The Influence of LOS Components on the Statistical Properties of the Capacity of Amplify-and-Forward Channels

Amplify-and-forward channels in cooperative networks provide a promising improvement in the network coverage and system throughput. Under line-of-sight (LOS) propagation conditions in such cooperative networks, the overall fading channel can be modeled by a double Rice process. In this article, we have stud-ied the statistical properties of the capacity of double Rice fading channels. We have derived the analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), level- crossing rate (LCR), and average duration of fades (ADF) of the channel capacity. The obtained results are studied for different values of the amplitudes of the LOS components in the two links of double Rice fading channels. It has been observed that the statistics of the capacity of double Rice fading channels are quite dif-ferent from those of double Rayleigh and classical Rice fading channels. Moreover, the presence of an LOS component in any of the two links increases the mean channel capacity and the LCR of the channel capacity. The validity of the theoretical results is confirmed by simulations. The results presented in this article can be very useful for communication system designers to optimize the performance of cooperative networks in wireless communication systems.

Energy efficiency enhancement of two-way amplifier forward relaying with channel estimation error

In order to save energy consumption of two-way amplifier forward(AF) relaying with channel estimation error, an energy efficiency enhancement scheme is proposed in this work. Firstly, through the analysis of two-way AF relaying mode with channel estimation error, the resultant instantaneous SNRs at end nodes is obtained. Then, by using a high SNR approximation, outage possibility is acquired and its simple closed-form expression is represented. Specially, for using the energy resource more efficiently, a low-complexity power allocation and transmission mode selection policy is proposed to enhance the energy efficiency of two-way AF relay system. Finally, relay priority region is identified in which cooperative diversity energy gain can be achieved. The computer simulations are presented to verify our analytical results, indicating that the proposed policy outperforms direct transmission by an energy gain of 3 dB at the relative channel estimation error less than 0.001. The results also show that the two-way AF relaying transmission loses the two-way AF relaying transmission loses its superiority to direct transmission in terms of energy efficiency when channel estimation error reaches 0.03.

Opportunistic Relaying Schemes for Amplify and Forward Bidirectional Relay Channels with Multi antenna Sources

We consider a two-way relay network where the Amplify-and-Forward (AF) protocol is adopted by all relays in this paper.The network consists of two multi-antenna source nodes and multiple distributed single-antenna relays.Two opportunistic relaying schemes are proposed to efficiently utilize the antennas of the source nodes and the relay nodes.In the first scheme,the best relay is selected out by a max-min-max criterion before transmitting.After that,at each source,only the antenna with the largest channel gain between itself and the best relay is activated to transmit and receive signals with full power.In the second scheme,assisted by the best relay which is selected by the typical max-min criterion,both source nodes use all their antennas to exchange data,and match filter beamforming techniques are employed at both source nodes.Further analyses show that all schemes can achieve the full diversity order,and the conclusions are not only mathematically demonstrated but numerically illustrated.System performance comparisons are carried out by numerical methods in terms of rate sum and outage probability,respectively.The beamforming assisted scheme can be found to be superior to the antenna selection scheme when accurate Channel State Information (CSI) is available at the transmitters.Otherwise,the latter is very suitable.

A Decode-and-Forward Scheme for LDPC Coded Three-Way Relay Fading Channels

In this paper a low-density pairwise check(LDPC) coded three-way relay system is considered, where three user nodes desire to exchange messages with the help of one relay node. Since physical-layer network coding is applied, two time slots are sufficient for one round information exchange. In this paper, we present a decode-and-forward(DF) scheme based on joint LDPC decoding for three-way relay channels, where relay decoder partially decodes the network code rather than fully decodes all the user messages. Simulation results show that the new DF scheme considerably outperforms other common schemes in three-way relay fading channels.

Polar Codes for Soft Decode-and-Forward in HalfDuplex Relay Channels

Soft decode-and-forward(DF) can combine the advantages of both amplify-and-forward and hard DF in relay channels. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity soft DF scheme based on polar codes, which features two key techniques: a low-complexity cyclic redundancy check(CRC) aided list successive cancellation(CALSC) decoder and a soft information calculation method. At the relay node, a low-complexity CALSC decoder is designed to reduce the computational complexity by adjusting the list size according to the reliabilities of decoded bits. Based on the path probability metric of the CALSC decoder, we propose a method to compute the soft information of the decoded bits in CALSC. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms the soft DF based on low-density parity-check codes and the soft DF with belief propagation or soft cancellation decoder, especially in the case when the source-relay channel is at the high signal-to-ratio region.

一款0.16 mm^(2)基于180 nm CMOS采用全局去偏斜的半速率8×2.5 Gb/s时钟转发架构接收机

在时钟转发架构的高速有线通信接收机中,需要去偏斜电路实现时钟与数据之间的最佳采样关系,并保证多路数据的同步。本文提出了一种全局去偏斜方案,仅采用一路数据与时钟进行对齐,并通过时钟延时匹配与分布技术实现多路数据同步,减小了各通道独立去偏斜方案带来的功耗与面积开销。所提出的接收机由8路数据通道、1路半速率转发时钟通道与基于延迟锁定环路的全局去偏斜电路构成。基于180 nm CMOS工艺,在2.5 Gb/s数据率下,可去除输入时钟与数据任意偏斜,得到位于数据中心的采样相位,同时具有时钟占空比校准能力。在1.8 V电源电压下,所提出的接收机总功耗为187 mW,总面积为0.16 mm^(2),对比各通道独立去偏斜方案,功耗和面积开销分别节约了45.2%与62.8%。

半双工译码转发中继信道下的空间耦合RA码设计

针对半双工译码转发中继信道,提出了一种可逼近三节点中继信道容量限的空间耦合RA码的设计方法。针对二进制删除信道,源节点分别向中继节点和目的节点发送空间耦合RA码,中继节点先正确恢复出源节点发送的空间耦合RA,然后再次编码产生额外的校验比特并转发给目的节点;目的节点结合中继节点发送的额外校验比特和源节点发送的空间耦合RA码进行译码,正确恢复出源节点的信息。为了评估所设计的空间耦合RA码在三节点中继信道下的渐近性能,推导了密度进化算法用于计算阈值。阈值分析结果表明,所提出的空间耦合RA码能够同时逼近源到中继链路和源到目的链路的容量限。同时,基于半双工二进制删除中继信道,仿真了所设计的空间耦合RA码的误码性能,结果表明,其误码性能与所推导的密度进化算法计算的阈值结果一致,呈现出逼近于容量限的优异性能,且优于采用空间耦合低密度奇偶校验(Low Density Parity Check,LDPC)码的性能。

柔性直流光纤电流互感器阶跃响应特性研究

传统直流光纤电流互感器无法满足柔性直流输电工程的高速响应需求,因此需要研究直流光纤电流互感器的阶跃响应特性及其动态性能改善方法。文中结合直流光纤电流互感器的离散数学模型,对其动态特性进行了全面的仿真、计算和实验研究,结果表明:影响直流光纤电流互感器阶跃响应特性的关键参数是渡越时间、前向通道增益、滤波器阶数和通讯延迟。搭建了直流光纤电流互感器阶跃响应测试平台,经参数优化后的直流光纤电流互感器的阶跃响应上升时间小于50μs,满足相关应用要求。

基于多分量地震资料的河道砂体刻画及含气性预测技术——以QL地区沙溪庙组为例

四川盆地中部地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组为三角洲前缘沉积,水下分流河道砂体发育,是新一轮非常规天然气勘探开发的新领域。但依靠现有纵波地震资料刻画出的河道砂体边界不清楚、部署的井位产能差异较大,难以满足致密气高效勘探开发的需求。针对勘探与开发的需求以及面临的河道砂体边界刻画不准确、储层含气性预测难等地质问题,利用2020年QL地区新采集的三维三分量地震勘探资料开展了研究,形成了基于多波地震资料融合的河道雕刻技术。该技术较单一纵波可更加清楚地刻画河道边界,补充中、高阻抗河道砂体的识别;形成了基于多波资料的含气预测技术,并利用河道砂体含气后纵波、转换波的地震振幅响应特征及相位特征的差异性,建立了高产气井的多波地震响应模式,从而获得含气性预测成果。该研究成果支撑了区内致密气开发井位部署,为致密气高效开发奠定了基础。

全渠道供应链网络节点约束存储转发调度方法

在全渠道供应链网络中,资源请求被阻塞,出现资源调度拥挤现象,导致调度时间变长,影响整体调度效率。因此,提出了全渠道供应链网络节点约束存储转发调度方法。根据搭建网络节点约束存储转发调度框架,计算资源请求阻塞概率,利用时移多层图法实现空间和时间资源请求指令的双向传送,避免出现请求阻塞问题。构建调度决策目标函数,调整网络节点约束存储转发顺序,确定供应链网络节点约束下存储转发成功率,实现节点约束存储转发调度。实验结果可知,该方法调度时长最短为30 s,且调度路径与预先设定路径吻合,具有高效调度效果。

基于变步长匹配追踪的G3-PLC系统信道估计算法

为合理利用电力线信道的稀疏特性,提高G3-PLC系统通信的可靠性,基于压缩感知(compressed sensing,CS)理论,提出一种稀疏度自适应的变步长前向后向匹配追踪(sparsity adaptive variable step size forward-backward pursuit,SA-VSSFBP)算法。该算法在前向后向匹配追踪算法(forward-backward pursuit,FBP)的基础上引入变步长自适应的思想,于迭代初期选择大步长以减小迭代次数,迭代后期使用小步长获得精确估计。同时利用原子匹配度测试进行稀疏度预估计,确保逼近真实稀疏度的前提下,加快迭代速度,减少算法运行的时间。仿真实验结果表明,对比传统的信道估计方式,压缩感知信道估计方式具有更优越的性能,且相较于正交匹配追踪算法(orthogonal matching pursuit,OMP)与FBP的压缩感知信道估计算法,文章提出的算法能够在保证精度与步长为1的FBP相当的情况下算法效率分别能够提升24.14%和47.2%。

南水北调中线渠首前馈控制方案快速计算分析

明渠调水工程中为适时适量的满足下游用水需求,需要提前制定控制方案。前馈控制方案的设计往往较为复杂,且影响因素众多,调度人员难以快速做出决策。基于蓄量补偿法对南水北调中线工程刁河节制闸至十二里河节制闸段作前馈控制,基于蓄量补偿计算结果,分析了初始流量、分水流量与前馈控制时间的关系,构建了单、双变量的前馈控制时间快速计算公式。探究了不同因素对蓄量补偿控制下游水位偏差的影响,得到初始流量、分水流量与下游水位最大偏差之间的函数关系式。针对工程运行中的极端工况,原蓄量补偿控制的下游水位偏差过大的问题,采用二次蓄量补偿规则对渠池进行前馈控制,有效减小了下游水位偏差。

致密砂岩油气藏地震正演模拟

地震正演是地震储层预测必不可少的部分。在致密砂岩储层中,正演研究相对较少,反射特征认识不充分,而目前随着勘探开发进入隐蔽化,需要加强对致密砂岩储层发育特征的认识。为提高这一认识,以H油田C8油组为例开展了致密储层的正演研究,取得了以下研究成果:1)砂厚与地震属性之间的关系受砂泥岩阻抗差大小的影响。当阻抗差较大时,振幅随厚度的变化幅度明显;当阻抗差依次减小时,振幅随砂厚变化的幅度也依次变小。2)存在着一个临界的孔隙度0.08,当孔隙度小于0.08时,砂岩对应波峰-波谷,振幅随孔隙度增大而减小;当孔隙度等于0.08时,砂泥岩阻抗相等振幅为零;当孔隙度大于0.08时,极性出现反转,砂岩对应波谷-波峰,振幅随孔隙度增大而增大。3)河道的正演结果表现为单个复合河道地震同向轴相应为顶平底凸的下切和边部收敛;两河道纵向切叠为晚期河道切割出现下切和边部收敛;河道侧向切叠为早期复合河道被晚期的河道切割,晚期复合河道形态保存完整。4)前积体的正演结果表现为明显的顶底板反射及两侧反射形成平行四边形的形状。利用该研究成果对C8油组进行了储层砂体的预测,共识别河道7条,为进一步的储层预测奠定了基础。

Performance Analysis of AF Relaying Aided Space Shift Keying System with Imperfect Channel Estimation

Space shift keying (SSK) is a spectrally efficient and low-complexity technique that only uses antenna index to convey information.Combining SSK with cooperative communication,the transmission reliability of SSK system can be improved effectively.In this paper,considering imperfect channel information,the performance of cooperative SSK system with amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocol is investigated,and the effect of estimation error on the performance is analyzed.According to the performance analysis,the probability density function and moment generating function of effective signal-to-noise ratio are derived,respectively.Using these results,the closed-form expression of average bit error rate (BER) can be achieved.Meanwhile,the asymptotically approximated BER and the corresponding diversity order analysis are presented for the performance evaluation.By computer simulations,the validness of the presented theoretical analysis is verified,and the theoretical BERs with different estimation errors are shown to be close to those of the corresponding simulations.

Imperfect Channel State Information of AF and DF Energy Harvesting Cooperative Networks

Wireless information and powered transfer networks(WIPT) has recently been implemented in 5th generation wireless networks. In this paper, we consider half-duplex relaying system in which the energy constrained relay node collects energy via radio frequency(RF) signals from the surrounding resources. Regarding energy harvesting protocol, we propose power time switching-based relaying(PTSR) architecture for both amplify-and-forward(AF) and decode-and-forward(DF). Especially, we reveal the analytical expressions of achievable throughput, ergodic capacity and energy-efficient in case of imperfect channel state information(CSI) for both AF and DF network. Through numerical analysis, we analyse the throughput performance, energy-efficient and ergodic capacity for different parameters, including power splitting ratio and energy harvesting time. Moreover, we also depict the performance comparison between AF and DF network with perfect and imperfect CSI. The results in numerical analysis reveal that the result of AF relaying network is less significant than DF relaying network in the various scenarios.

MSMSE-based optimal beamforming design and simplification on AF MIMO two-way relay channels

An optimal cooperative beamforming for the amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO two-way relay channels was designed. Supposing the channel state information (CSI) was perfectly known by the receiver and transmitter as well as the relay, optimal beamforming vectors (matrices) of all nodes were jointly designed based on the criterion of minimizing the sum mean square errors (MSMSE). The analysis result shows that the performance effect of transmitting and receiving beamforming pairs is to maximize the receive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at two communication nodes, and the rank of the optimal relay beamforming matrix is no larger than two when there is only one data stream at each source node. A simplified algorithm was put forward to accomplish the design based on the analysis conclusions. Simulation results provide that the system performance, which is characterized in terms of bit error rates (BER), is significantly improved by cooperative beamforming, and the performance of the simplified method is not only very close to the optimal one but also with faster iteration speed and much lower computational complexity.

Design of bilayer lengthened LDPC codes over expanded graph for relay channels

This paper presents a low complexity optimized algorithm for design of bilayer lengthened LDPC(BL-LDPC) code for decode-and-forward relay system.The design is performed over the expanded graph of the BL-LDPC code,which consists of the original bilayer graph and the extra added relaygenerated parity check bits.To build up our proposed optimized algorithm,we present a modified Gaussian approximation algorithm for the expanded structure of the BL-LDPC code.Then using the proposed optimized algorithm,we find the optimum overall expanded graph of the BL-LDPC code.Simulation results show that the BL-LDPC codes obtained by our proposed optimized algorithm have excellent bit-error-rate performances and small gaps between the convergence thresholds and the theoretical limits when transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise channels.

Two-Hop Gaussian Relay Channel with Linear Relaying： Achievable Rate and Optimization Design

The relay node with linear relaying transmits the linear combination of its past received signals.The optimization of two-hop relay channel with linear relaying is discussed in this paper.The capacity for the two-hop Gaussian relay channel with linear relaying is derived,which can be formulated as an optimization problem over the relaying matrix and the covariance matrix of the signals transmitted at the source.It is proved that the solution to this optimization problem is equivalent to a "single-letter" optimization problem.We also show that the solution to this "single-letter" optimization problem has the same form as the expression of the rate achieved by Time-Sharing Amplify and Forward(TSAF).In order to solve this equivalent problem,we proposed an iterative algorithm.Simulation results show that if channel gain of one hop is relatively smaller,the achievable rate with TSAF is closer to the max-flow min-cut capacity bound,but at a lower complexity.

Generalized Physical Layer Channel Model for RelayBased Super Dense Networks

The κ-μ fading model is an advanced channel model in super dense wireless networks.In this paper,we evaluate the performance of the system over κ-μ fading channel in super dense relay networks with consideration of multiple independent but not necessarily identically distributed(i.n.i.d.) cochannel interference(CCI) under interferencelimited environment.More specifically,we derive a useful and accurate cumulative distribution function(CDF) expression of the end-to-end signal-to-interference plus noise(SINR) ratio.Moreover,we derive novel analytical expressions of the outage probability(OP),average bit error probability(ABEP) and average capacity for binary modulation types and arbitrary positive values of κ-and μ of such system.Furthermore,we propose asymptotic analysis for both the OP and ABEP to give physical insights.A simplified analytical form for the ABEP at high-SNR regimes is provided as well.Finally,the accuracy of the derived expressions is well validated by Monte Carlo simulations.