乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测室内甲醛含量的回收率和精密度,并对6户住宅装修后的室内甲醛浓度进行检测。结果:吸光度和甲醛含量的线性回归方程为Y=0.00468X+0.000413,R^(2)=0.9998。乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测的3组5μg/mL甲醛标准溶液回收率范围为87.46%~97.28%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为:1.25%、0.90%、0.64%,都小于1.5%,重复性较好;6户住宅装修后的甲醛质量浓度满足国家标准,均小于0.08 mg/m^(3)。结论:乙酰丙酮分光光度法对于检测室内甲醛钠的结果良好可靠。

酚醛树脂/蒙脱土浸渍改性杉木工艺及密实化研究

以酚醛树脂和蒙脱土混合后溶液为改性剂,正负压仿呼吸环境下浸渍改性杉木板材,探讨了负压压力、负压时间、正压压力、正压时间对杉木板材增重率的影响;通过正交试验确定最佳处理工艺,在最优工艺浸渍杉木板材基础上进行压缩密实化处理,分析改性后杉木的密度、增重率、表面硬度、力学性能、尺寸稳定性和阻燃性,并通过扫描电镜和红外光谱对木材微观形貌、官能团进行表征。结果表明:当负压压力–0.095 MPa、负压时间20 min、正压压力1.5 MPa和正压时间1.5 h,改性杉木的增重率最大。在此浸渍工艺处理下,压缩密实化处理后的杉木密度由0.328 g/cm3提升至0.784 g/cm^(3),静曲强度、弹性模量和表面硬度分别提升了34.7%、38.4%和85.6%;尺寸稳定性结果表明改性杉木的吸水率和体积膨胀率明显降低。扫描电镜表明改性剂主要通过管胞、射线细胞和纹孔渗透,且木材内部孔隙被很好地填充。红外分析表明木材内部游离羟基减少,缔合羟基和醚键数目增多,木材内部引入Si-O-C键,耐火试验结果表明改性材具有良好的阻燃效果。

石墨烯光催化降解甲醛复合材料性能的研究进展

甲醛为室内常见的挥发性有机污染物之一,长期吸入会对人体造成不可逆的伤害。光催化降解甲醛是当今净化甲醛的研究热点与市场首选,但单一的光催化剂仍存在一些问题。石墨烯是一种新型二维碳材料,具有大比表面积、高导电率、强化学稳定性等特点,在光催化技术领域展示出良好的应用前景。本文详细介绍了石墨烯光催化降解甲醛复合材料的机理,总结了石墨烯/光催化降解甲醛二元与三元复合材料相关性能的研究进展,分析了现存问题,对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

萘硼酸结构修饰酚醛树脂的合成及其热性能研究

以萘硼酸、苯酚和甲醛水溶液为原料,盐酸和二水合草酸为催化剂,制备了萘硼酸酚醛树脂(BPF)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、核磁共振分析仪对其进行结构表征,利用差示扫描量热仪考察了升温速率对BPF特征温度的影响,通过热重分析仪、热变形维卡软化点测定仪、电子万能试验机测试了BPF的热性能、软化点和力学性能。结果表明:硼元素以化学键的形式接入到酚醛树脂结构当中;BPF凝胶化温度T_(gel)为113.3℃、固化温度T_(cure)为142.2℃、后处理温度T_(treat)为157.6℃;当萘硼酸含量为10%(wt,质量分数,下同)时,BPF的热分解峰值温度、800℃残炭率比未改性酚醛树脂分别提高了17.39%和28.79%,软化温度提高了16.79%;萘硼酸含量为10%时,BPF拉伸剪切强度、弯曲强度比未改性酚醛树脂分别提高了262.5%和128.3%;萘硼酸含量为6%时,BPF冲击强度提升最大,为2.5kJ/m 2。

用于肼检测的新型芘基荧光分子探针的合成与性能

利用1-芘甲醛优良的荧光性质,将其作为母体进行基团修饰,经过^(1)H-NMR和HRMS对结构进行表征,证实成功构建了肼荧光分子探针PMIDO。在DMSO-H2O体系中,PMIDO只能显示弱的荧光;在加入肼后,在含水量70%的条件下,显示出强的蓝色荧光,呈现出开灯型的荧光探针特征,检出限可达1.41×10^(-7)mol/L。同时,该探针对肼的检测呈现出高选择性和稳定抗干扰性,适用于5~10的pH范围,并在30 s内完成响应。进一步阐述了其荧光检测机制,即与肼反应后生成腙,为反应型肼的荧光检测提供有益参考。

脲醛树脂前驱体碳微球形貌调控及电化学性能研究

为了探究原料配比对脲醛树脂形貌及碳微球电化学性能的影响,通过改变尿素、甲醛与甲酸的物质的量比,制备了三种不同微纳结构的脲醛树脂微球,再在氮气保护下800℃裂解,获得了相应的碳微球。采用上述脲醛树脂前驱体制备的花状碳纳米微球(NUFC-3)作为电极材料,在三电极体系中开展电化学性能研究。结果表明,在1 A/g的电流密度下,比电容(C_(s))为189 F/g;在20 A/g的电流密度下,C_(s)为145 F/g,其保留率为76.7%。该脲醛树脂为前驱体的碳微球具有制备方法简单、成本低廉及电化学性能优异等优点,有望在电化学储能领域获得应用。

聚脲甲醛缓释肥减量深施对小麦和玉米产量及氮肥吸收率的影响

为了探究聚脲甲醛缓释肥(PF)减量深耕对小麦和玉米作物产量、氮肥利用效率以及矿质养分迁移的影响,设置对照(CK)、尿素+旋耕(OPTX)、尿素+深耕(OPTS)、PF+旋耕(PFX)和PF+深耕(PFS)5个处理,在豫南砂姜黑土小麦、玉米农田开展大区试验。结果表明,对比传统尿素(OPT)处理,PF处理小麦、玉米产量显著高于OPT处理,尤其PFS处理较OPTX处理小麦和玉米季产量分别高12%和6.4%,较OPTS处理分别高3.4%和1.8%;与产量不同,PFS处理仅显示玉米季氮肥利用率(NUE)高于OPTX和OPTS处理,而小麦季NUE甚至低于OPTS处理,这可能与PF在小麦季深耕条件下养分释放速度慢有关。对比两种耕作方式,发现PFS处理小麦季产量与PFX处理产量无显著差别,而玉米季产量显著高于PFX处理;与产量不同,PFS处理小麦季NUE显著低于PFX处理,而玉米季无显著差别,这可能与玉米季更适宜的气象条件和小麦季PF养分的后续释放有关。对比土壤铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)残留量和总氮浓度,发现作物收获后,PFS处理0~30和30~60 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)-N残留量与PFX处理无显著差异,NO_(3)^(-)-N残留量显著低于PFX处理,而总氮含量略高于PFX处理,这可能与PF处理在小麦季深耕条件下氮素未释放完全有关。总而言之,依据作物的产量和氮肥利用效率,聚脲甲醛缓释肥在深耕条件下显示出更高的产量效益和增产潜势,尤其玉米季作物吸氮量、产量和NUE有了显著提升,值得被推荐。

比较两种常见的前驱物合成的聚合物及碳基微球材料

聚合物/碳基微球材料以其独特的骨架结构、优异的物理化学性能及广阔的应用前景,成为当下纳米材料研究和开发的热点领域之一。近年来,人们发展了两种常见的前驱物——间苯二酚/甲醛和多巴胺,来相对容易地在实验室合成制备聚合物/碳基微球材料。对这两种前驱物的不同的组成、化学结构、聚合反应机理等进行了系统的比较。此外,围绕合成与应用,对该领域研究存在的机遇与挑战进行了合理的展望。

产红青霉菌对脲醛树脂的降解机制

[目的]每年有30多万吨脲醛用做树脂、粘合剂和绝缘材料,由于其降解持久性,此类物质废弃后对环境造成广泛的损害。本研究以产红青霉菌(Penicillium rubens 23229)为对象,研究其对脲醛树脂(UF)的降解过程和降解酶的性质。[方法]用X-射线衍射(XRD)和失重率评价P.rubens 23229及其酶的降解能力,通过液相-质谱联用(LC-MS)分析降解过程中间代谢产物,应用凝胶色谱柱对降解酶进行纯化。[结果]P.rubens 23229作用于UF,30 d后,材料失重率(降解率)为35%,结晶度由26.21%提升至29.44%,经计算得出,降解的35%包括UF结晶区7%,非结晶区28%;从菌种和脲醛共培养液中得到P.rubens 23229脲醛降解粗酶液,其最适作用温度为50℃,最适pH为4.0,LC-MS结果表明该粗酶液在降解过程中,首先将高分子UF主链降解,形成四甲基五脲、三甲基四脲等短链中间代谢物,然后进一步分解中间代谢产物为二氧化碳以及甲醛等终产物,降解作用位点包括脲醛主链中亚甲基与尿素间的C-N、酰胺键等。进一步对比了P.rubens 23229粗酶液与商业脲酶、蛋白酶对UF的降解能力,发现蛋白酶几乎无降解效果,脲酶有一定降解能力,但显著低于P.rubens 23229粗酶液。粗酶经纯化后降解效率提高28倍,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)显示出分子量为6.89 kD和220.83 kD的2个峰,对应前面降解过程分析,说明降解过程包含主链降解酶和中间代谢物降解酶至少2种酶的复合体系共同发挥作用。[结论]P.rubens 23229脲醛降解酶由主链降解酶和中间代谢物降解酶共同组成,其中包含脲酶作用类似的酶,但降解主链的酶与已有蛋白酶作用方式不同,其具体的组成与性质有待于进一步研究。本研究对UF的生物降解具有一定的参考价值。

聚己内酯负载萘酐衍生物纳米纤维膜的制备及性能研究

本文通过静电纺丝法成功制备了掺杂2-氨基-6-肼基-1h-苯并[de]异喹啉-1,3-(2H)-二酮(AHB)分子的聚己内酯(PCL)纳米纤维膜(AHB-PCL),通过改变纺丝液浓度、纺丝工艺参数,确定最优纺丝工艺并对纤维微观形貌和荧光特性进行了测试。实验结果表明,该复合荧光纳米纤维膜具有良好的荧光性能,其平均直径为110.0 nm。纤维膜与甲醛接触后,在254 nm紫外光激发下,纤维上负载的AHB分子与甲醛分子结合,使得AHB分子的化学结构发生变化,从而抑制光诱导电子转移效应,使得纤维发出明亮的黄绿色荧光,且发光强度随甲醛浓度的增大而增大,随暴露时间的延长而加强。该复合纳米纤维膜最佳反应时间为20 min,当甲醛浓度为0.03-9.0 mmol/m~3范围内呈现良好的线性相关。本研究为工作场所中宽浓度范围甲醛的可视化检测提供一种便捷的方法,同时拓展了荧光薄膜的学科内涵。